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Effects of Dietary Fat and Endurance Exercise on Plasma Cortisol, Prostaglandin E2, Interferon- and Lipid Peroxides in Runners
Jaya T. Venkatraman, PhD, CNS, FACN, Xiaohong Feng, MS, and David Pendergast, EdD Department of Physical Therapy, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (J.T.V., X.F.), Department of Physiology (D.P.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Key words: cortisol, diet fat, exercise, interferon- , prostaglandins, peroxides, runners
Objective: Exercise and the neuroendocrine and oxidative stress it elicits on immune function is modulated by dietary fat intake. The effects of increasing dietary fat on endurance exercise-induced alterations (80% of VO2max for 2 hours) in the plasma levels of cortisol and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interferon- (IFN- ) and lipid peroxides were investigated. As higher levels of cortisol, PGE2 and lipid peroxides could be immunosuppressive, the effects of different levels of dietary fat on these measures in runners were determined. Methods: Healthy trained runners (males and females) consumed serially 15% fat diet (of daily energy), 30% fat diet and 40% fat diets for four weeks each. In the last week of each diet period the subjects ran to exhaustion at 80% of their VO2max and blood was drawn pre- and post-run. Cortisol, IFN- , PGE2 and lipid peroxides were determined using standard techniques. Results: Pre-exercise levels of plasma cortisol were elevated, IFN- was unchanged and PGE2 and lipid peroxides decreased on the 40%F diet compared to 30%F and 15%F. Post-exercise levels of plasma cortisol (p 0.004), PGE2 (p 0.0057) and lipid peroxide levels increased (p 0.0001) after endurance exercise on all diets. The rates of increase of plasma cortisol levels during exercise were similar on all three diets. Although absolute cortisol levels were higher in the high fat group, the rate of increase of plasma cortisol level during exercise was similar on each diet. The dietary fat levels did not affect IFN- , however, PGE2 and lipid peroxides decreased with increasing fat at baseline at 40%F level (p 0.01; 30%F vs. 40%F: p 0.002; 15%F vs. 40%F: p 0.007). Conclusions: Data from the present study suggest that higher levels of fat in the diet, up to 40%, increase endurance running time without adverse effects on plasma cortisol, IFN- , and lipid peroxide levels.
INTRODUCTION
Intense exercise has been associated with both immunosuppression and oxidative stress. It has also been suggested that high fat diets may lead to increased neuroendocrine and oxidative stress and further immunosuppression [1]. The elevated oxygen consumption (VO2) and associated stress during aerobic exercise is reported to result in increased neuroendocrine stress (increased cortisol, prostaglandins (PGs), interferon(IFN- ) and the generation of free radicals. Both the intensity and duration of the exercise determine the level of these stresses. Restriction of dietary fat intake to 16% of total energy intake has been shown to be detrimental to endurance performance [2,3] as it compromises intramuscular fat stores [4] in
trained runners. Low fat diets also compromise the intake of micronutrients and fats instrumental in immune function. Intramuscular fat stores [4], endurance performance [2,3] and micro- and macronutrients can be restored by higher fat (40%) intake [5]. Although high fat diets may improve performance, it has been suggested that they may compromise immune function [1]. Fat intake may affect cortisol, PGs, IFN- and lipid peroxides [1,6]. Our observations in a previous study [7] on the suppression of proliferation response in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells to T cell mitogens after exercise, elicited our interest in examining whether the decrease in proliferation response could be related to increases in the level of PGE2 after intense exercise. We have previously reported increases in
Address reprint requests to: Jaya T. Venkatraman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Nutrition Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 15 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214. E-mail: jtv@acsu.buffalo.edu
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 5, 529536 (2001) Published by the American College of Nutrition 529
Experimental Diets
Diets were designed such that total energy intake equaled estimated energy expenditure. Three levels of dietary fat were studied: 15% energy from fat, 30% energy from fat, and 40% energy from fat. Based on the fact that a high fat diet is postulated to suppress the immune system and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in the current experiment we were required by the Human Subjects Committee to increase the percent fat stepwise (15% to 30% to 40%). The level of protein intake was set at 15% of total energy intake for all diets. The diets were based on an initial consultation including three-day food-intake records, activity records, and a list of food preferences. Based on this information, three different seven-day menus were generated for each subject using Auto-Nutritionist IV (First Databank, San Bruno, CA) [5,7,20]. The diets were designed to meet all the United States Recommended Dietary Allowances (USRDA), including energy requirements, and had a fatty acid ratio of 1:1:1 (saturated:monounsaturated:polyunsaturated). The subjects were given the seven-day menus as examples, but they selected their own food. Each diet was continued for 28 to 31 days. The subjects recorded their food intake after each meal and returned the records weekly for review and to check compliance with the diets. The diets were analyzed for nutritional composition with Auto-Nutritionist IV for macronutrients, micronutrients, and fatty acids composition. Increasing fat intake progressively protected the subjects from potential negative affects of 40%-fat on immune or blood lipoprotein responses, although none of the subjects had to be eliminated from the study. The non-random order introduced a potential order effect error. The number of subjects in each diet group was as follows: 15%F7 women and 7 men; 30%F9 women and 6 men; 45%F 8 women and 6 men. The differences in subject numbers for the three diet interventions reflect the unavailability of the data for selected subjects at various time intervals. The missing data was due to failure to follow the diet, missed blood samples, subject injury or scheduling conflicts at one point, but not at other points, in the protocol.
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RESULTS
Increasing the dietary fat level from 15% to 40% did not affect body weight (57 1.8 and 72 2.2 kg for women and men respectively) body fat (18 1.2 and 16 0.8% for women and men respectively), resting heart rate or systolic (118 7 mm Hg) and diastolic (73 5 mm Hg) blood pressure.
Statistical Analysis
The values are presented as mean SEM. Statistical analyses of the data were carried out using Statview 4.0/Super ANOVA package software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance using 3 (diets) 2 (gender) 2 (exercise) factorial design; where a significant F ratio was found, Fishers protected least significant difference test was used to describe differences in the means among groups (p 0.05). Wherever there was no significant effect of gender, data collected on women and men were pooled.
Exercise Performance
On the 15%F diet, the women ran 39.2 11.2 minutes and the men ran 44.3 9.6 minutes. There was no significant difference between the times of the women and men, as they both ran at the same % of VO2max. Increasing dietary fat to
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Data generated by dietary intake analysis by Nutritionist IV software. Values Mean SEM. * % of the total energy intake from fat. SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA day; Kcal/d kilocalories/day.
grams per
Table 2. Vitamin and Mineral Components of Diets with 15%, 30% and 40% of Total Calories from Fat for Male and Female Endurance Runners
Women 15%* (n7) Vit. A (RE) -carotene ( g/d) Vit. E (mg/d) Vit. E acetate (mg/d) Vit. C (mg/d) Calcium (mg/d) Iron (mg/d) Zinc (mg/d) Selenium ( g/d) 1730 1149 10.2 5.0 159 657 15.1 6.9 50 407 433 2.3 1.1 16 55 1.6 0.6 5 30%* (n9) 1133 481 11.0 6.7 144 856 12.9 8.7 48 164 104 1.0 0.8 13 107 0.7 0.5 4 40%* (n8) 1234 470 15.9 7.2 136 1004 15.7 10.6 60 209 160 2.0 0.6 11 84 1.0 0.4 9 15%* (n7) 1982 1136 7.8 5.1 214 861 16.9 8.6 71 542 452 1.6 0.9 41 121 1.4 0.7 5 Men 30%* (n6) 1441 554 11.4 7.4 180 965 19.5 11.4 82 214 143 1.2 0.9 24 69 1.9 0.8 11 40%* (n6) 1428 463 17.6 10.3 161 1227 19.3 13.1 84 222 181 2.7 0.7 14 89 2.9 0.7 7
Data generated by analyzing dietary intake records using Nutritionist IV databank program. Values Mean SEM. * % Kcal of total Kcal intake from fat, Vit. vitamin, RE retinol equivalents, mg/d milligrams per day,
g/d
30% significantly increased (p 0.05) the running time to exhaustion 19% for women (46.6 13.5 min) and 24% for men (54.9 12.8 min). Increasing the dietary fat to 40% did not significantly increase endurance time, when compared to the time on the 30% fat diet for either women or men. There were no significant differences in VO2s running at 40%, 60% O2max (39.2 1.1 and 46.7 2.1 for women and and 80% of V men, respectively). There were no significant differences in heart rates (161 2 beats/min) or the respiratory gas exchange ratios (0.95 0.01) during the endurance run among the three diet groups or between women and men.
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the percent increase in cortisol levels from baseline was 56%, 39% and 13.3% for 15% fat, 30% fat and 40% fat diets respectively. Although the post-run plasma cortisol levels increased with increase in dietary fat intake, the rate of increase of cortisol during exercise was lower on the higher fat diets (15% F: 0.04 ng/mL/min, and 40% F: 0.02 ng/mL/min).
As no significant effect of gender was observed in plasma lipid peroxides, the data on men and women were pooled. The plasma lipid peroxide levels ranged between 0.19 1.65 nmoles/mL before the endurance run and 5.8 12.4 nmoles/mL after the endurance run (Fig. 3). The pre-exercise baseline level of lipid peroxide was significantly lower on the 40%F diets than on the 30%F and 15%F diets. The levels of lipid peroxides were significantly higher after the endurance run in subjects (p 0.0001) on all three diets. The pre- and post-exercise plasma lipid peroxide concentrations were significantly lower on the 40%F compared to 15%F (p 0.007) and 30%F group (p 0.002).
DISCUSSION
The present study confirmed the results of previous studies [25,7,20] that trained runners on a low fat diet (15%) run significantly shorter times at 80% of their VO2max than runners on higher fat diets (30% to 40%). Increased running times after
Fig. 2. Effects of dietary fat level and exercise on plasma PGE2 in endurance runners. Values are mean SEM. PGE2 levels significantly higher after endurance run compared to before the run. * Significantly lower compared to 15%F and 30%F.
Fig. 3. Effects of dietary fat level and exercise on plasma lipid peroxides in endurance runners. Values are mean SEM. Lipid peroxides level significantly higher after endurance run compared to before. # Significantly lower compared to 15%F and 30%F before endurance. Significantly lower compared to 15%F and 30%F after endurance.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Dr. P. J. Horvath, Dr. Nadine Fisher, Stacie Ryer-Calvin, and Colleen Eagen for their support.
REFERENCES
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