ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703

IDEAL GAS

6.1

Introduction

A perfect or ideal gas is normally defined as one that obeys the gas laws but in terms of molecular theory, an ideal gas is one in which: the molecules of gas occupy negligible volume compared with the volume of containing vessel the molecules move independently of one another except when collision occurs energy transfers into or out of the gas cause a change in molecular linear kinetic energy only

This means that the specific heat capacity of a perfect gas is constant and does not change with temperature or pressure. 6.2 Pressure

Absolute Pressure (a) is measured from a perfect vacuum. Atmospheric Pressure (101.32kPa) is the average absolute pressure of the air at sea level; (It will support a 760mm column of mercury or a 10.3m high column of water). Vacuum Pressure is any pressure below atmospheric pressure. (760mm Hg (mercury) = approx absolute vacuum). Gauge Pressure is the measure of pressure above the prevailing atmospheric pressure.

6.2.1

Units of pressure:

Metric: Pascal (Pa) Imperial: Pound per inch2 (psi)

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703

6.2.2 Conversion: = 1kPa = 1MPa = 14.68psi = 100kPa

1,000 Pa 1,000,000 Pa 101.32 kPa 1 Bar

Ideal gas obeys all the gas laws over all pressures and temperatures.

6.3
6.3.1

Gas Laws
Boyles Law:

The volume of a confined gas varies inversely with its absolute pressure provided the temperature remains constant.

p1 = initial absolute pressure. p2 = finial absolute pressure. V1 = Initial volume. V2 = final Volume.

V1 x p1 = V2 x p2 = Constant
6.3.2 Charles Law:
The volume of Gas varies in direct proportion to a change in absolute temperature provided its pressure remains constant.

V1 = Initial volume. V2 = final Volume. T1 = initial absolute temperature (Kelvin) T2 = finial absolute temperature (Kelvin)

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703 V1/T1 = V2/T2 = Constant

6.3.3 Combined Gas Law
When air is compressed the following physical changes take place:

Air volume decreases Pressure increases Temperature increases

Therefore the Combined Gas Law is used for most pneumatic applications; it includes Volumetric, Pressure and Temperature variations.

(p1 x V1)/T1= (p2 x V2)/T2

Note: Absolute pressure and temperature must be used in this formula.

6.4

Temperature

-2730C = 0 Kelvin. 00C = 273 Kelvin. 200C = 20 + 273 = 293 Kelvin

6.5

Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) relationship

Relationships that describe the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior of gases are called equations of state. The simplest equation of state is called the ideal gas law and is given by:

pV = nRT
Where p = absolute pressure in Pascal (Pa) V = volume of gas in cubic meter (m3) n = number of moles (no unit) R = gas constant in Joule/mole Kelvin (J/mK) T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K)

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703

Equation of state may include mass of gas and is given by:

pV = mRT
Where p = absolute pressure in Pascal (Pa) V = volume of gas in cubic meter (m3) m = mass of gas in kilogram (kg) R = gas constant in Joule/kilogram Kelvin (J/kgK) T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) The assumption of perfect gas behavior is usually a good approximation for many real gases such as: 6.5.1 mono atomic gases such as helium and argon diatomic gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide gas mixtures such as air Gas Constant and Gas Density

Density of air at normal atmospheric conditions is about 1.2 kg/m3. The gas density is depending on the value of gas constant and determine at different conditions.

Gas

Chemical Symbol

Relative Atomic Mass 1 4 12 14 16 32 40

Molecular Symbol

Hydrogen Helium Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphur Argon For hydrogen gas:

H He C N O S Ar

H2 He C N2 O2 S Ar

Relative Molecular Mass (M) 2 4 12 28 32 32 40

Relative Molecular mass , M = 2 (1 + 1) Thus R = 8314/M = 8314/2 = 4157 J/kgK At s.t.p (standard temperature and pressure) p = 101.3 kPa and T = 273 K Density = hydrogen = p / RT = 101.32 x 1000/(4157 x 273) = 0.0893 kg/m3

6.5.2

Specific Heat Capacity Of A Gas

Heat is not a property of a substance. The quantity of heat transferred denoted by Q for a given temperature rise depends on the method or process. Solids or liquids are almost heated at constant pressure. The amount of heat necessary to cause an increase in temperature when a gas is heated from initial temperature T1 to the final temperature T2 is given by the formula:

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703 Q = m cp (T2 T1)

Where m = mass of gas in kilogram (kg) cp = specific heat capacity at constant pressure in Joule/kilogram Kelvin (J/kg K) T2 = final temperature in Kelvin (K) T1 = initial temperature in Kelvin (K) More heat is needed to obtain the same temperature increase with constant pressure heating compared with constant volume heating as equation given below:

Q = m cv (T2 T1) Where m = mass of gas in kilogram (kg) Cv = specific heat capacity at constant volume in Joule/kilogram Kelvin (J/kg K) T2 = final temperature in Kelvin (K) T1 = initial temperature in Kelvin (K)
Some substances have different specific heat capacity compared with others as shown in Table below. Substance Air (constant pressure) Air (constant volume) Aluminium (and alloys) Copper and Brass Cast Iron Glass Steel (and alloys) Lead Mercury Water Timber (Oregon) Ice Specific Heat Capacity in J/kg K 1005 718 880 390 420 840 460 130 140 4190 2600 2040

The gas constant R is related to specific heat capacity at constant pressure and volume is derived to give the following equation:

R = cp - cv
For example for air the gas constant, R = 1005 718 = 287 J/kg K

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703

6.6 Internal Energy (U) and Enthalpy (H) Change In A Gas

When gas is heated at constant volume, no work is done, so that all the heat transfers into internal energy. Thus

U2 U1 = m c v (T2 T1)
When a gas is heated at constant pressure, work is done.

W = p (V2 V1)
And

Q = H2 H1 = m cp (T2 T1)
6.7 Calculation Example

A piston and cylinder shown in Figure below contains air and is in equilibrium with the surrounding air which is at 20C. Heat energy is supplied and the piston rose up to 500 mm displacement. Assume that no friction between the piston and the wall, and the following values for air are cp = 1005 J/kg K, cv = 718 J/kg K and R = 287 J/kg K, determine:

(a) the mass of air, m The cross sectional area, A = (0.2)2/4 = 0.0314 m2 Initial volume, V1 = Ah1 = 0.0314(0.95) = 0.0298 m3 Initial pressure = p1 = p atmospheric + p piston weight = 101.32 kPa + F/A Force = Weight of piston = mg = 25(9.81) = 245.25 N P1 = 101.32 x 103 + (245.25/0.0314) = 109.13 kPa

NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE LGD 10703

Initial Temperature, T1 = 20C = 20 + 273 = 293 Kelvin (K) From equation of state; pV = mRT p1V1 = mRT1 Therefore the mass of air, m = p1 V1 / R T1 = (109.13 x 103 x 0.0298)/(287 x 293)= 0.0387 kg (b) the final temperature, T2 final volume of air, V2 = Ah2 = 0.0314 (0.95 + 0.5) = 0.0455 m3 Since this is a constant pressure process, V1/T1 = V2 / T2 Thus the final temperature, T2 = V2 T1 / V1 = 0.0455(293)/(0.0298) = 448 K = 175C (c) the heat flow From equation Q = m cp (T2 T1) = 0.0387 (1005) (448 293) = 6028.5 J (Heat In) (d) the internal energy change From equation Q = U2 U1 = m cv (T2 T1) = 0.0387 (718) (448 293) = 4315.5 J (increase in internal energy) (e) the work transfer W = p (V2 V1) = 109.13 x 103 (0.0455 0.0298) = 1713 J (Work Out) (f) verify that the non-flow energy equation balances Q W = Heat In Work Out = 6028.5 1713 = 4315.5 J (increase in internal energy) (g) the increase in potential energy of the piston Potential Energy PE = mgh = 25 (9.81) (0.5) = 122.625 J (h) work done on the air surrounding the piston, which exerts a pressure and therefore a force to oppose the motion of piston W = p (V2 V1) = 101.32 x 103 (0.0455 0.0298) = 1590.8 J (i) the work transfer out of the system 122.625 + 1590.8 = 1713.4 J (Work Out) NOTES ON CHAPTER 6 IDEAL GAS (ABR)