Practicals Production of Materials Alkenes / Alkanes 10ml of bromine water + 10mL of sample Safety: use small quantities, leave

waste in a bottle, use a fume cupboard, Voltaic Cells Ways to improve: use emery paper to avoid corrosion Molar Heat of Combustion Ways to improve: heat shield to cover the whole apparatus, copper tin, minimise distance between flame Yeast 38C in an incubator, glucose solution, a teaspoon of yeast weighed every day for a week Acidic Environment pH Probe A pair of electrodes that measure the voltage (EMF) and converts this to pH as conductivity is related to H+ ions. The measuring electrode is called a glass electrode and consists of a thin fragile membrane. Reflux: 50mL of ethanol + 50mL of ethanoic acid + few drops of sulphuric acid Monitoring and Management Measure the sulphate content of lawn fertiliser and explain the chemistry involved 9g of Epsom salts transferred to a 250ml volumetric flask and fill up with distilled water Use a pipette and transfer 10ml solution into a 250ml conical flask add 30ml of distilled water and 45ml of meth Add two drops of alizarin red S (turns from yellow to pink once all sulphate has reacted with BaCl) Titrate using BaCl in a burette Ways to improve (also for alternate method w/o titration): dry precipitate, use finest filter paper possible, make sure BaCl is added to excess Forensics Practicals Determine a sequence of tests to distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds Substances were burnt such as cloth, matches, magnesium, aluminium Inorganic substances melted or burnt with high temperature, but generally left a residue

Distinguish carbohydrates through tests (reducing / non reducing / starch) Reducing sugars: 5ml of glucose solution + 5mL of benedict solution was placed in a test tube. The test tube was placed in a 80C water bath and heated for 3 minutes + test solution Starch: 5ml of dilute starch solution + 3 drops of iodine + control solution w/o iodine Distinguishing test for proteins Biuriet: 5ml of protein solution (egg white) + 5mL of NaOH + drop by drop of CuSO4 Ninhydrin: 5ml of protein solution + 5mL of Ninhydrin solution = heated for 3 minutes Chromatography to separate a mixture of organic materials (pigments in plants) Spinach cut into leaves/grounded in a mortar and pestle with a few grains of sand and 2 drops of ethanol place drops of solution 2cm from end of filter paper/chromatography paper support the strip vertically in beaker of ethanol Vary solvents: acetone and alcohol, water, hexane Carotene (orange-yellow) / chlorophyll b (green) / xanthophyll (yellow) Ways to improve: chromatography paper, range of solvents, Electrophoresis Coloured dyes were put in the gel wels. The ends were connected to a 12V DC power supply. Ways to improve: larger voltage, say that paper was used use gel Spectroscope analysis / flame test analysis to identify the emission spectrum ( including Na and Hg) Discharge tube was connected to a high voltage induction coil. Hg: blue purple yellow Na: yellow Safety hazards: X rays, high voltage induction coil