1. Mng MANET 1.1.

Gii thiu v mng MANET MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) - Mng khng dy ty bin di ng c cu trc t cc nt mng khng dy c c tnh t cu hnh v truyn thng a bc. Mng MANET khng ph thuc vo h tng c nh, c thnh thnh bi cc nt di ng c kh nng pht hin ra s c mt ca cc nt khc v t nh dng to nn mng. Topo mng thay i lin tc khi cc nt mng tham gia hoc ri mng hay khi kt ni khng dy tr nn khng cn thich hp. Do c tnh ty bin nn mng MANET c th cung cp mt min rng cc ng dng dch v cho cc vng mng cc b v th. Tuy nhin, mng MANET phi i mt vi mt lot cc thch thc do chnh cu trc mng to ra nh tnh t tr ca cc nt, iu hnh phn tn, nh tuyn a bc, cu hnh mng ng, cng sut tiu th v s khng n nh ca mi trng, lin kt khng dy, 1.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET Vn lun c t ra i vi cc mng MANET l phng php gi thng tin gia cc nt khng c lin kt trc tip, khi cc nt trong mng di chuyn khng theo cc d on v dn ti cu hnh mng thng xuyn thay i. V vy, cc tip cn nh tuyn trong cc mng truyn thng c nh khng th p dng i vi mng MANET. Phng php ph bin phn bit cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET l da trn cch thc trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc nt. Theo phng php ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn c chia thnh : nh tuyn theo bng, nh tuyn theo yu cu v nh tuyn lai ghp.

Giao thc nh tuyn nh tuyn theo yu cu DS TO AODV R RA nh tuyn theo bng DSD OL W V SR RP nh tuyn lai ghp ZP HA R RP

a. Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng: Theo phng php ny, cc nt trong mng MANET lin tc nh gi cc tuyn ti cc nt duy tr tnh tng thc, cp nht ca thng tin nh tuyn. V vy, mt nt ngun c th a ra mt ng dn nh tuyn ngay lp tc khi cn. Trong giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, tt c cc nt cn duy tr thng tin v cu hnh mng. Khi cu hnh mng thay i, cc cp nht c lan truyn trong mng nhm thng bo s thay i. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn in hnh theo bng gm: nh tuyn khng dy WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol), nh tuyn vector khong cch tun t ch DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector), nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ti u (Optimized Link State Routing), b. Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu: Trong phng php nh tuyn theo yu cu, cc ng d c tm kim chi khi cn thit, hot ng tm tuyn bao gm c th tc xc nh tuyn. Th tc tm tuyn kt thc khi mt tuyn khng tm thy hoc khng c tuyn kh dng sau khi xc minh ton b tp hon v tuyn. V vy, thng tin duy tr tuyn l quan trng i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu gm: nh tuyn ngun ng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), nh tuyn vector khong cch theo yu cu AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing) v giao thc nh tuyn th t tm thi TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm), c. Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp: Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp c xut kt hp cc c tnh u im ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu. Thng thng, cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp c s dng trong kin trc phn cp. Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu c trin khai trong cc cp thc hp. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp gm: nh tuyn vng ZRP (Zonebase Hierarchical Link State Routing) v nh tuyn mng ty bit lai HARP (Hybrid Ad-hoc Routing Protocol), 2. Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV 2.1. Gii thiu Giao thc nh tuyn DSDV l mt trong nhng giao thc in hnh ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng. Mi node trong mng duy tr bng nh tuyn khng ch phc v cho vic truyn cc packet m cn cho vic kt ni vi cc trm khc trong mng.

Cc trm lit k tt cc cc ch c th n v s lng cc hop yu cu ca mi ch trong bng nh tuyn. Mi trm ch gn nhn mt s th t cho mi mc ch tuyn. c th duy tr thng tin trong cc bng nh tuyn th my trm phi trao i v cp nht nh k. Cc packet c truyn i gia cc trm ch ra cc trm c th truy cp v bao nhiu hop yu cu cho mi trm c th. Thng tin nh tuyn c qung b bi cc packet broadcasting hoc multicasting, y l cc packet c trao i mt cch nh k gia cc node trn mng. Giao thc DSDV yu cu mi trm mobile trong mng phi khai bo, qung b n n mi node ln cn trong bng nh tuyn. Cho nn cc mc trong bng thay i rt nhanh, vic qung b phi c lm thng xuyn m bo rng mi node u c th xc nh lng ging ca n trong mng. iu ny m bo s lng nh nht cc hop cho mt tuyn n 1 ch; Bng cch ny node vn c th trao i thng tin ca n mc d khng c lin kt trc tip no. D liu broadcast ca mi node s c nh s th t mi v cc thng tin km theo ca mi tuyn mi: + a ch ch + S lng cc hop yu cu cho mi ch + S th t mi, c nh s bi ch 2.2. Hot ng Nhng bng nh tuyn c trao i cng cha cc a ch phn cng, a ch mng ca host mobile vn chuyn chng. Cc bng nh tuyn s cha cc s th t c to ra bi qu trnh vn chuyn v v l do hu ht cc s th t ch mi c u tin nh l c s cho cc quyt nh chuyn tip. S th t mi cng c cp nht trn tt c mi host trong mng, iu ny gip cho vic c th quyt nh cch duy tr ca mc nh tuyn cho host mobile ban u Sau khi nhn thng tin nh tuyn, node nhn lm ln ln ma trn v thng tin vn chuyn bi broadcasting. Vic lm ln ln ma trn c hon

thnh trc khi truyn bi v packet n s phi i qua nhiu hn 1 hop n c ch Thi gian chuyn cc packet thng tin l nhn t quan trng khc cn c quan tm. Khi thng tin mi c nhn bi host mobile th n s c truyn li ph bin li cho cc mobile host khc trong mng. Cc lin kt b hng khi cc mobile host thay i v tr ca n trong mng. Cc lin kt hng s c xc nh bi giao thc layer2, vic ny c thc hin gn nh l v hn. Khi tuyn b hng trong mng th ngay lp tc ma trn c gn bi 1 ma trn v hn, r rng l khng c hop v s th t no c cp nht. Cc s th t bt ngun t cc mobile host v xc nh l s chn v cc s th t pht sinh khai bo cc ma trn v hn l cc s l Qung b thng tin trong giao thc DSDV c 2 loi: full dump v incremental dump. Qung b full dump s mang tt c thng tin nh tuyn trong khi incremental dump s ch mang thng tin thay i trong full dump cui cng. Bt chp 2 loi ny, vic qung b s c thc hin trong giao thc mng n v d liu (Network protocol data units - NPDU). Full dump th yu cu a NPDU trong khi incremental ch yu cu mt NPDU lm cho khp vi tt c d liu Khi mt node nhn 1 packet thng tin t mt node khc, th n s so snh s th t ca packet vi s th t c th s dng cho mc . Nu s th t l ln hn, th n s cp nht thng tin nh tuyn vi s th t mi, ngc li nu s th t ging nhau th n s kim tra vi ma trn mc v nu s lng cc hop nh hn mc trc th thng tin mi s c cp nht (nu thng tin ging nhau hoc ma trn ln hn th n s hy thng tin ). Thng tin cc node c cp nht vi ma trn l tng ln 1 v s th t l tng ln 2. n gin, nu 1 node tham gia vo mng th n s thng bo v s tn ti ca n trong mng v cc node trong mng s cp nht thng tin nh tuyn vi mt mc mi cho node mi.

Trong qu trnh qung b, cc host mobile s truyn pht cc bng nh tuyn ca chng theo nh k nhng v s di chuyn ca cc host trong cc mng, n s tip tc lm tng thng tin nh tuyn cho mi s th t t ch. iu ny lm chm tr s qung b ca tuyn cho n khi no n a ra c ma trn tt hn. 2.3. u im, nhc im - u im: + Giao thc DSDV m bo vic lp li cc tuyn rnh + Vic tnh ton cc vn v hn c gim bt trong DSDV + C th trnh tc ngn bng cc cp nht incremental thay cho cc cp nht full dump + nh ng: DSDV ch duy tr mt ng i tt nht thay cho vic duy tr nhiu ng n mi ch. Vi iu ny, s lng ca khng gian trong bng nh tuyn gim xung - Nhc im: + S lng ph bng thng qung b cc thng tin nh tuyn khng cn thit nu khng c s thay i no trong topo ca mng + DSDV khng h tr nh tuyn a ng + Kh xc nh thi gian tr ca vic qung b cc tuyn + Kh duy tr bng nh tuyn qung b cho cc mng ln. Mi host trong mng u phi duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cho qung b. Nhng i vi cc mng ln vic ny s chim nhiu bng thng hn. 3. Giao thc nh tuyn OLSR 3.1. Gii thiu OLSR (Optimized Link State Protocol), giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ti u, l giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin cho mng MANET, y l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng ghi s dng gi tin Hello v Topology Control (TC) pht hin v qung b thng tin trng thi lin k n ton mng. Vi mc ch gim thiu chi ph cho cc cng vic trn lt lu lng iu khin, OLSR ch s dng cc nt MPR c chn truyn dn cc gi tin ny. K thut ny lm gim ng k s lng yu cu truyn li trn lt mt gi

tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng. OLSR ch s dng mt phn thng tin trng thi lin kt c trn lt la chn tuyn ng ngn nht. C mt yu cu cho tt c MPR l phi thng bo cc lin kt ti cc nt la chn chng. Ngoi ra thng tin cu hnh mng c th c s dng cho mc ch d phng. OLSR c th ti u cc phn ng khi cu hnh mng thay i bng cch gim thi gian gia hai ln truyn gi tin iu khin. Hn th na, n lun duy tr cctuyn n tt c cc ch trong mng. V th OLSR rt ph hp cho truyn thng gia cc tp hp nhiu nt mng vi nhau hoc cho cc cp ngun - ch thayi theo thi gian. Giao thc ny c bit ph hp vi cc mng ln v giy c. Cc li th ny c mang li nh s dng k thut chuyn tip a im cngnh cc li th ca nh tuyn khi to theo chu k. OLSR c thit k lm vic trong cc mng phn tn v khng ph thuc vo bt k mt thc th trung tm no. Giao thc ny khng yu cu truyn dn tin cy cho cc gi tin iu khin. Mi nt gi cc gi tin iu khin theo chu k v c th duy tr mt t l mt gi hp l. Hin tng mt gi ny xy ra thng xuyn trong mng v tuyn do xung t hoc cc vn v truyn dn. OLSR khng yu cu chuyn tip tun t cc gi tin. Mi gi tin iu khin cha mt s th t v c t tng dn cho mi gi tin. V vy bn nhn s d dng xc nh c gi tin no mi hn thm ch i vi cc gi tin csp xp li trong qu trnh truyn dn. Hn th OLSR cn c cc h tr h xung nh hot ng trong ch ng vnh tuyn a phng (multicast). Cc h trxung ny hon ton tng thch vi cc phin bn khc nhau ca giao thc.OLSR khng yu cu bt k thay i no v khun dng ca gi tin IP v th n hon ton ph hp vi giao thc IP hin ti. 3.2. Hot ng a. Xc nh lin kt v lng ging Lng ging v cc lin kt c xc nh bng cch gi gi tin HELLO. Mi nt gi gi tin HELLO trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Gi tin HELLO cha danh sch cc nt lng ging bit v trng thi ln kn ca nt n cc lng ging.

b. B chuyn tip a im MPR (Multipoint Relays)

Mi nt trong mng chn mt tp hp nhng nt trong 1-hop lng ging i xng, b nhng nt ny c gi l MPR ca nt . Nhng nt lng ging ca nt N khng c trong b MPR nhn v x l, nhng khng chuyn tip nhng thng tin c nhn t nt N. Mi nt la chn b MPR ca n t trong s nhng 1-hop lng ging ixng ca n. B ny c la chn nh n bao gm (k hn ca trm pht sng) tt c cc nt 2-hop i xng. B MPR ca nt N c k hiu MPR{N},sau mt tp hp ty ca 1-hop ln cn i xng ca N tha mn iukin tip theo: mi nt trong 2-hop ln cn i xng ca N phi c mt lin kti xng hng v MPR{N}. Mi mt nt duy tr thng tin v tp hp nhng nt lng ging lachn n nh MPR. B ny c gi l chuyn tip a im ca mt nt. Mt nt cha nhng thng tin ny t nhng gi tin HELLO nh k nhn c t cc nt lng ging. Thng tin pht sng c mc ch truyn vo ton b mng, n n t bt k b chn MPR ca nt N c truyn li bi nt N nu N vn cha nhn c. B ci t c th thay i theo thi gian (v d nh khi mt nt la chn mt b ci t MPR khc) v c ch ra bi nhng nt c la chn trong gi tin HELLO ca chng. MPR cung cp mt c ch hiu qu cho vic kim sot lu thng bng vic gim s lng cn truyn. Nhng nt c chn nh MPR cng c trch nhim c bit khi khai bo thng tin trng thi lin kt trong mng. Nh vy, ch mt yu cu cho OLSR cung cp nhng ng truyn nhn nht ti tt c cc im ch l nhngnt MPR do khai bo thng tin trng thi lin kt cho b chn MPR ca chng. Thm vo thng tin trng thi lin kt c sn c th c dng cho trng thi d tha. Nhng nt c chn nh MPR bi vi nt lng ging s thng bo thng tin ny theo chu k trong thng tin iu khin ca chng. V vy mt nt thng bo n mng th l n c th n vi nhng nt la chn n nh mt MPR. Theo s hoch nh ng truyn, nhng MPR c s dng to ln ng truyn t mt nt nh ti bt k im ch no trong mng. Hn na, giao thc s dng MPR lm tng hiu qu ca thng tin iu khin trong mng. c. Thng tin topo: trao i thng tin topo v xy dng c s thng tin topo, nt c hn lm MPR gi gi tin Topology Control (TC). Gi tin TC c qung b n

ton mng v ch cc MPR c php chuyn tip gi tin TC. Gi tin TC c to v qung b nh k trong mng. Gi tin TC c 1 nt gi qung b trng thi lin kt ca n n ton mng. Nt phi gi t nht l trng lin kt ca b MPR ca n. Gi tin TC bao gm b cc trng thi lin kt qung b v s th t ca mi gi tin. S th t dng trnh lp li cc gi tin v cho bit gi tin mi. Do nu nt nhn c gi tin c s th t nh hn th n phi t chi gi tin m khng cn phi cp nht thng tin topo. Nt phi tng s th t ln 1 mi khi trng thi lin kt b xa hoc trng thi lin kt c thm vo trong gi tin. Khi b lin kt qung b ca nt trng, nt vn phi gi gi tin TC lm mt hiu lc gi tin TC gi trc v n dng vic gi gi tin TC cho n khi c thng tin gi. Kch thc gi tin TC c th kh ln, do gi tin TC c th c gi tng phn, nhng khi nhn phi kt hp tt c cc phn. Nt c th tng tc truyn ti ca n tr nn hp l hn loi b nhng lin kt hng. Khi c s thay i trong b MPR, cn phi ch r nhng lin kt hng v nt phi truyn ti gi tin TC cng sm cng tt. d. Tnh ton bng nh tuyn: Mi nt duy tr bng nh tuyn.Nu c bt k s thay i no trong mi b, bng nh tuyn s c tnh ton li. V y l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng nn bng nh tuyn cha tuyn ng n tt c cc nt c trn mng. Thng tin v cc lin kt gy hoc 1 phn cc lin kt bit khng c lu tr trong bng nh tuyn. Bng nh tuyn c thay i nu c s thay trong cc trng hp sau: Lin kt lng ging xut hin hoc bin mt. Lng ging 2 bc c to ra hoc b xa i. Lin kt topo xut hin hoc mt i. Thay i thng tin giao din kt hp.

Tuy nhin, vic cp nht nhng thng tin ny khng nh hng n vic gi cc gi tin trn mng. Thut ton tm ng i ngn nht c s dng tm kim cc tuyn ng da vo bng nh tuyn.
R_dest a ch ch R_next Nt tip theo R_dist S bc nhy R_if_id Giao din cc b

Bng nh tuyn e. V d: - Xt mng gm 7 nt. Sau khi cc nt gi gi tin HELLO xc nh lng ging v trng thi lin kt nh sau:

4 1 5 6 7

3 2

- Cc nt chn trong cc lng ging 1 bc ca mnh cc MPR: + Tp MPR ca cc nt: MPR(1) = {4} MPR(4) = {3, 6} MPR(7) = {6} + Tp MS (tp hp cc nt chn nt lm MPR) ca cc nt: MS(3) = {2, 4, 5} MS(4) = {1, 3, 5, 6} MS(6) = {4, 5, 7} - Nt 3 to gi tin TC v qung b n cc nt trong tp MS(3) = {2, 4, 5}. - Nt 4 chuyn tip gi tin t nt 3 n cc nt trong tp MS(4) = {1, 3, 4, 6}. - Nt 6 chuyn tip gi tin t nt 3 n cc nt trong tp MS(6) = {7}. MPR(2) = {3} MPR(5) = {3, 4, 6} MPR(3) = {4} MPR(6) = {4}

- Nt 4 to gi tin TC v qung b n cc nt trong tp MS(4). - Nt 3 v 6 chuyn tip gi tin TC t nt 4 n cc nt trong tp MS(3), MS(6).

- Nt 6 to gi tin TC v qung b n cc nt trong tp MS(6). - Nt 4 chuyn tip gi tin TC t nt 6 n cc nt trong tp MS(4), MS(6).

- Sau khi nt 3, nt 4, nt 6 to v gi gi tin TC, tt c cc nt c c thng tin trng thi lin kt nh tuyn n tt c cc nt trn mng. - Vi thng tin nhn c t gi tin TC, cc nt xy dng bng nh tuyn.

3.3. u im, nhc im OLSR l mt giao thc nh tuyn tin phong cho mng Ad-Hocs. N kh ph hp vi nhng mng di ng ln v dy c cng nh s ti u ha vi vic dng MPR. Vi mng lnv dy c hn th s ti u ha hn c th c hon thnh cng nh so snh c vi thut ton trng thi lin kt in hnh. OLSR dng nh tuyn hop-by-hop, v d nh mi nt s dng thng tin ca n ti cc gi nh tuyn. OLSR kh ph hp vi mng m lu lng l ngu nhin v bt nh gia mt tp hp nhng nt ln hn v gn nh tr thnh duy nht gia mt tp hp nhng nt c bit. Cng nh mt giao thc tin phong, OLSR cng ph hp cho nhng kch bn ni nhng cp truyn thng thay i qua thi gian. Thm vo , lu lng khng iu khin c to thnh trong hon cnh ny t khinhng nh tuyn c sa cha cho tt c nhng im ich ti cng mt thi im. L giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, OLSR i hi mt lng ln bng thng v hiu sut CPU hp l tnh ton ng i ti u trong mng. Ch bng vic s dng cc MPR qung b thng tin kin trc mng, OLSR xa mt s tin trnh qung b d tha m n c th l 1 vn trong mng vi t l mt gi tin ln. Tuy nhin, c ch MPR c kh nng t ct gim ngha l trong trng hp mt gi tin, mt s nt c th khng gi li gi tin.

4.

M phng v nh gi hiu nng ca giao thc DSDV v OLSR