EX0387CH03

1
CH01-1
Modern Wireless Communicat ions Modern Wireless Communicat ions
Chapter 3
Modern Wireless
Communication
CH01-2
Chapter 3
Modulation and Frequency-
Division Multiple Access
2
CH01-3
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Modulation
3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Modulation Processes
3.2.2 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques
3.2.3 Amplitude and Angle Modulation Process
3.3 Linear Modulation Techniques
3.3.1 Amplitude Modulation
3.3.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying
3.3.3 Quadriphase-Shift Keying
3.3.4 Offset Quadriphase-Shift Keying
3.3.5 k/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift Keying
3.4 Pulse Shaping
3.4.1 Root Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaping
3.5 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band-Pass System
3.5.1 Complex Representation of Linear Band-Pass System
3.6 Signal-Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals
CH01-4
3.7 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques
3.7.1 Frequency Modulation
3.7.2 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
3.7.3 Continuous-Phase Modulation: Minimum Shift Keying
3.7.4 Power Spectra of MSK Signal
3.7.5 Gaussian-Filtered MSK
3.8 Frequency-Division Multiple Access
3.9 Two Practical Issues of concern
3.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference
3.9.2 Power Amplifier Nonlinearity
3.10 Comparison of Modulation Strategies for Wireless Communications
3.10.1 Linear Channels
3.10.2 Nonlinear Channels
3.11 Channel Estimation and Tracking
3.11.1 Differential Detection
3.11.2 Pilot Symbol Transmission
3.12 Receiver Performance: Bit Error Rate
3.12.1 Channel Noise
Contents (Cont.)
3
CH01-5
3.1 Introduction
CH01-6
FDMA
dividing the bandwidth of a wireless channel
equally among a number of users wanting to
access the channel.
Modulation is a process of
transforming the frequency content of a
particular users information-bearing signal
so as to lie inside the frequency band allotted
to that user.
4
CH01-7
3.2 Modulation
CH01-8
Modulation:
some characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in
accordance with an information-bearing signal.
Benefits of modulation
For shift the spectral content of a message signal.
Provides a mechanism for putting information into a
form that may be less vulnerable to noise or
interference.
Permits the use of multiple-access techniques.
5
CH01-9
3.2 Modulation
3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Modulation
Processes
CH01-10
Principle of superposition
The output of modulator produced by a number of
inputs applied simultaneously is equal to the sum of
outputs that result when the inputs are applied one at
a time.
If the input is scaled by a certain factor, the output of
the modulator is scaled by exactly same factor
Satisfy the principle of superposition linear
Not satisfy the principle of superposition nonlinear
6
CH01-11
3.2 Modulation
3.2.2 Analog and Digital Modulation
Techniques
CH01-12
Distinguish between analog and digital
modulation:
All analog modulated signals are continuous
functions of time.
Digital modulated signals can be continuous
or discontinuous functions of time.
7
CH01-13
3.2.3 Amplitude and Angle Modulation
Process
3.2 Modulation
CH01-14
Amplitude modulation: the amplitude of the
carrier, Ac is varied linearly with the message
signal
Angle modulation: the angle of the carrier is
varied linearly with the message signal
Two kinds of angle modulation:
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
( ) m t
( ) m t
8
CH01-15
3.3 Linear Modulation
Techniques
CH01-16
Techniques
3.3.1 Amplitude Modulation
9
CH01-17
Amplitude Modulation
where is the sensitivity of amplitude modulator
Retention of carrier in composition of AM signal represents a
loss of transmitted signal power.
Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation
) 2 cos( )) ( 1 ( ) ( t f t m k A t s
c a c
+ (3.3)
) 2 cos( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
t f t m A
t m t c t s
c c

(3.4)
a
k
CH01-18
10
CH01-19
CH01-20
3.3.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying
Techniques
11
CH01-21
CH01-22
Let p(t) denote the basic pulse and T denote the bit duration. The
binary data stream is
In binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), the simplest form of digital
phase modulation,
the binary symbol 1 : setting the carrier phase c(t)=0 radians
binary symbol 0 : setting c(t)=k
BPSK can be express as
'

0 symbol binary for
1 symbol binary for

1
1
e wher ) ( ) (
k
k
b kT t p b t m (3.5,6)
carrier the is c(t) re whe ) ( ) ( ) ( t m t c t s (3.10)
12
CH01-23
Techniques
3.3.3 Quadriphase-Shift Keying
CH01-24
Retain the property of BPSK and the transmission
bandwidth is equal to the bandwidth of incoming binary
data stream.
QPSK modulator
parallel combination of two BPSK modulators that
operate in phase quadrature with respect to each other.
The QPSK signal is obtained by adding two BPSK signals
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
t f t m A t f t m A
t s t s t s
c c c c
+
+
(3.16)
13
CH01-25
CH01-26
3.3.4 Offset Quadriphase-Shift Keying
Techniques
14
CH01-27
For reduction of amplitude fluctuations of
conventional QPSK signals
90
o
phase jump in OQPSK occur twice as
frequently, but with a reduced range of
amplitude fluctuations, compared with
conventional QPSK
CH01-28
15
CH01-29
Techniques
3.3.5 k/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift
Keying
CH01-30
Two setting of carrier phase of QPSK
k/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift Keying:
carrier phase alternatively picked from settings 1 and 2.
Provides higher bandwidth efficiency, with a reduced
range of amplitude fluctuations.
radians or
radians or
4 7 4 5 , 4 3 , 4 . 2
2 3 , , 2 , 0 . 1

16
CH01-31
3.4 Pulse Shaping
CH01-32
Premodulation filter is used in pulse shaping without signal distortion
and intersymbol interference (ISI) problem.
Overall frequency response raised-cosine (RC) spectrum, which
made up of transmit filter, channel and receiver filter
where is the frequency parameter and Wis the bandwidth
( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
2
2
0
1
2
cos 1
4
1
2
1
) (
f W f
f W f f
f f 0
W f
W W

W
f P

<

'
1
]
1
,
_
(3.17)
1
f
17
CH01-33
Roll-off factor indicates the excess bandwidth over the
ideal solution corresponding tol =0
p(t), the inverse Fourier transform of p(f),
has value of unity at current signaling instant
zero crossings at all other consecutive signaling
instants.
The zero crossing ensure the ISI problem is reduced to
zero.
W
f
1
1 (3.18)
CH01-34
18
CH01-35
3.4 Pulse Shaping
3.4.1 Root Raised-Cosine Pulse
Shaping
CH01-36
Root RC spectrum
The roll-off factor is the same as RC spectrum
'

<
,
_
1
1 1
1
2 0
2 ) 1 (
4
cos
2
1
0
2
1
) (
f W f
f W f f W f
W W
f f
W
f P
(3.20)
19
CH01-37
The inverse Fourier transform defines the root RC
shaping pulse
The new shaping pulse satisfies an orthogonality
constraint under T-shifts (where T is the symbol duration)
as shown by
It lacks the zero-crossing property
( ) ( )
( )

,
_
+ +
) 1 ( 2 cos
4
2
) ) 1 ( 2 sin(
8 1
2
) (
2
t W
Wt
t W
Wt
W
t p
(3.21)

t t K , 2 , 1 for 0 ) ( ) ( n dt nT t p t p
(3.22)
CH01-38
20
CH01-39
3.5 Complex Representation of
Linear Modulated Signals and
Band-Pass System
CH01-40
Canonical representation of a band-pass signal
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( t f t s t f t s t s
c Q c t
(3.23)
21
CH01-41
Complex envelope
Invoke Eulers formula
Single-carrier transmission
) ( ) ( ) (
~
t js t s t s
Q I
+
(3.24)
( ) { } t f j t s t s
c
2 exp ) (
~
Re ) (
(3.26)
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) 2 exp( t f j t f t f j
c c c
+
(3.25)
CH01-42
22
CH01-43
3.5 Complex Representation of
Linear Modulated Signals and
Band-Pass System
3.5.1 Complex Representation of
Linear Band-Pass System
CH01-44
Two assumptions of linear band-pass system
Narrowband
The modulated signal whose carrier frequency is the same as
the midband frequency of system
23
CH01-45
Equivalent complex baseband model
Impulse response of original band-pass system
The output signal of the equivalent model ?(t) is the complex
envelope of the original output signal y(t)
component quadrature the is t h of component phase - in the is (t) h where
t jh t h t h
I
Q I
) (
~
) ( ) ( ) (
~
+
(3.27)

d t x h
d t h x t y
) (
~
) (
~
2
1
) (
~
) (
~
2
1
) (
~

(3.29)
{ } ) 2 exp( ) (
~
Re ) ( t f j t h t h
c
(3.28)
CH01-46
The important point to take from the equivalence between the two
system, real and complex, is that the carrier frequency f
c
has been
eliminated from the equivalent model.
In effect, traded complex analysis for the elimination of the carrier
frequency
simplifying the analysis without any loss of information.
The actual output signal y(t) is
{ } ) 2 exp( ) (
~
Re ) ( t f j t y t y
c
(3.31)
24
CH01-47
3.6 Signal-Space Representation
of Digitally Modulated Signals
CH01-48
Digital modulation:
the transmitted signal s(t) assumes one of a discrete set of
possible forms
mapping of the complex envelope onto a signal space is
signal constellation or signal pattern.
Energy normalized versions is used as the horizontal axis and
vertical axis of the two-dimensional signal space.
Normalized coordinates of unit energy
T t t f
T
t t f
T
t
c c
0 ) 2 sin(
2
) ( and ) 2 cos(
2
) (
2 1

(3.32,33)
25
CH01-49
Two properties:
which confirms the orthogonality of and over the
interval
which shows that both and
Thus, and are said to constitute an orthonormal set.

T
dt t t
0
2 1
0 ) ( ) ( . 1
(3.34)
1 ) ( ) ( . 2
0
2
2
0
2
1

dt t dt t
T T

(3.35)
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
0 t T
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
2
( ) t
1
( ) t
CH01-50
26
CH01-51
For figure 3.14, the energy
transmitted remains fixed.
But in figure 3.15, the
energy transmitted is
variable, depends on the
particular quadbits.
CH01-52
3.7 Nonlinear Modulation
Techniques
27
CH01-53
Polar form of canonical representation
Envelope of the modulated signal s(t)
Phase of s(t)
[ ] ) ( 2 cos ) ( ) ( t t f t a t s
c
+ (3.37)
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
t s t s t a
Q I
+
(3.38)
,
_

) (
) (
tan ) (
1
t s
t s
t
I
Q
(3.39)
CH01-54
Techniques
3.7.1 Frequency Modulation
28
CH01-55
Frequency modulation
form of angle modulation
the instantaneous frequency of the sinusoidal
carrier is varied in accordance with the
information-bearing signal.
CH01-56
Instantaneous frequency of FM signal
Define instantaneous phase as the integral of the instantaneous
frequency with respect to time
The frequency-modulated signal can be described in time domain
( )
dt
t d
t
t t t
t f t f
t
t
t
) (
2
1
2
) (
lim
) ( lim ) (
0
0
1
]
1

(3.41)
( ) ( )
( )
,
_
t
f c c
c
d m k t f A
t A t s
0
2 2 cos
cos ) (

(3.45)
t
dt f t
0
) ( ) (
(3.42)
29
CH01-57
Frequency modulation is a
nonlinear process
dependence of the modulated signal on the information-
bearing signal violates the principle of superposition.
The transmission bandwidth of the FM signal s(t) is
approximately given by Carsons rule
,
_
+
D
f B
T
1
1 2
(3.46)
CH01-58
Parameters of Carsons rule
Frequency deviationGf.
The maximum deviation in the instantaneous frequency of
FM signal away from the carrier frequency.
The deviation ratio D.
The ratio of frequency deviation to the highest frequency
contained in the modulating signal m(t).
An increase in the FM transmission bandwidth B
T
produces a
quadratic increase in the signal-noise ratio at the output of the
receiver.
30
CH01-59
3.7.2 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
Techniques
CH01-60
A typical pair of sinusoidal waves for BFSK is described by
where is the symbol (bit) duration and E
b
is the energy
transmitted per bit
The frequency transmitted is
continuous-phase signal
the phase continuity is maintained everywhere including the
interbit switching times.
( )
otherwise
T t
t f
T
E
t s
b
i
b
i

'
0
0
2 cos
2
) (
(3.47)
2 , 1 and integer fixed some for
+
i n
T
i n
f
c
c
i
(3.48)
1,2,...., i T
31
CH01-61
Two coordinates of the
signal constellation of BFSK
defined by
where
( )
otherwise
T t
t f
T
t
i
i

'
0
0
2 cos
2
) (

(3.49)
1,2 i
CH01-62
3.7.3 Continuous-Phase Modulation:
Minimum Shift Keying
Techniques
32
CH01-63
By more constrained choosing of two frequencies (symbol 1 and 0),
we can improve the spectral efficiency and improve noise
performance.
CRFSK signal in conventional form of an angle-modulated signal
The phasec(t) of CPFSK signal change linearly with time during
each bit duration of T seconds, as shown by the relationship
[ ]
[ ]
'
+
+
0 symbol for ) 0 ( 2 cos

2
1 symbol for ) 0 ( 2 cos
2
) (
2
1

f
T
E
f
T
E
t s
b
b
(3.50)
( ) ( ) T t t
T
h
t t 0 0

(3.52)
( ) ( ) [ ] t t f
T
E
t s
c
b
+ 2 cos
2
(3.51)
CH01-64
The relationship between T, h, f
1
, f
2
and f
c
The nominal carrier frequency f
c
is the arithmetic mean of the transmit
frequencies f
1
and f
2
.
The difference between the transmit frequencies normalized with
respect to the bit rate 1/T.
h is the deviation ratio of the CPFSK signal.
When time t =T
( ) ) ( and
2
1
2 1 2 1
f f T h f f f
c
+ +
(3.55,56)
( ) ( )
'

0 symbol for
1 symbol for
0
h
h
T

(3.57)
33
CH01-65
CH01-66
34
CH01-67
With h=1/2, the frequency deviation equals half the bit rate.
This is the minimum frequency spacing that allows
the two FSK signals representing the symbols 1 and 0 to
be coherently orthogonal.
Two signaling frequencies do not interfere with each other.
This deviation ratio of one-half is called minimum shift
keying.
CH01-68
3.7.4 Power Spectra of MSK Signal
Techniques
35
CH01-69
1. Depending on the value of the phase statec(0), the in-
phase component equals +g
I
(t) or g
I
(t), where
2. Depending on the value of the phase state c(T), the
quadrature component equals +g
Q
(t) or g
Q
(t), where
'
,
_
otherwise
T t T
T
t
T
E
t g
b
I
0

2
cos
2
) (

(3.63)
( )
'
,
_
otherwise
T t T
T
t
T
E
t g
b
Q
0

2
sin
2
(3.64)
CH01-70
3. The in-phase and quadrature components of the MSK signal are
statistically independent, yielding the baseband power spectral
density of the MSK signal:
is the common power spectral density of g
I
(t) and g
Q
(t).
The baseband power spectral density of the MSK signal falls off as
the inverse fourth power of frequency.
MSK does not produce as much interference outside the signal band
of interest as does QPSK.
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 16
2 cos 32
2
2
1
]
1
1
]
1
f T
Tf E
T
f
f S
b
g
B
(3.65)
( )
g
f
36
CH01-71
CH01-72
3.7.5 Gaussian-Filtered MSK
Techniques
37
CH01-73
Gaussian-filtered MSK:
a binary frequency modulation that a polar nonreturn-to-
zero (NRZ) binary data stream through a baseband pulse-
shaping filter whose impulse response is defined by a
Gaussian function. In the line code, binary symbols 0 and 1
are represented by -1 and +1.
Let W denote 3-dB baseband bandwidth. The transfer function
and impulse response h(t) of pulse-shaping filter
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_
,
_

2 2
2
2
2
2 log
2
exp
2 log
2
and
2
2 log
exp t W W t h
W
f
f H
e
e

(3.66,67)
( ) H f
CH01-74
The response of Gaussian filter to a rectangular pulse of unit
amplitude and duration T is given by
It also can be expressed as the difference between two
complementary error functions
The pulse response, g(t) constitutes the frequency-shaping pulse of
the GMSK modulator, with the dimensionless time-bandwidth product
WT playing the role of a design parameter.
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

2
1
2 log
2
2
1
2 log
2
2
1
) (
T
t
WT erfc
T
t
WT erfc t g
e e
(3.69)
( )

d t W W
d t h t g
T
T
e e
T
T
,
_

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
) (
2 log
2
exp
2 log
2
) (
(3.68)
38
CH01-75
CH01-76
39
CH01-77
3.8 Frequency-Division Multiple
Access
CH01-78
Available spectrum is divided into
a set of continuous frequency bands labeled 1 to N.
The bands are assigned to individual users for
communication on continuous-time basis.
Precautionary measures of adjacent channel interference
The power spectral density of modulated signal is carefully
controlled
Guard bands are inserted as buffer zones in the channel
assignment
Duplexing allows mobile user to send and receive information-
bearing signals on the same antenna
40
CH01-79
CH01-80
41
CH01-81
3.9 Two Practical Issues of
concern
CH01-82
concern
3.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference
42
CH01-83
CH01-84
3.9.2 Power Amplifier Nonlinearity
concern
43
CH01-85
Transmit power amplifier: significant consumer of power in
mobile radio
The gain is not constant over all input levels means that
the amplifier introduces amplitude distortion in the form of AM.
This distortion is called AM-to-AM distortion.
The phase characteristic is not constant over all input levels
means
the amplifier introduces phase distortion in PM.
This distortion is called AM-to-PM distortion
CH01-86
44
CH01-87
CH01-88
Input back-off is the operating point the amplifier.
The operating point can be expressed in terms of output
back-off.
2
,
,
10
log 10 off - back Input
,
_
sat out
rms in
V
V
(3.71)
2
,
,
10
log 10 off - back Output
,
_
sat out
rms out
V
V
(3.72)
45
CH01-89
3.10 Comparison of Modulation
Strategies for Wireless
Communications
CH01-90
46
CH01-91
Communications
CH01-92
Transmit spectrum important for selecting modulation
strategies, which determined by
Pulse
Other Filtering
Presence of nonlinearities
Advantages of former linear method of modulation:
The main lobe is the narrowest
Negligibly small sidelobes
In a linear channel, the QPSK with root RC pulse shaping is
clearly the superior strategy in terms of minimizing adjacent
channel interference.
47
CH01-93
CH01-94
Communications
48
CH01-95
For nonlinear power amplifier, system
performance depends on
how close to saturation the amplifier is operated.
The effect of the amplifier also depends on
the type of modulation employed.
For rectangular QPSK,MSK and GMSK, since
the nonlinear effects depend upon envelope
variation,
the spectra of modulations are unaffected by a nonlinear
amplifier.
CH01-96
For QPSK with root RC filtering, it relies on
envelope variations to produce a compact, the effect
of the nonlinear amplifier on the respective modulated
signals will differ.
The choice of modulation depends on
the simplicity of detection, transmit spectrum and
error-rate performance.
Just as with AM-to-AM distortion, AM-to-PM distortion
varies with the signal level at power amplifier input
49
CH01-97
3.11 Channel Estimation and
Tracking
CH01-98
Tracking
3.11.1 Differential Detection
50
CH01-99
Transmitted band-pass signal
Received complex baseband signal
Differential detection
Practical significance of differential detection
Can be applied linear and nonlinear phase modulation.
Can be applied to the wireless system that the fading is slow
relative to the data rate.
{ }
t f j
c
e t m A t s
2
) ( Re ) ( (3.73)
) ( ) ( ' ) (
~ ) 2 (
t w e t m A t x
ft j
+
+ (3.74)

k
k
kT t p b t m ) ( ) ( (3.75)
CH01-100
3.11.2 Pilot Symbol Transmission
Tracking
51
CH01-101
If channel exhibits flat fading, complex baseband received
signal
The samples at output of matched filter in discrete time
Linear estimator
) (
~
) ( ) (
~
) (
~
t w t m t t x +
(3.78)
k k k k
w b a y +
(3.79)
Ki Ki
Ki Ki Ki Ki
Ki Ki Ki
L
L m
m i K m Ki
w
w b b
y b h h a
+
+

+
*
2
*
) (
where
~
(3.81,80)
CH01-102
Cost Function
Average power
Autocorrelation of fading-plus-noise samples
Similarly, we find that
2
Ki
E P (3.3)
1
]
1
+

+ + + +
L
L m
L
L n
L
L m
L
L n
Ki n i K n Ki m i K m n i K n m i K m Ki
h a h a h a h a E J
*
) (
* *
) (
*
) (
*
) (
2
(3.83)
[ ] ( )( ) [ ]
[ ] [ ]
'
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
n m r
n m r
w w E E
w w E h h E
n m K
n i K m i K n i K m i K
n i K n i K m i K m i K n i K m i K

2
0
) (
*
) ( ) (
*
) ( ) (
*
) (
*
) ( ) ( ) (
*
) ( ) (

(3.84)
[ ]
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
[ ] [ ]
Km
n i K m i K Ki m i K
Ki m i K m i K Ki m i K
r
w w E E
w E h E
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
*
) ( ) (
*
) (
* *
) (

(3.86)
52
CH01-103
Rewrite the cost function in compact form
By completing the square, we get
Wiener-Hopf equation
It provides the solution for weighting what is the optimal
estimate of fading in mean-square error sense.
a r r a Ra a P j
+ + +
+
(3.87)
) ( ) (
1 1 1
r R a R r R a r R r P J
+ +
+
(3.88)
r R a
1
(3.89)
CH01-104
Energy loss: devoted to pilot symbol
Expanding the bandwidth to accommodate the inclusion of
the pilot symbols and data.
Minimum pilot symbol rate: several times of fading process
bandwidth.
53
CH01-105
3.12 Receiver Performance: Bit
Error Rate
CH01-106
Bit error rate
average probability of symbol error
Receiver performance is considered under:
Presence of additive channel noise
Presence of multiplicative noise exemplified by
frequency-flat, slowly fading channel
54
CH01-107
3.12 Receiver Performance: Bit
Error Rate
3.12.1 Channel Noise
CH01-108
55
CH01-109
CH01-110
BER of GMSK
BER for slow Rayleigh fading channel
,
_
0
2 2
1
N
E
erfc P
b
e

(3.90)
[ ]
2
0
0
E
N
E
b
(3.91)

EX0387CH03

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EX0387CH03

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0 symbol for ) 0 ( 2 cos

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