11/1/11 CAT Grammar

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CAT Gamma and Senence Eo Qeion
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11/1/11 CAT Grammar
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When he eb i aniie, ha i, hen he acion canno happen
iho affecing omehing, he hing affeced i called he _objec_.
Th in "Cain killed Abel" he acion of he killing affeced Abel. In
"The ca ha cagh a moe," moe i he objec of he caching.
ARRANGEMENT OF ORDS IN A SENTENCE
Of coe in imple enence he naal ode of aangemen i
bjec--eb--objec. In man cae no ohe fom i poible. Th in
he enence "The ca ha cagh a moe," e canno eee i and a
"The moe ha cagh a ca" iho deoing he meaning, and in an
ohe fom of aangemen, ch a "A moe, he ca ha cagh," e feel
ha hile i i inelligible, i i a poo a of epeing he fac
and one hich ja pon moe o le.
In longe enence, hoee, hen hee ae moe od han ha ae
bael necea fo bjec, eb and objec, e hae geae feedom of
aangemen and can o place he od a o gie he be effec. The
pope placing of od depend pon pepici and peciion. Thee o
combined gie _le_ o he ce.
Mo people ae familia ih Ga' line in he immoal _Eleg_--"The
ploghman homead plod hi ea a." Thi line can be paaphaed o
ead 18 diffeen a. Hee ae a fe aiaion:
Homead he ploghman plod hi ea a.
The ploghman plod hi ea a homead.
Plod homead he ploghman hi ea a.
Hi ea a he ploghman homead plod.
Homead hi ea a plod he ploghman.
Plod he ploghman hi ea a homead.
Hi ea a he ploghman plod homead.
Hi ea a homead he ploghman plod.
The ploghman plod homead hi ea a.
The ploghman hi ea a plod homead.
and o on. I i dobfl if an of he ohe fom ae peio o he
one ed b he poe. Of coe hi aangemen a made o compl ih
he hhm and hme of he ee. Mo of he aiaion depend pon he
emphai e ih o place pon he diffeen od.
In aanging he od in an odina enence e hold no loe igh
of he fac ha he beginning and end ae he impoan place fo
caching he aenion of he eade. Wod in hee place hae geae
emphai han elehee.
In Ga' line he geneal meaning coneed i ha a ea ploghman i
plodding hi a homead, b accoding o he aangemen a e ligh
diffeence i effeced in he idea. Some of he aiaion make hink
moe of he ploghman, ohe moe of he plodding, and ill ohe moe
of he eaine.
A he beginning and end of a enence ae he mo impoan place, i
naall follo ha mall o inignifican od hold be kep fom
hee poiion. Of he o place he end one i he moe impoan,
heefoe, i eall call fo he mo impoan od in he enence.
Nee commence a enence ih _And_, _B_, _Since_, _Becae_, and
ohe imila eak od and nee end i ih pepoiion, mall, eak
adeb o ponon.
The pa of a enence hich ae mo cloel conneced ih one anohe
in meaning hold be cloel conneced in ode alo. B ignoing hi
pinciple man enence ae made, if no nonenical, eall idiclo
and ldico. Fo inance: "Ten dolla ead i offeed fo
infomaion of an peon injing hi pope b ode of he one."
"Thi monmen a eeced o he memo of John Jone, ho a ho b
hi affecionae bohe."
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In he concion of all enence he gammaical le m be
iniolabl obeed. The la of concod, ha i, he ageemen of
ceain od, m be obeed.
(1) The eb agee ih i bjec in peon and nmbe. "I hae,"
"Tho ha," (he ponon _ho_ i hee ed o illae he eb
fom, hogh i i almo obolee), "He ha," ho he aiaion of he
eb o agee ih he bjec. A ingla bjec call fo a ingla
eb, a plal bjec demand a eb in he plal; a, "The bo
ie," "The bo ie."
The ageemen of a eb and i bjec i ofen deoed b confing
(1) collecie and common non; (2) foeign and Englih non; (3)
compond and imple bjec; (4) eal and appaen bjec.
(1) A collecie non i a nmbe of indiidal o hing
egaded a a hole; a, _cla egimen_. When he indiidal
o hing ae pominenl bogh foad, e a plal eb;
a The cla _ee_ diingihed fo abili. When he idea of
he hole a a ni i nde conideaion emplo a ingla
eb; a The egimen _a_ in camp. (2) I i omeime had
fo he odina indiidal o diingih he plal fom he
ingla in foeign non, heefoe, he hold be caefl in
he elecion of he eb. He hold look p he od and be
gided accodingl. "He a an _almn_ of Haad." "The
ee _almni_ of Haad." (3) When a enence ih one eb
ha o o moe bjec denoing diffeen hing, conneced
b _and_, he eb hold be plal; a, "Sno and ain _ae_
diageeable." When he bjec denoe he ame hing and ae
conneced b _o_ he eb hold be ingla; a, "The man o
he oman i o blame." (4) When he ame eb ha moe han
one bjec of diffeen peon o nmbe, i agee ih he
mo pominen in hogh; a, "He, and no o, _i_ ong."
"Whehe he o I _am_ o be blamed."
(2) Nee e he pa paiciple fo he pa ene no _ice ea_.
Thi miake i a e common one. A ee n e hea "He done i" fo
"He did i." "The ja a boke" inead of boken. "He old hae en"
fo "He old hae gone," ec.
(3) The e of he eb _hall_ and _ill_ i a ock pon hich een
he be peake come o eck. The ae inechanged ecklel.
Thei ignificance change accoding a he ae ed ih he fi,
econd o hid peon. Wih he fi peon _hall_ i ed in diec
aemen o epe a imple fe acion; a, "I hall go o he
ci o-moo." Wih he econd and hid peon _hall_ i ed o
epe a deeminaion; a, "Yo _hall_ go o he ci o-moo,"
"He _hall_ go o he ci o-moo."
Wih he fi peon _ill_ i ed in diec aemen o epe
deeminaion, a, "I ill go o he ci o-moo." Wih he econd and
hid peon _ill_ i ed o epe imple fe acion; a, "Yo
_ill_ go o he ci o-moo," "He _ill_ go o he ci o-moo."
A e old le egading he e of _hall_ and _ill_ i h
epeed in hme:
In he fi peon impl _hall_ foeell,
In _ill_ a hea o ele a pomie dell.
_Shall_ in he econd and hid doe hea,
_Will_ impl hen foeell he fe fea.
(4) Take pecial cae o diingih beeen he nominaie and objecie
cae. The ponon ae he onl od hich eain he ancien diincie
cae ending fo he objecie. Remembe ha he objecie cae follo
aniie eb and pepoiion. Don' a "The bo ho I en o ee
o," b "The bo hom I en o ee o." _Whom_ i hee he objec of
he aniie eb en. Don' a "She boed o him and I" b "She
boed o him and me" ince me i he objecie cae folloing he
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11/1/11 CAT Grammar
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"No, he hoe; and hen I go o Bnham, ho hold be hee b Tom
Flnn,--he'd aken anohe hoe and ode o ahead of me; o I old
he hole o ie him p."
"Tie Tom Flnn p?"
"No, he hoe; and e had a dink hee."
"Wha! o and he hoe?"
"No, me and Tom Flnn."
Finding hi adio b hi ime in a _hoe_ lagh, Bill ond p
ih: "No, look hee,--ee ime I a hoe, o a Hamblin, and
ee ime I a Hamblin o a hoe: I'll be hanged if I ell o
an moe abo i."
ENENCE CLAIFICAION
Thee ae o gea clae of enence accoding o he geneal
pinciple pon hich he ae fonded. Thee ae emed he _looe_ and
he _peiodic_.
In he _looe_ enence he main idea i p fi, and hen follo
eeal fac in connecion ih i. Defoe i an aho paiclal
noed fo hi kind of enence. He a o ih a leading declaaion
o hich he add eeal aendan connecion. Fo inance in he
opening of he o of _Robinon Coe_ e ead: "I a bon in he
ea 1632 in he ci of Yok, of a good famil, hogh no of ha
con, m fahe being a foeigne of Bemen, ho eled fi a
Hll; he go a good eae b mechandie, and leaing off hi ade
lied afead a Yok, fom hence he had maied m mohe, hoe
elaion ee named Robinon, a e good famil in he con and fom
I a called Robinon Kenae; b b he al copion of od in
England, e ae no called, na, e call oele, and ie o name
Coe, and o m companion ala called me."
In he peiodic enence he main idea come la and i peceded b a
eie of elaie inodcion. Thi kind of enence i ofen
inodced b ch od a _ha_, _if_, _ince_, _becae_. The
folloing i an eample:
"Tha hogh hi on foll and lack of cicmpecion he hold hae
been edced o ch cicmance a o be foced o become a begga on
he ee, oliciing alm fom hoe ho had fomel been he
ecipien of hi bon, a a oe hmiliaion."
On accon of i name man ae liable o hink he _looe_ enence an
ndeiable fom in good compoiion, b hi hold no be aken fo
ganed. In man cae i i pefeable o he peiodic fom.
A a geneal le in peaking, a oppoed o iing, he _looe_ fom i
o be pefeed, inamch a hen he peiodic i emploed in dicoe
he liene ae ap o foge he inodco clae befoe he final
ie i eached.
Boh kind ae feel ed in compoiion, b in peaking, he _looe_,
hich make he diec aemen a he beginning, hold pedominae.
A o he lengh of enence mch depend on he nae of he
compoiion.
Hoee he geneal le ma be laid don ha ho enence ae
pefeable o long one. The endenc of he be ie of he peen
da i oad ho, napp, pih enence hich ie he aenion of
he eade. The adop a hei moo _mlm in pao_ (mch in lile)
and endeao o pack a gea deal in mall pace. Of coe he eeme of
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HE PARAGRAPH
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11/1/11 CAT Grammar
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As in the case of words in sentences, the most important places in a
paragraph are the beginning and the end. Accordingly the first sentence
and the last should by virtue of their structure and nervous force,
compel the reader's attention. t is usually advisable to make the first
sentence short; the last sentence may be long or short, but in either
case should be forcible. The object of the first sentence is to state a
point _clearly_; the last sentence should _enforce_ it.
t is a custom of good writers to make the conclusion of the paragraph a
restatement or counterpart or application of the opening.
n most cases a paragraph may be regarded as the elaboration of the
principal sentence. The leading thought or idea can be taken as a nucleus
and around it constructed the different parts of the paragraph. Anyone
can make a context for every simple sentence by asking himself questions
in reference to the sentence. Thus--"The foreman gave the order"--
suggests at once several questions; "What was the order?" "to whom did he
give it?" "why did he give it?" "what was the result?" etc. These
questions when answered will depend upon the leading one and be an
elaboration of it into a complete paragraph.
f we examine any good paragraph we shall find it made up of a number of
items, each of which helps to illustrate, confirm or enforce the general
thought or purpose of the paragraph. Also the transition from each item
to the next is easy, natural and obvious; the items seem to come of
themselves. f, on the other hand, we detect in a paragraph one or more
items which have no direct bearing, or if we are unable to proceed
readily from item to item, especially if we are obliged to rearrange the
items before we can perceive their full significance, then we are
justified in pronouncing the paragraph construction faulty.
No specific rules can be given as to the construction of paragraphs. The
best advice is,--Study closely the paragraph structure of the best
writers, for it is only through imitation, conscious or unconscious of
the best models, that one can master the art.
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