APES REVIEW CHAPTER FOUR: 1.

The most common reason that introduced species cause trouble is because they out-compete native species. 2. A community with hundreds of different types of primary producers, a few herbivores, and only one carnivore, has a great deal of productivity. 3. Indicator species, such as lichens, generally have an average tolerance range for a number of factors. 4. Predation influences evolution when prey species develop defensive characteristics. 5. Introduction of a predator onto an island originally free from predators is likely to cause the extinction of a native species. 6. Resource partitioning tends to lead to a high degree of specialization in species. 7. Abundance doesnt depend on diversity. 8. Tolerance limits are any environmental conditions that limit a species' survival. 9. Lichens are pioneer species. 10. Populations are most critically limited by available food, water, or shelter, depending on the system. 11. Territoriality is an important form of intraspecific competition for many animal species. 12. A species can withstand a narrow range of temperature. Above 100F there are no species present. In the range from 97F to 100F and 90F to 94F there are a few species present. Below 90F there are no species present. The range of temperature from 90F to 94F for this particular species is the zone of physiological stress. 13. A generalist is a species that occupies a variety of ecological niches. 14. In a mutualistic relationship, both partners benefit from the relationship. 15. As ecological development proceeds, a biological community becomes more diverse. 16. A biological community's productivity is a measure of the amount of biomass produces in the community. 17. "Abundance" describes the total number of organisms in a community while "diversity" describes the number of species in a community. 18. There are usually many tolerance limits responsible for limiting the number and location of a species. However, some organisms have a specific critical factor that limits their distribution. 19. Primary succession occurs when a community develops on unoccupied ground while secondary succession occurs when one biological community replaces another. 20. As a rule, near the Earth's north and south poles, abundance is high and diversity is low. 21. A viceroy butterfly that closely resembles the bad tasting monarch is an example of Batesian mimicry and the example of beetles that look like stinging wasps is an example of Batesian mimicry. 22. Most organisms' niches are controlled by the predators and the competitors they encounter. 23. A climax community is one that is relatively stable and long lasting. 24. In some species, young individuals float freely as plankton while mature members are fixed on the seafloor. This is an effective strategy because different phases dont compete for food. 25. Symbiosis means living together. 26. Intraspecific competition is competition among members of a single species for resources.

27. In a commensal relationship, one species benefits while the other species neither suffers or benefits.

28. What is the difference in the adaptation of a sled dog's (such as a Husky) thick coat of hair to help it withstand the cold temperatures of Arctic winters and a dog that adapts to cold temperatures in the fall by growing a thickened coat? The adaptation of the sled dog best describes adaptation at the population level while the dog exposed to seasonal colder temperatures has physiological modifications at the individual level. 29. In the coastal forest of Oregon an area was clear-cut for logging. Trees at the edge of the clearing and 200 meters into the forest died within a few months after the logging began. What is the best explanation for the death of the trees? Increased sunlight, wind, and temperature negatively affected the trees. 30. A closed community has a narrow ecotone. 31. A species can withstand a wide range of pH as an adult but the juveniles can only withstand a narrow range of pH. The abiotic factor, pH, would best be described as a critical factor. 32. Evolution occurs as a result of better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic. 33. Natural selection will ultimately make a species more adapted to its environment. 34. A keystone species is a species whose presence influences the population size of many other species in its community.
Generalists are characterized by an adaption to a wide niche of habitats and food sources. There is a wide range of physical/chemical conditions and biological interactions within which generalist species can exist. The raccoon is an example of a generalist species- it can be found anywhere food, water, and shelter are readily available. Generalists are thus very resilient- they can adapt to a disturbance or change- when humans domesticate an area of land by building a subdivision on it, the raccoon is still able to survive in that area because food (garbage), water (rain), and shelter (garages, chimney, attics, etc.) are still available. Further, the raccoon is able to withstand a large range of temperature changes (raccoons span most of North and Central America). Omnivores are usually generalists, because they are able to eat a wide variety of food- whatever is readily available. On the other hand, a specialist can only thrive in a limited environment and/or has a limited diet (picky eaters). When there is a change in a specialist's natural environment, there is a large chance that that specialist will not be able to adapt to this change. An example of a specialist is the koala bear, which feeds exclusively on eucalyptus leaves. If the koala bear's access to eucalyptus leaves becomes unavailable, the koala bear's picky eating habits spells its soon demise. When environmental conditions change, generalists adapt much more easily than specialists.

In order for primary succession to occur, a community begins to develop on a site previously unoccupied by living organisms. The new site is first colonized by pioneer species, which then create decompose and create organic matter into which seeds can fall into and begin to grow. Eventually, the pioneer species gradually disappear as the environment changes and new species gradually replace them. In secondary succession, an existing community is disrupted and a new community begins to develop. However, there is some vestige of life existing even while the community is disrupted. Thus, in order for secondary succession to occur, primary succession must occur first, which changes the outcome of the eventual climax community. One example of this process is on a volcano that has recently erupted. The molten lava cools, leaving a barren wasteland. Eventually, small organisms- pioneer species- begin to populate the place. With time,

larger organisms like grasses and shrubs begin to grow, and eventually a relatively stable climax community is reached. Notice how there were several levels of succession that occurred before the ecosystem reached its climax community. Primary succession can only occur once in a given area, but secondary succession can occur multiple times. In the case of forest that has been razed and clear-cut, organisms that still exist in the soil that will allow secondary succession to restore previous conditions given that further disturbance is prevented. First annual plants will colonize the dirt, followed by perennial plants in later years, eventually ending up with many different levels of a diverse and complex climax community.