Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

SMES 1502
Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
Magnetic Effect of electric current Magnetism

Magnetism and electricity are related each other. Whenever there is an electric current there is a magnetic field surrounding it. Similarly whenever the magnetic field varies with respect to time there is electric current induced in a conductor. Therefore, we can conclude that the electricity and magnetism are two forms of the same entity. We are familiar with a bar magnet technically we can call it a magnetic dipole. It has North and south poles. Similar to electric charge we believe that magnetic lines of force are responsible for the interaction repulsion and attraction between poles of a magnet. We assume magnetic lines of force are diverged from the North Pole and converged to the South Pole. Our earth has its own magnetism. The magnetic South pole of earth is situated near the geometric north pole of the earth and vice versa. Similar to electric field we assume that there is space around magnet where the presence of the magnet can be detected, called magnetic field. We can see that the strength of magnetic field depends on the number of magnetic lines of force at that point. We can define the Intensity of magnetic field, B as the force acting on a unit North Pole kept at that point. The unit of B is Tesla and the smaller unit is Gauss (104G = 1T) rsted in 1821 invented that around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current a magnetic field is existed. He also indicated that there is a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known. The force on the compass needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it. Magnetic effect of electric current can be understood with another experiment. A smooth sheet of cardboard with iron filings spread over is fixed in a horizontal plane with the help of a clamp. A straight wire passes through a hole made at the center of the cardboard.
Dr. Panakal John Jojo |
Department of Physics, University Malaya
SMES 1502
A current is passed through the wire when its two ends are connected to a battery. When the cardboard is gently tapped, we can observe that the iron filings arrange themselves along concentric circles. This clearly shows that a magnetic field is developed around the current carrying conductor. To find the direction of the magnetic field, let us imagine a straight wire passing through the plane of the paper and perpendicular to it. A compass needle is then placed in such a way that its axis is always tangential to the plane of the circular magnetic field around the conductor. The compass is then left at rest. When the current is inward, the direction of the magnetic field around the conductor is clockwise. When the current direction is reversed - that is outward - the direction of the magnetic pole of the compass needle also changes showing the reversal of the direction of magnetic field. Now, the direction of the magnetic field is counterclockwise. These facts prove that the direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the current in conductor. This is given by Maxwells rule or Right hand grip rule.
SMES 1502 Maxwells Right Hand Corkscrew Rule:
If a right hand corkscrew is rotated along the direction of the current flow, then the direction of screw rotation gives the direction of the magnetic lines of force around the conductor. The direction of the magnetic field can also be determined by using the right hand grip rule According to Right hand grip rule, when we hold the current carrying conductor with right hand, thumb pointing the direction of the current, then the fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field.
Biot-Savarts Law:
Biot and Savart conducted many experiments to determine the factors that the generated magnetic field depends on. The results of the experiments are summarized by their law (BiotSavart Law). Let us consider the current carrying conductor XY carrying current I. Consider a small element in the conductor AB=dI. P is a point at a distance r from a midpoint of AB. According to the Biot and Savart Law, the Magnetic Induction dB at a point P due to the current flow through the element dI is: 1. Directly proportional to the current (I) 2. Directly proportional to the length of the element (dl)
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Dr. Panakal John Jojo | Department of Physics, University Malaya
SMES 1502
3. Directly proportional to the sine of the angle between dl and the line joining element dl and the point P (sin ) 4. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the point P from the element dl (1/r2).
Magnetic Induction dB ( I dI sin ) / r2
or
dB=(o/ 4) ( I dl sin ) / r2
where = magnetic constant of the medium called the Permeability. For free space we use o and is equal to 4 x 10-7 T m/A. Therefore, for free space we may use o/ 4 = 10-7 as the proportionality constant. We can also express the relative permeability of medium as : /o = r. The magnetic constant 0 = 4 x 10-7 T m/A is called the permeability of space. The permeabilities of most materials are very close to 0 since most materials will be classified as either Paramagnetic (week magnetism) or Diamagnetic (week and opposite magnetism). But in Ferromagnetic materials the permeability may be very large.
SMES 1502
This equation is the mathematical form of Biot-Savart Law and can measure the amount of magnetic induction dB produced due to the flow of current I through the conductor element dI. The magnetic field lines around a long wire which carries an electric current form concentric circles around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the wire and is in the direction the fingers of your right hand would curl if you wrapped them around the wire with your thumb in the direction of the current.
Magnetic field due to straight long wire
For a straight very long (we call it infinite) conductor carrying current I produces a magnetic field around the conductor and the field strength will keep on decreasing as we move away from the conductor. The magnetic field intensity, B at a distance r from the conductor is given by:
B = o 2I 4 r
SMES 1502
Amperes circuital theorem

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current which serves as its source, just as the electric field in space is proportional to the charge which serves as its source. Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the length element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed in the loop
Where
is the closed line integral around the closed curve C; B is the magnetic field in Tesla; d is a small element of the curve C
SMES 1502
Magnetic Field of Current
The magnetic field of an infinitely long straight wire can be obtained by applying Amperes law. Ampere's law takes the form
For a circular path centered on the wire, the magnetic field is everywhere parallel to the path. The summation then becomes just
= B. 2r
That is B = o I / 2r Therefore,
B = o 2I 4 r
SMES 1502
Numerical Exercise
1. If the electron in a hydrogen atom makes 1015 rotations per second around the nucleus, calculate the amount of equivalent electric current in the orbital of electron? 2. A pace maker attached to the heart of a heart patient can tolerate magnetic field up to 0.1T. Calculate the closest distance that the patient can go near to a current of 20A? 3. Magnetic field produced by a circular coil along its axis is given by onI, where n is the number of turns of the coil. When a bar magnet of weight 5gm having unit pole strength was brought along the axis of a current carrying coil (n= 1000) it was found to float in air. Find the current in the coil?
Solutions:
1. 1015 rotations per second of electrons is equal to so many electrons flowing per second. Therefore, current is equal to ne = 1015 x 1.6 x10-19 = 1.6 x 10-4 = 0.16 mA 2. Since the pace maker can with stand only 0.1 Tesla of Magnetic field, the magnetic field produced by the current must not exceed this value. Therefore, the 0.1 < (o/4) (2I/r) 0.1 < (o/4) (2x 20/r). 0.1x r < (o/4) (40) r < 10-7 x 40 /0.1 = 4x10 m 3. The magnet will float when the weight of the magnet is equal to the magnetic force. That is mg=onI, 5x10-3x9.8 = onI = 4 x 3.14 x 10-7 x 1000 x I Therefore, current, I = 49 x 10-3/4 x 3.14 x 10-7 x 1000 = 39 A
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Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

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Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

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SMES 1502