THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

INDIAS SUCCESS STORY

Ozone Cell Ministry of Environment and Forests
Government of India New Delhi, India

Prize Winner
MAHARSHI BHUPENDRA JESALPURA

2nd Edition November, 1999

Printed by Meka Communications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (India) Tel.: 6850604, Fax : 6862600, E-mail : mekain@hotmail.com on behalf of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India

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FOREWORD
Shri T. R. Baalu
Minister for Environment and Forests (Government of India)

he 5th Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer and the 11th Meeting of the Parties to the historic Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an occasion to reflect on the many accomplishments of the international community to protect the fragile Ozone Layer. The Montreal Protocol is now being recognized as an extraordinary environmental success. Without doubt, the Montreal Protocol is a very successful model of global environmental cooperation. This cooperation has been nurtured by the understanding shown by the developed countries regarding the problems faced by the developing countries. This has enabled the developing countries to play a meaningful role in phasing out the use of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) which is essential for ensuring a clean and safe environment for our children and future generations. The agreed implementation mechanism for this needs to be fully supported by all-round cooperation. India has been a very active participant in the movement of the Montreal Protocol. Our endeavour in the last half-decade has been to create awareness among the Article2 and Article-5 countries on the issues and problems of developing countries and to encourage enterprises to come forward with phaseout projects and adopt Ozone friendly technologies at the earliest. As a result we have been able to fulfill our commitment to the first freeze level of 1.7.99 in the consumption sector. The Government of India has already taken a number of policy measures, both legislative and fiscal, to encourage early adoption of non-ODS technologies. Our emphasis on certifying ODS consumption in phaseout projects, licensing export and import of ODS, banning export to non-Article-5 countries and our system of granting duty exemptions for goods needed for non-ODS projects approved by the Multilateral Fund show our Government's commitment to the Montreal Protocol. The duty exemption has also been extended for new establishments with non-ODS technologies. Our financial institutions have stopped funding new investement in India with ODS techologies from as early as 1995. We have recently developed detailed draft rules to regulate ODS phaseout under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which we hope to put in place very soon. A major challenge now confronting the global community is to harmonize the policies of phaseout of ODS under the Montreal Protocol and controlling emissions of the greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries which are in the midst of the phaseout process are most concerned about this matter and need immediate and good answers to this problem so that the momentum of phaseout dose not receive any setback. Since a number of international agreements are now being pursued and implemented to tackle the problems of global environment, perhaps there is a need to adopt solutions which establish greater harmony with nature and are not so much driven by technology alone. India has demonstrated its commitment to the Protocol and ODS consumption in India has largely remained constant during the last three years. We are at a very critical stage where the momentum generated in the past has to be further strengthened. There is no room for complacency. The Montreal Protocol as an environmental protection strategy offers a great promise for better management of the fragile ozone layer. We reiterate India's commitment to the Montreal Protocol.

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E

We and Our Ozone Layer

smelling, light bluish gas exists, made up of Ozone molecules. Ozone is formed by a combination of three oxygen atoms. The combination is brought about by high energy electrical discharge in the laboratory or by high intensity ultra violet rays of the sun in the upper atmosphere. The ozone layer is found in the Stratosphere between 10 km and 50 km above the ground. At this level ozone makes up a greater proportion of the air than at any other height in the earths atmosphere. The amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere and in the

arth is the only planet in our Solar System so far known to sustain life. Life is possible on Earth primarily because of the presence of Oxygen (O2) gas along with other gases that form a blanket around Earths surface known as Atmosphere. The density of gases decrease with the increase in the distances from the Earths surface. Earths atmosphere is divided into three zones, namely Troposphere, Ionosphere and Stratosphere. The Stratosphere extends from 15 to 50 kms. from the Earths surface. In Stratosphere, a layer of a slightly pungent

stratosphere formed during millions of years is in a continuous state of equilibrium, being formed and also broken down by suns rays as well as other substances drifting up in the Stratosphere. Ozone is thus an unstable molecule. It is highly reactive and easily broken down by organic molecules. It is also catalytically broken down by certain atoms like chlorine, bromine and nitrous oxide (N2 0).

The Role of Ozone Layer

The ozone layer, in the Stratosphere, acts as an efficient filter for solar Ultraviolet B (UV-B) rays. As is well known, suns rays contain in the invisible part, highly energetic UV-C (200-280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-400 nm) radiation. Of these UV-B and C being highly energetic, are dangerous to life on earth. Fortunately, UV-C is

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absorbed strongly by oxygen and also by ozone in the upper atmosphere. UV-B is also absorbed strongly by ozone layer in the Stratosphere and only 2-3% of it reaches the earths surface. UV-A being less energetic is not dangerous. The ozone layer, therefore, is highly beneficial to plant and animal life on earth filtering out the dangerous part of suns radiation and allowing only the beneficial part to reach earth. Any disturbance or depletion of this layer would result in an increase of UV-B and UV-C radiation reaching the earths surface leading to dangerous consequences. A recent assessment made by a panel of UNEP experts gives a detailed account of the impacts of ozone depletion on human health, animals, plants, microorganisms, materials and air quality.

to have profound impact on human health with potential risks of eye diseases, skin cancer and infectious diseases. UV radiation is known to damage the cornea and lens of the eye. Chronic exposure to UV-B could lead to cataract of the cortical and posterior subcapsular forms. UV-B radiation can adversely affect the immune system causing a number of infectious diseases. In light skinned human populations, it is likely to develop nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Experiments on animals show that UV exposure decreases the immune response to skin cancers, infectious agents and other antigens.

Effects on Terrestrial Plants

It is a known fact that the physiological and developmental processes of plants are affected by UV-B radiation. Scientists believe that an increase in UV-B levels would necessitate using more UV-B tolerant cultivar and

Effects on Human and Animal Health

Increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation is likely

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breeding new tolerant ones in agriculture. In forests and grasslands increased UV-B radiation is likely to result in changes in species composition thus altering the bio-diversity in different ecosystems. UV-B could also affect the plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form, secondary metabolism, etc. These changes can have important implications for plant competitive balance, plant pathogens and bio-geochemical cycles. of simple inorganic species such as nitrate. The marine sulfur cycle may also be affected resulting in possible changes in the sea-to-air emissions of COS and dimethylsulfied (DMS), two gases that are degraded to sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere and troposphere, respectively.

Effects on Air Quality

Reduction of stratospheric ozone and increased penetration of UV-B radiation result in higher photodissociation rates of key trace gases that control the chemical reactivity of the troposphere. This can increase both production and destruction of ozone and related oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide which are known to have adverse effects on human health, terrestrial plants and outdoor materials. Changes in the atmospheric concentrations of the hydroxyl radical (OH) may change the atmospheric lifetimes of important gases such as methane and substitutes of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs). Increased tropospheric reactivity could also lead to increased production of particulates such as cloud condensation nuclei from the oxidation and subsequent nucleation of sulfur of both anthropogenic and natural origin (e.g. COS and DMS).

Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems

While more than 30 percent of the worlds animal protein for human consumption comes from the sea alone, it is feared that increased levels of UV exposure can have adverse impacts on the productivity of aquatic systems. High levels of exposure in tropics and subtropics may affect the distribution of phytoplanktons which form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Reportedly a recent study has indicated 6-12 percent reduction in phytoplankton production in the marginal ice zone due to increases in UV-B. UV-B can also cause damage to early development stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals, the most severe effects being decreased reproductive capacity and impaired larval development.

Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles

Increased solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial and aquatic bio-geo-chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sinks of greenhouse and important trace gases, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc. These changes would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks responsible for the atmosphere build-up of these gases. Other effects of increased UV-B radiation include: changes in the production and decomposition of plant matter; reduction of primary production changes in the uptake and release of important atmospheric gases; reduction of bacterioplankton growth in the upper ocean; increased degradation of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM), etc. Aquatic nitrogen cycling can be affected by enhanced UV-B through inhibition of nitrifying bacteria and photodecomposition

Effects on Materials
Increased levels of solar UV radiation is known to have adverse effects on synthetic polymers, naturally occurring biopolymers and some other materials of commercial interest. UV-B radiation accelerates the photodegradation rates of these materials thus limiting their lifetimes. Typical damages range from discoloration to loss of mechanical integrity. Such a situation would eventually demand substitution of the affected materials by more photostable plastics and other materials in future.

Beginning of Threat to Ozone Layer

Since the industrial age, man has been producing and sending up in the atmosphere many different type of

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chemicals without understanding that this may affect the atmospheric equilibrium. In the beginning, it was primarily carbon dioxide accompanied by small quantities of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. It was not understood that they could affect the atmosphere in some way or the other. One group of chemicals, considered as miracle substances on earth were discovered in the 1930. These were the chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) commonly known as the freon gases. These had very useful properties as refrigerants, foam blowers and as aerosols. Later the bromofluorocarbons (Halons) were added in this list as very effective fire extinguishers. These were inert (very stable), non-toxic and cheap chemicals and therefore their use spread widely. In India also their use started about 20 years back and is now increasing at a high rate. Methyl bromide, a commonly used fumigant is another significant ozone depleting chemical. Two other chemicals, carbon tetrachloride and 1-1-1 (Methyl chloroform) trichlroethane, widely used as solvents also contain chlorine and are sufficiently stable to reach the stratosphere, where they can destroy ozone. to life on Earth. It all began when at the first United Nations Environment Conference at Stockholm in 1972, questions were asked about the effect on upper atmosphere of jet aircrafts. It was known that the high temperature jet exhausts contain an appreciable amount of nitrous oxide and it was also known that this substance can catalytically decompose ozone. The conference authorized United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to address this issue and focus on the possible damage to the ozone layer by hundreds of supersonic aircrafts that were expected to be in operation by the late 1980s. They were also entrusted with the task of finding out the effect of release of nitrous oxide from fertilizer manufacturing units on the ozone layer. These investigations did not make much headway and were dismissed as false alarms.

The Real Alarm

In 1974, two United States (US) scientists Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland at the University of California were struck by the observation of Lovelock that the CFCs were present in the atmosphere all over the world more or less evenly distributed by appreciable concentrations. They suggested that these stable CFC molecules could drift slowly upto the stratosphere where they may breakdown into chlorine atoms by energetic UV-B and UB-C rays of the sun. The chlorine radicals thus produced can undergo complex chemical reaction producing chlorine monoxide which can attack an ozone molecule converting it into oxygen and in the process regenerating the chlorine atom again. Thus the ozone destroying effect is catalytic and a small amount of CFC would be destroying large number of ozone molecules. Their basic theory was then put to test by the National Aeronautic Space Authority (NASA) scientists and found to be valid, ringing alarm bells in many countries and laying the foundation for international action.

Chlorofluorocarbons are used as :

l refrigerants in domestic refrigerators, deep-freezers, air-conditioners, industrial, commercial and transport refrigeration and freezing systems; l blowing agents to manufacture flexible and rigid foams which are used in furniture, bedding, carpet underlays, certain kind of packaging material, insulation materials in buildings, cold stores, refrigerators, freezers and ice makers. l as cleaning solvents used in the electronic industry, precision and general engineering and dry cleaning; and l aerosol propellants, to disperse lacquers, deodrant, shaving foam, perfume, insecticides, window cleaners, pharmaceuticals &. veterinary products, paints etc. l Halons are used in fire extinguishers. No one could imagine that these miracle chemicals could one day turn out to be the most dangerous substance

International Action
The first international action to focus attention on the dangers of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and its dangerous consequences in the long run on life on earth

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was focused in 1977 when in a meeting of 32 countries in Washington D.C. a World plan on action on Ozone layer with UNEP as the coordinator was adopted. As experts began their investigation, data piled up and in 1985 in an article published in the prestigious science journal, Nature by Dr. Farman pointed out that although there is overall depletion of the ozone layer all over the world, the most severe depletion had taken place over the Antarctica. This is what is famously called as the Antarctica Ozone hole. His findings were confirmed by Satellite observations and offered the first proof of severe ozone depletion and stirred the scientific community to take urgent remedial actions in an international convention held in Vienna on March 22, 1985. This resulted in an international agreement in 1987 on specific measures to be taken in the form of an international treaty known as the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. Under this Protocol the first concrete step to save the Ozone layer was taken by immediately agreeing to completely phase out CFCs, Halons, Carbon tetrachloride (CTC) and Methyl chloroform (MCF) as per a given schedule. of the Parties in London in 1990 when 54 Parties as well as 42 non-Party countries ag reed on a package of measures satisfactory to all. It was agreed in this meeting that the 5 important CFCs and the Halons would be phased out by the year 2000 and other minor CFCs and CTC would be controlled and eventually phased out. A special provision was made to fund the developing countries with an annual consumption of ODS of less than 0.3 kg per Capita (also called as Article 5 countries) in their effort to phase out these harmful chemicals. These countries were also given a grace period of 10 years to phase out ODS. In 1991, more alarming reports came up to show the depletion of ozone is continuing in all altitudes excepting over the tropics. It was recognized that it is not enough to control CFCs and Halons but other fluorocarbon chemicals like Hydro chlorofluoro carbons (HCFCs) and Methyl bromide which are also ozone depleting should be brought under the ambit of the protocol and a mechanism should be evolved for quicker phase out of the CFCs already mentioned in the London Amendment.

Evolution of the Montreal Protocol

The urgency of controlling the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) particularly the CFCs was slow to pick up. The CFCs were so useful that society and the industry were reluctant to give up. However, even as the nations adopted the Montreal Protocol in 1987, new scientific findings indicated that the Protocols control measures were inadequate to restore the ozone layer. In addition, the developing countries had a special situation as they needed the technology of substitutes as well as financial assistance to enable them to change over to non ODS substances. In the meanwhile, the report of the scientific panels entrusted with the task of finding the extent of ozone depletion showed that the actual harm to the ozone layer was much more than predicted by theoretical models and the control measures envisaged by the Protocol in 1987 would not stop the process. More urgent action was therefore necessary. This was adopted at the 2nd meeting

Multilateral Fund
With a view to assist the developing countries in their phase out efforts, a Multilateral Fund has been created. This is known as the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund (MPMF). The Fund will finance incremental cost of the ODS phase out. The incremental cost includes, cost of the transfer of technology, purchase of capital equipment and operational costs for switching over to non ODS technologies enabling the developing countries to phase out the controlled substances. Enterprises using ODS technology established before 25.7.95 are eligible for funding for conversion to non ODS technology from MPMF. India being an Article 5 country is entitled to this assistance from Multilateral Fund in its effort to phase out ODSs and switch over to non ODS technologies.

Alternatives to currently used Ozone Depleting Substances

During the last few years intense research has yielded a

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large number of substitute chemicals as candidates for the replacement of currently used chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Halons, CTC, and Methyl chloroform. These are summarized use wise below : Technology Options for Phase-Out in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector:
Sub-sector Ods used at present Preferred alternatives / substitutes Domestic refrigerators Refrigerant CFC-12 HFC-134a HFC-134a Isobutane

Technology Options for Phase-Out in Foams Sector:

Sub-sector Flexible PUF Slabtstock Flexible PUF Moulded Ods used at present CFC-11 CFC-11 Preferred alternatives / substitutes Methylene Chloride CFC-free systems (water blown) Methylene Chloride HCFC-141b

Rigid PUF General CFC-11 Insulation (other than refrigeration) Thermoware CFC-11, CO2

Foam Blowing CFC-11 Cyclopentane

HCFC-141b
Refrigerated Refrigerant CFC-12 HFC-134a Cabinets Blends of HC-290 (Deep and HC-600a Freezer, Ice-cream cabinets, Bottle coolers, Foam Blowing CFC-11 HCFC-141b Visi coolers) Water Coolers CFC-12 Cyclopentane HFC-134a Blends of HC-290 and HC-600a HCFC-22 (for bigger capacity) Mobile CFC-12 (car, bus, van, HCFC-22 (train) refrigerated trucks, train) Central A/c plants CFC-11, CFC-12 HCFC-22 Ammonia Process Chillers Ice Candy Machines Walk-in Coolers Room A/C CFC-12 CFC-12 HFCF-22, CFC-12 HFCF-22, CFC-12 HFC-134a HCFC-123 HCFC-22 HCFC-22, Ammonia HCFC-22, HFC-134a HCFC-22 HFC-134a HCFC-22 HCFC-22 HCFC-22, HFC-134a HCFC-22 HFC-134a HCFC-22 (trains only)

Integral Skin PUF

Thermoplastic Foams

CFC-11

Current- HCFC-141b Long term -CFC-free systems (water blown) HCFC-141b Methylene Chloride Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons, HCFC-22, CO2 Pentane, Butane

- EPE/EPPN Foams - EPS Foams Phenolic Foams

CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-11

Technology Options For Phase-Out In Aerosol Sector: Sub-sector Ods used at present Perfumes, shaving foams, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, paints, glues etc. CFC-11, CFC-12 Preferred alternatives / substitutes - HAP (most preferred in terms of ease of use and cost. However, being highly inflammable, safety aspects are very important in Hydrocarbon Aerosol Propellant (HAP) use). -DME (Die-methyl Ethane) Small, Tiny & Cottage sectors - use contract fillers - establish common filling facility for a cluster of units - switch to not-in-kind substitutes Hydro fluorocarbon -134a

Metered Dose Inhalers CFC-11

Technology Options For Phase-Out In Fire Extinguishing Sector: Sub-sector Ods used Preferred alternatives at present / substitutes Fire Extinguishers H-1211, H-1301 Portable type - ABC powder, CO2, HFC based Fixed type - FM200, HCFC blend, HFC23, Inert gases, water mist system, CO2 system

Packaged A/C HCFC-22 Shipping HFCF-22, CFC-12

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I

Indias Commitment to the Montreal Protocol

Monitoring and Evaluation Committee and is responsible for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol provisions, review of various policy and implementation options, project approvals and project monitoring.

ndia acceded to the Montreal Protocol on 17.9.92. Indias per capita consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances is at present less than 3 grams and did not cross 20 gms between 1995-97 as against 300 gms permitted under the Protocol. India is self sufficient in production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). India commonly produces and uses seven of the 20 substances controlled under the Montreal Protocol. These are CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, Halon-1211, Halon-1301, Carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform. In 1993, India prepared a detailed India Country Programme (CP) to phaseout of ODS in accordance with its national industrial development strategy. The CP also ensured that the phaseout will be done without undue economic burden to both consumers and industry and provided India with the opportunity to access the Protocols Financial Mechanism. At present an exercise is underway, in consultation with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), to update the Country Programme. The main objectives of the Country Programme have been to minimize economic dislocation as a result of conversion to non-ODS technology, maximize indigenous production, give preference to one time replacement, emphasize decentralised management and minimize obsolescence. The Government of India has entrusted the work relating to ozone layer protection and implementation of the Montreal Protocol to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) which is the coordinating Ministry in India for all matters relating to the Montreal Protocol. The MOEF has set up an Ozone Cell as a national unit to look after and to render necessary services to implement the Protocol and its ODS phaseout programme in India. The MOEF has also established an Empowered Steering Committee, which is supported by three Standing Committees, namely the Technology and Finance Standing Committee, Committee for Small Scale Industry and

Current Situation
The Use of chlrofluorocarbons in India Although these miracle chemicals have been in large scale use in the developed countries since 1930s, India was slow to derive benefits from their use. The early use of these chemicals was in refrigerators and the CFC-12 needed for servicing was imported. Since 1965, refrigeration industry in India started developing. Other industries using CFCs such as foams, aerosols have developed only during the last 15 to 20 years in India. With the availability of CFC-11 and 12 from indigenous production, the growth of these industries consuming CFCs have now increased very rapidly. The total production and consumption in India, of various ODS, for the years 1995, 1996 and 1997 is given in Table 1 and 2 . The data for 1991 (as per India Country Programme 1993) is also included for ready reference. Table 1

Production of ODS in India (MT)

ODS CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 H-1211 H-1301 CTC MCF TOTAL 1991 1450.0 328.0 40.0 50.0 0.0 3920.0 540.0 6328.0 1995 6607.5 15042.0 162.0 77.3 1.0 7968.0 -29857.8 1996 7282.0 15176.0 2.0 100.0 0.5 12101.0 -34661.5 1997 8635.0 15024.0 -106.0 0.3 15718.0 -39483.3

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Table 2 Potential (ODP) terms. Refrigeration &. Air-conditioning and Foam are next large user sectors, followed by Aerosol. The consumption of ODS in fire extinguisher sector has considerably decreased over the years because of voluntary switch over to non-ODS technology by some enterprises.

Total Consumption of ODS

ODS CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-114 CFC-115 H-1211 H-1301 CTC MCF 1991 ODS MT 1900.0 2850.0 320.0 550.0 200.0 4000.0 550.0 1995 ODS MT 2533.50 3740.00 154.00 4.00 2.00 206.40 89.56 2829.00 1358.00 10910.46 1996 ODS MT 2756.0 4159.9 26.0 167.6 66.0 7978.0 1415.0 16568.5 1997 ODS MT 2983.45 3710.21 12.00 162.00 58.50 7159.00 N.A. 14085.16

ODS Phaseout Progress in India

l Updating of the India Country Program for phaseout of ODS as per the schedule in the Protocol was initiated in 1998 and is likely to be completed by early 2000. l All the producers, as of now, are contemplating to go for a gradual closure scenario, wherein each producer will curtail production based on allocated quota. The quota for each producer will be based on actual share in total base level production. It is anticipated that the quota will be tradable among producers, so that such producer will be able to determine when to exit the industry. Further, the producers plan to follow accelerated phase-down on a linear decline of production in each industry. A phaseout project for the 4 producers of CFCs in India has been prepared by the world Bank. This project has been submitted to the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for deciding the level of compensation to be paid to the producers. This project is under intense negotiations with the developed countries for an early settlement.

TOTAL 10370.0

In comparison to consumption levels in 1991, the increase has been marginal from 1991 to 1995 (about 3% in four years) while from 1995 to 1996, the increase has been much higher at about 27%. From 1996 to 1997 however, the consumption in some cases shows a decline. The consumption of ODS in various end-use sectors is given in Table 3. Table 3 Annexure A ODS Consumption in 1995-1997 (in MT) (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, Halon-1211 & Halon 1301)
SECTORS Refrigeration FOAM SOLVENT AERSOL FIRE EXT./ Halon TOTAL 6723.9 7174.6 6925.5 6941.0 1995 2520.5 2127.5 154.0 1626.0 295.9 1996 2818.0 2309.0 26.0 1788.0 233.6 1997 2973.0 2737.0 12.0 983.0 220.5 Average 2770.0 2391.0 64.0 1466.0 250.0

& Air Conditioning

Use of ODS as solvents accounts for the maximum consumption, both in ODS as well as Ozone Depleting

Installation of Non ODS equipment in a Mobile Air Conditioning Enterprise M/s. Sanden Vikas Pvt. Ltd., Haryana

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l A total of 226 projects in the consumption sector have been approved and funded by the Multilateral Fund, of which 187 are ODS phaseout investment projects and 39 are support activities (Table - 4). Table 4 clear commitment to stop using ODS in all future manufacturing operations after the projects were implemented. The benefit of duty exemption was also extended for items of recurring use, including non - ODS alternatives. This benefit was allowed for the period for which funds were committed by the Multilateral Fund in specific projects. The benefit of duty exemption has been extended for new capacity with non-ODS technology. Indian financial institutions have decided not to finance/re-finance new ODS producing/ consuming enterprises. The Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC) - a statutory body under the Insurance Act, 1938 - has decided to grant suitable discounts on fire insurance premiums if alternative agents are used to replace halons.

Sector-wise Approved Projects as On 30.7.99

Sector Aerosol Foam Halon RAC Solvent Support Activities Total 39 226 6,430528 57,869248 7681.5 No. of Grant Amount Projects (US$) 22 100 14 39 12 24,88326 22,442689 1,843777 21,060771 3,603157 OPD Tonnes Phaseout 741.1 2439.4 1750.1 2181.40 569.5 l l l

Regulatory Measures ;
l Trade in ODS with non-Parties has been banned. l The import and export of all Annex A and Annex B ODS are subject to licencing requirement. l The export of Annex A and Annex B ODS to NonArticle-5 Parties has been banned. l A draft notification prohibiting setting up fresh capacity for manufacturing Aerosol products, except metered dose inhalers for medical purpose have been published in the Gazette of India in 1998. l Draft Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulations) Rules has been notified in the Gazette of India in 1998 for public comments. It is in the process of finalization and publication.

Fiscal Measures
l The National Ozone Unit (NOU), the Government body that is responsible for monitoring and implementation of the CP recognized without the propose policy framework, plant investment noninvestment project will not be successful. Accordingly, it initiated an aggressive programme to create the regulatory framework to reinforce the investment, training and other ODS phase out measures. The Government of India has decided to grant full exemption from payment of Customs and Excise duties on capital goods required to implement ODS phase out projects funded by the Multilateral Fund. The Government decided to extend the benefit of Customs and Excise duty Exemptions for ODS phaseout projects which were eligible for funding under the Multilateral Fund, whether or not such enterprises actually sought assistance from the fund. This will also cover projects submitted for retroactive financing. The benefit was available subject to the condition that enterprises should give

Proposed Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules ;

In accordance with the National Strategy for ODS phaseout the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, have framed comprehensive draft rules, covering various aspects of production, sale, consumption, export and import of ODS. Some of the important provisions of the proposed draft ODS Rules, are as follows :

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10 ODS Producers
l Compulsory to register with MOEF l Restriction on production levels as per base level and reductions specified. l Ban on creating new capacity or expansion of capacity l Export restricted to countries who are signatory to Montreal Protocol l Quantity produced in excess of maximum allowable consumption for the respective years, if any, to be for export purposes only. maintain records and file reports as specified.

Indias Proposed Phaseout dates for ODS in the Rules :S.No. Name of Activity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Phaseout Date Manufacture of aerosol products excluding Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) Jan. 1, 2003 Manufacture of foam products (including domestic refrigerators) Jan. 1, 2003 Manufacture of Mobile Air-conditioners (MACS) Jan. 1, 2003 Manufacture of other refrigeration &. Air-conditioning products. Jan. 1,2003 Manufacture of products based on other ODS Jan. 1, 2010 Manufacture of Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) Jan. 1, 2010 Use of methyl bromide except Quarantine and Preshipment Jan. 1, 2015 Manufacture of products based on HCFC Jan. 1, 2040 l At the same time as it was drafting and adopting these policies, the National Ozone Unit (NOU) undertook a comprehensive public awareness campaign to ensure that both the public at large and the companies responsible for actually phasing out the ODS understand and support the policies to protect the ozone layer. l Information dissemination packages for school

Manufacturers of ODS based Products (ODS Users)

l Ban on capacity expansion or setting up new facility for production of ODS based equipment. New facility/expansion after 25.7.95 not eligible for funding from MPMF. l Compulsory registration with designated authorities l Declaration, in prescribed format, to the seller, at the time of purchase of ODS

Sellers, Exporters, Importers, Stockist etc.

l Exporters & Importers need to register with designated authorities. l No sales to persons/organizations which have not intimated the Government of India about use of ODS based equipment, including compressors without license.

Awareness Generation

General
l Compulsory registration for reclamation and destruction of ODS. l All registration will be valid for specified periods, after which they are to be renewed with the same authority. l Every person who produces, uses, imports, sells, stocks, reclaims, destroys ODS has to maintain records and file reports as specified. l Every person who has received technical and/or financial assistance from any international agency or financial assistance from Government of India including duty concessions/exemptions, to

Dr. Gopi Chandran, Scientist in CEE, Ahmedabad explaining about the Information Kit to School teachers in an Awareness workshop

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Exhibition on Ozone Friendly products from 1618th Sept.99

Lanching of Poster on Fifth International Ozone Day on 16-9-99

teachers and NGOs prepared by a NGO, Centre for theme of the International Ozone Day, 1999 and Environment Education (CEE) were launched on freeze date. 16th September, 1998 and distributed in four l Ozone Friendly equipment and products were workshops organized in Calcutta, Delhi, Pune and exhibited during 16-18th September 1998. A similar Chennai in November - December 1998. This kit exhibition is being held on the occasion of the has been developed in consultation with the International Ozone Day, 1999. UNEP-DTIE office in Paris. An information kit l A quarterly newsletter Value Added Technical for Ozone Layer Protection and phaseout of Ozone Information Service (VATIS) is published and Depleting Substances for Non-Governmental distributed to about 2000 individuals and Organization is under development. institutions in collaboration with United Nations l The reports of Meeting of Parties and of Meetings Asia Pacific Centre for Technology Transfer. of the Executive Committee are sent to industry, (APCTT) Government, Departments and other stakeholders l Workshops and Seminars organised on a regular to inform them of deliberations of these meetings basis. on a regular basis. Monitoring System in India ; l Painting Competition organized by the Ozone Cell A detailed monitoring mechanism has been established by in collaboration the Ozone Cell to ensure that with the National the investments which are being Museum of Natural made directly by the History (NMNH). Multilateral Fund through An Indian entry won implementing agencies are the prize in being fruitfully utilized by the the International enterprises. The monitoring Competition organised mechanism has the following by UNEP. components: l A car sticker has been l A Monitoring and brought out for Ozone Friendly Vaccine box manufactured in India by M/s. Inalsa Evaluation Sub Committee is distribution with the Ltd. New Delhi Exhibited in the International Ozone Day being set up under the

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chairmanship of Special Secretary which would include representatives from four implementing agencies, other line ministries and industry associations. The Sub-Committee is an advisory body to the Empowered Steering Committee on the Montreal Protocol, which is fully responsible for the implementation of the Protocol in India. The Committee will develop detailed formats for evaluation and monitoring of the investment and non-investment projects. The Director (Ozone Cell) has been convening monthly evaluation meetings with representative of UNDP, IDBI and UNIDO with a view to note the progress of implementation and to sort out short term problems which might occur during the implementation process. A provision of the site inspections of the projects which are under implementation and also where the project completion reports have been submitted has also been made. Normally, during the course of the year, implementing agencies send three to four missions to visit sites where project implementation work is going on and where projects have been completed and handover protocols are to be signed. During such missions, ODS equipment is also destroyed. Now, an officer of MOEF is accompanying the mission of the implementing agency in these visits with a view to evaluate the work being done by the enterprises. It is also proposed to send a team of officers from MOEF to the project sites/after the project has been completed to ensure that the enterprise has not reverted back to using ODS and that the new technology has been put in place. These visits are being planned on a quarterly basis. l Identifying the priority sectors for phase-out early. l Involving the key stakeholders early in the phase-out process at both the planning and implementing level. l Sending clear messages from the government to various stakeholders by the establishment of appropriate regulations and policies. l Conducting an aggressive programme for raising awareness of key selected target audiences. l Choosing wisely a project portfolio with the right mix of investment and non-investment projects. l Recognizing early the importance of building local capacity through training. l Increasing the capacity of the Ozone Cell by its active involvement in the Regional Network of ODS officers and other international fora.

The Road Ahead : The Remaining Challenges

India is aware of the challenges ahead : maintaining momentum and exceeding the present achievements will require a sustained effort from all stakeholders. A shift in the nature of the activities will also be needed to reflect the countrys evolving needs. Some priority challenges that are yet to be addressed include : l Implementation of the sector phaseout plan for production of CFCs. l Phaseout in the small and medium sector and the servicing sector. l Phaseout in the solvent sector especially use of CTC as solvent and as process agent. l Illegal imports of CFCs are possibly entering the country. l Inflow of old ODS using equipment may negate the countrys early ODS phaseout achievements. l Ozone depletion issues and its relation to refrigeration practices is still not included as a standard element of the curricula of all technical training institutes in the country. l Servicing workshops will need to be trained in use of replacement refrigerants as well as required tools for good servicing and maintenance practices would need to be adopted.

Looking Back : Keys To Success

India attributes its success in achieving rapid progress in ODS phase out to a group of factors, many of which could be considered by other developing countries when confronting similar challenges :

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3
B

How Can You Help The Ozone Layer

ozone damaging pesticide. Consider options such as integrated pest management that do not rely on costly chemical inputs. If you dont currently use methyl bromide, dont begin to use it now (you will have to get rid of it in the future).

eing ozone friendly means taking individual action to reduce and eliminate impacts on the stratospheric ozone layer caused by the products that you buy, the appliances and equipment that your household or business uses, or the manufacturing process used by your company. Products made with, or containing ozone depleting substances (ODS) such as CFCs, HCFCs, halons, methyl chloroform and methyl bromide can contribute to ozone layer depletion. The following list describes some actions individuals can take to help protect the ozone layer:

Be an ozone-friendly refrigeration servicing technician :

Ensure that refrigerant you recover from air conditioners, refrigerators or freezer during servicing isnot vented or released to the atmosphere. Regularly check and fix leaks before they become a problem. Help start a refrigerant recovery and recycling programme in your area.

Be an Ozone-friendly consumer :
Buy products (aerosol spray cans, refrigerators, fire extinguishers, etc.) that are labelled ozone friendly or CFC free. The product labels should indicate that they do not contain ozone depleting substances such as CFCs or halons. Ask for more information from the seller to ensure that the product is ozone friendly. Tell you neighbor that you are the proud owner of ozone friendly products.

Be an ozone-friendly office worker

Help your company identify which existing equipment (e.g. water coolers, air conditioners, cleaning solvents, fire extinguishers), and what products it buys (aerosol sprays, foam cushions/mattresses, paper correct fluid) use ozone depleting substances, and develop a plan for replacing them with cost-effective alternatives. Become an environmental leader within your office.

Be an ozone-friendly homeowner :
Dispose of old refrigerators and appliances responsibly. CFC and HCFC refrigerants should be removed from an appliance before its is discarded. Portable halon fire extinguishers that are no longer needed should be returned to your fire protection authority for recycling. Consider purchasing new fire extinguishers that do not contain halon (e.g. dry powder) as recommended by your fire protection authority.

Be an ozone-friendly company.
Replace ozone depleting substances used on your premises and in your manufacturing processes (contact your National Ozone Unit to see if you are eligible for financial and technical assistance from the Multilateral Fund). If your products contain ozone-depleting substances, change your product formulation to use alternatives substances that do not destroy the ozone layer.

Be an ozone-friendly farmer :
If you use methyl bromide for soil fumigation, consider switching to effective and safe alternatives that are currently being used in many countries to replace this

Be an ozone-friendly teacher.
Inform your students about the importance of protecting

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14
the environment and in particular the ozone layer. Teach students about the damaging impact of ozone depleting substances on the atmosphere, the health impacts, and what steps are being taken internationally and nationally to solve this problem. Encourage your students to spread the message to their families. on people, animals and the environment, your national strategy and policies to implement the Montreal Protocol, and what the phase out of ozone depleting substances means to your country. Get in touch with your countrys National Ozone Unit and learn how you can get involved on an individual level.

Be an ozone-friendly community organizer.:

Inform your family, neighbors and friends about the need to protect the ozone layer and help them get involved. Work with non-governmental organizations to help start information campaigns and technical assistance projects to phase out ozone depleting substances in your city, town or village.

Be ozone friendly : SO3S - Save our Skies.

Contact the National Ozone Unit to learn more:Director (Ozone) Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India, Office : India Habitat Centre, Core 4B, 2nd Floor, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, Tel : 4642176 Fax : 4642175, E-mail : ozone@del3.vsnl.net.in. To obtain other information, visit the following UNEP web sites: TIE OzonAction Programme - http:// www.unepie.org/ozonaction.html, Ozone Secretariat http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/home.htm

Be an ozone-friendly citizen
Read and learn more about the effects of ozone depletion

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LIST OF ENTERPRISES (SECTORWISE) THAT HAVE RECEIVED ASSISTANCE FROM THE MULTILATERAL FUND
Project Activity (as on 30.07.99) Direct Phaseout AEROSOL 1 Aero Pharma 2 My Fair Lady 3 Aerol Formulations 4 Texas Enterprises 5 Ultra Tech Specialty Chemicals Pvt Ltd. 6 Accra Pack India Pvt. Ltd. 7 Stella Industries Ltd. 8 Aeropress 9 Aero pack Products 10 Asian Aerosols Pvt. Ltd. 11 Aerosols DAsia Pvt. Ltd. 12 Attarwala and Co. Pvt. Ltd. 13 Aero Industries 14 Chem Verse Ltd. 15 SaraChem Pvt. Ltd. 16 Spray Products Ltd. 17 Sunder Chemical Ltd. 18 Maja Cosmetics Pvt. Ltd. 19 Midas Care Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 20 Syncaps 21 Ruby Aerosol 22 Vimsons Sub Total Foam 1 2 3 4 Camphor & Allied Products Ltd., Sunpra Ltd. Eagle Flasks Industries Ltd. U-Foam Pvt. Ltd. 120.0 20.0 20.0 35.0 316,400 467,820 412,450 371,205 ODS to Phaseout (MT) Funds (US $) Approved 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Bakelite Hylam Ltd. Alfa Foams Blue Star Ltd., Duroflex Industrial Foam Ishwar Arts Ishwar Ashish Plastics P. Ltd., Karnataka Consumer Product Ltd. Madras Polymounds Milton Plastics PUF Thermoware Shree Precoated Steels Ltd Tranquil Rubbers Vikram Plastics Panorama Plastics Polynate Foams P. Ltd. Polyflex Ltd. Real Polymers Vijyajyot Seats Ltd., Bharat Seats Ltd., PUR Polyurethane Products P. Ltd., Pfeda Synthetics (P) Ltd., SDC Polyurethane Products Ltd., Shroff Textiles Ltd. Roloforms Polymer Ltd. Punjab Scooters Ltd., Amit Polyseats Ltd. Meenakshi Polymers Pvt. Ltd., Beardsell Ltd., Asha Handicraft. Wimco Pen Co. Llyod Insulation and Polyproducts Cello Plast. Cello Thermoware Ltd. Polyproducts 58.0 19.0 13.0 10.0 35.0 8.0 8.0 27.0 10.0 30.0 15.0 13.0 17.0 15.0 8.0 20.0 40.0 35.0 49.0 55.0 17.0 30.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 39.0 19.3 15.0 21.2 19.4 18.5 76.7 21.0 17.4 18.5 414,710 248,487 253,120 113,904 361,600 136,674 136,674 286,116 189,501 515,845 266,680 253,120 243,233 266,860 136,674 314,140 251,312 312,106 379,115 581,456 212,286 379,373 181,897 222,836 183,512 352,786 274,590 241,820 145,770 138,425 134,798 565,000 159,692 146,245 158,415

36.0 59.4 31.0 31.2 30.8 52.0 105 50.0 20.4 25.0 18.0 30.6 27.6 18.0 23.3 16.8 15.0 31.3 25.2 53.5 22.8 18.2 741.0

62,250 128,792 78,479 79,100 79100 146,550 304,168 165,952 78,479 102,706 78,479 151,703 137,561 76,076 199,755 73,999 67,678 141,521 125,294 182,515 51,754 75,145 24,88,326

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40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Kaygee Foams P. Ltd. 33.0 245,493 Preto Foams 11.5 188,823 Bharat Plastic Products. 25.0 108,480 Inalsa Ltd., 28.9 138,990 Mahavir Enterprises 19.4 106,785 Omkar PUF Insulation 10.6 66,670 Krishna Fabrications Ltd., 13.0 185,320 K.R. Poly Industries P. Ltd., 10.0 168,370 Vora Cork Industries 39.6 298,885 Best Plastronics Pvt. Ltd. 19.5 145,770 Bharat Plast 10.6 80,230 Amar Enterprises 16.2 135,600 Deccan Engineering Enterprises 8.3 72,320 Bharat Cottage Industries 7.8 68,930 80 Small and medium sized 290.0 1,586,520 enterprises - group project Super Urethane Products P. Ltd., 39.1 320,920 Blowkings 17.6 149,160 Delta Foams Engineering Co. 12.0 96,050 Panna International 9.7 54,240 Viral Corporation 11.8 94,920 Ras Polybuild Products P. Ltd. 17.7 144,640 Alaska Industries. 17.6 144,640 Bluplast Corporation 10.1 85,880 Reliable Rotomoulders Pvt. Ltd. 8.7 71,190 Malanpur Entech Pvt. Ltd. 18.9 167,240 Nissan Thermoware P. Ltd. 15.4 125,430 K.J. Polymers P. Ltd. 30.0 144,132 Venus Auto P. Ltd. 21.0 155,093 Shri Krishna polyurethane 19.2 217,949 Industries (P) Ltd. Sidhi Polymer P. Ltd. 7.5 85,033 Legend Interiors 9.0 140,120 National Flask Industries Ltd. 36.9 230,373 Sintex Inds. Ltd. 10.9 71,167 Jayson Inds. 12.9 100,457 Duab International 13.4 118,074 Jaypee Tech-noplast P. Ltd. 20.0 158,042 Galaxy FRP Pvt. Ltd. 18.5 163,633 Ajay Corrugating & Plastics P. Ltd. 10.3 91,310 Puff Insulators 10.6 93,960 Joti Foam Products P. Ltd. 37.5 196,948 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Bansal Plastic Industries Baba Insulator Shree Nath Plastics R.S. Insulators P.K. Construction Co. Ganga Thermoware Shivathene Linopack Nav Texfeb Pvt. Ltd. Ashok Metals O.K.Industries 28 small and medium-sized enterprises-group project Devisons P. Ltd. enterprises Varivar Plast Products Pvt. Ltd. Supertek International Standard Electric Appliances N.D.Plastics Primrose Multiplast Pvt. Ltd. 20.4 14.4 13.9 10.3 10.6 10.1 32.4 12.5 10.7 105.7 15.3 12.3 10.6 10.0 12.9 9.6 2359.4 77,777 66,778 69,348 61,924 83,814 89,116 236,170 185,300 76,915 74,837 786,044 129,882 108,688 94,018 88,294 114,457 132,329 20,30,487

Sub Total

Halon 1 Real Value Appliances Ltd., 462.0 2 Vijay Fire Protection 292.0 Systems Ltd., 3 Nitin Fire Protection 212.0 Industries Ltd. 4 New Age Industries, 133.0 5 Steelage Industries Limited 116.0 Minimax Division 6 Vimal Industrial Safety 133.0 Equipment Corporation Baroda 7 Atkins 37.0 8 Ashoka Engineering Co., 34.0 9 Standard Casting Pvt. Ltd., 64.1 10 Bharat Engineering Works, 49.5 11 Zenith Fire Services, Mumbai 36.0 12. New Fire Engineers Pvt. Ltd., 120.0 13. Zenith Fire Service 36.0 14. Kooverji Devshi & Co Pvt. Ltd. 25.5 Sub Total 1750.1

284,462 247,642 187,374 149,440 149,064 210,352 61,879 56,862 103,960 82,784 60,206 146,900 60,206 42,646 1,843,777

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RAC 1. Blue Star Ltd., 36.0 567,000 2 Subros Ltd., 1,710,000 3 Meghdoot refrigeration Industries 18.0 185,987 4 V. Krishna & Co. 18.8 166,133 5 Friz-Tech. P. Ltd., 12.0 150,200 6 V. Krishna P. Ltd., 17.0 229,153 7 Rockwell Devices P. Ltd., 18.0 204,535 8 Rabi Run Refrigeration Pvt. Ltd. 14.0 161,163 9 Sethia Appliances P. Ltd., 16.0 195,924 10 Seepra Refrigeration P. Ltd. 15.0 194,258 11 Shakti Fabricators 13.5 179,930 12 Chandra Frig. Co. P. Ltd., 9.4 148,012 13 Supercold Refrigeration 11.0 151,160 Systems. 14 Murali Refrigeration and 9.0 142,928 Engineering Co. 15 Godrej-GE Appliances Ltd. 718.0 3,041,474 16 Standard Refrigeration 18.8 192,303 Appliances 17 Polar Enterprises 10.8 156,155 18 Refrigerators and Home 11.3 166,449 Appliances P. Ltd., 19 Hindustan Refrigeration 10.1 149,522 Industries 20 Refrigeration Components 9.5 141,668 and Accessories 21 Sheetal Engineering Works 8.7 144,222 P. Ltd., 22 Videocon Appliances Ltd. 351.7 2,073,680 23 Voltas Ltd., 354.0 3,078,547 24 Maharaja International Ltd., 59.8 576,300 25 Pranav Vikas India Ltd., 1,067,753 26 Sanden Vikas India Ltd., 8.4 554,627 27 Arkay Industries. 19.8 153,452 28 Saikrupa Industries 14.8 141,948 29 Sarkar Refrigeration Industries. 12.0 132,323 30 Sidwal Refrigeration. 11.7 191,811 31 BPL Refrigeration Ltd. 136.0 816,884 32 Sandeep Refrigeration 9.9 121,683 33 Prashant Refrigeration Appliances. 8.8 117,586 34 Whirlpool of India Ltd. 200.6 759,433 35 The commercial refrigeration sub-sector 39,550 2182.4 18,203,753

Sub Total Solvent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 10. 11. 12.

ITI Mankapur. 36.0 Hindustan syringes & Medical 53.2 Devices P. Ltd., Electronics Research Ltd., 16.4 ITI, Palakkad 15.0 ITI, Bangalore 7.0 Modi Xerox 6.1 Malhotra Shaving Products Ltd. 13.6 Lal Malhotra & Sons Ltd. 16.0 Vidyut Metallics Ltd. 19.7 Microraj Electronics Pvt. Ltd. 4.3 Videocon Group 7.2 Excel Industries Ltd. 375.0 569.5

689,481 481,000 217,436 266,391 121,988 147,825 288,277 349,056 254,761 96,537 265,525 413,580 360,3157

Sub Total Indirect Phaseout FOAM (Production) 1 2 3 4 Manali Petro-chemicals Ltd., Madras UB Petroproducts Ltd., Madras Expanded Incorporation Mumbai Polyurethane (Asia) P. Ltd., (Mumbai)

700,000 585,684 72.0 502,130 435,050

Sub Total RAC ( Compressor) 1 2 3 Shriram Industrial Enterprises Ltd. Hyderabad Kirloskar Copeland Ltd., Karad Friz Industries New Delhi

2,222,864

685,000 547,900 240,500

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4 Compensation for loc for 1383,618 Compressors (BPL, Maharaja, Videocon, Whrilpool, Sarkar) 2, 857,018 ODS to Phaseout (MT) Approved

Sub Total Project/ Activity Funds (US $) Support Project / Activities Number of Projects 39 Grand Total (226 Projects)

6,413,578 7681.5 57,86,924.8

SAVE OUR SKY : BE OZONE FRIENDLY

WHOM TO CONTACT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OZONE :

Mr. Atul Bagai Director Ozone Cell Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India Off. : India Habitat Centre, Core 4B, 2nd Floor, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 Tel. : 4642176 Fax : 4642175 E-mail : ozone@del3.vsnl.net.in Mr. Rajendra Shende Chief Energy and Ozone Action Unit UNEP Industry & Environment Tour Mirabeau 39-43, quai Andre Citroen 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel : (33 1) 44 37 14 50 Fax : (33 1) 44 37 14 74 Email : ozonaction@unep.fr http://www.unepie.org/ozonaction.html Mr. K. Madhav Sarma Executive Secretary Ozone Secretariat United Natioanl Environmental Programme PO Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Tel : (254-2) 623850 Fax : (254-2) 623913 E-mail : ozoneinfo@unep.org http ://www.unep.org/ozone http://www.unep.ch/ozone

Designed in Consultation with UNEP-DTIE office, Paris

Cover page photograph is a prize winner painting in the National Painting Competetion by Mr. George Varghese of Ernakulam, Kerala