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Background
Interest comes from two primary backgrounds
Improvement of pictorial information for human perception
How can an image/video be made more aesthetically pleasing How can an image/video be enhanced to facilitate extraction of useful information
One of the earliest applications was improving digitized newspaper pictures sent by transatlantic cable (early 1920s)
Bartlane cable picture transmission reduced the time to send transatlantic images from more than a week to less than 3 hours
Image processing now used to solve many problems Commonly require methods capable of enhancing pictorial information for human interpretation and analysis
Example: a cell
Image of a cell corrupted by electronic noise
Result after averaging several noisy images (a common technique for noise reduction)
Example: an x-ray
An original x-ray image
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Machine perception
Previous examples illustrate processing results intended for human interpretation A second class of image processing applications is solving problems dealing with machine perception In this case, interest focuses on methods for extracting information in a form suitable for computer processing
Statistical moments Fourier transform coefficients Distance measures Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-14
f(x,y) x
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-16
Digital image
A digital image is an image f(x,y) that has been discretized both in spatial coordinates and in brightness Considered as a matrix whose row and column indices represent a point in the image The corresponding matrix element value represents the gray level at that point The elements of such an array are referred to as:
image elements picture elements (pixels or pels)
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-17
If not digital, an analog-to-digital conversion process is required The nature of the image sensor (and the produced image) are determined by the application
Mail reading applications rely greatly on line-scan cameras CCD and CMOS imaging sensors are very common in many applications
Output is usually raw pixel data: may represent region boundaries, points in the region itself, etc.
Boundary representation can be useful when the focus is on external shape characteristics (e.g. corners, rounded edges, etc.) Region representation is appropriate when the focus is on internal properties (e.g. texture or skeletal shape)
For the mail problem (character recognition) both representations can be necessary
Segmentation
Preprocessing Result
Knowledge Base
Image Acquisition Problem Domain
Electrical & Computer Engineering
May be complex
A list of all possible defects of a material in a vision inspection system
Guides operation of each processing module Controls interaction between modules Provides feedback through the system
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-25
A knowledge database may not be required Processing systems which include recognition and interpretation are associated with image analysis systems in which the objective is autonomous (or at least partially automatic)
Preprocessing
Image enhancement techniques Image restoration techniques
Analysis
Segmentation Representation & description Recognition & interpretation
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-27
Make sure your Bama email account is functioning properly Secure PC and/or workstation account from the college of engineering
Should already be active
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-28