FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

LAB SHEET
Engineering Mechanics ERT2016

TRIMESTER 2 (2011/2012)

Experiment 1

Friction

Experiment 2

Simple Harmonic Motion

Note: Students must read through this lab sheet before performing the experiments.

Experiment 1: Friction
Objectives i) To investigate the static and sliding friction of the area, weight, and material. ii) To compare the static and sliding frictions as a function of weight and determine the coefficient of friction. iii) To compare the rolling and sliding frictions of weight and determine the coefficient of friction. Apparatus One set of wooden blocks, one set of weight (0.1 to 2 kg) with hooks, dynamometers (1 N and 10 N), and six stand rods. Procedures Set 1: Static and sliding friction as a function of the area, the weight and the material Place the small block in the experiment surface with the plastic side down. Use the dynamometer to measure the maximum horizontal pulling force at which the body remains stationary on the experiment surface as the static force FS. Refer to Fig. 1. Measure the horizontal pulling force, which maintains a uniform motion on the experiment surface as the sliding force Fk. Place the wooden block on the base surface with the wide wooden side and then the narrow wooden side down and repeat the measurements for Fs and Fk. Repeat the experiments with the large block for friction experiments.

Fig. 1: Measuring of the static friction force Fs (top) and the sliding friction force Fk (bottom) Table 1: Measurements for Set 1 Weight, W (N) Material Area, A (cm2) Static Friction Force, Fs (N) Kinetic Friction Force, Fk (N)

Set 2: Static and sliding force as a function of the force of gravity

Place the large block on the experiment surface with plastic side down and measure the static and sliding friction force. Increase the weights of the block by adding in turn the weights of 0.1 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.5 kg and 0.8 kg and repeat the measurements. Carry out the same measurements for the wooden side of the block as well. Draw the graph of static friction force and sliding friction force as a function of the force of gravity Table 2: Measurements for Set 2 Weight, W (N) Static Friction Force, Fs (N) (Plastic side) Kinetic Friction Force, Fk (N) (Plastic side) Static Friction Force, Fs (N) (Wooden side) Kinetic Friction Force, Fk (N) (Wooden side)

Set 3: Rolling and sliding friction as a function of the force of gravity Lay the stand rods next to each other and place the large block on the rods with the plastic side down. Measure the horizontal pulling force which maintains a uniform motion on the rolling rods as the rolling friction force FR. Increase the weight of the block by adding in turn the weights 0.1 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.5 kg, and 1.0 kg and repeat the measurements. Align the block parallel to the rod axes and measure the sliding friction force Fk. Draw the graph of sliding friction force and rolling friction force as a function of the force of gravity. Table 3- Measurements for Set 3 Weight, W (N) Kinetic Friction Force, Fk (N) Rolling friction force, FR (N)

Results and Discussions (1) Discuss and compare the friction forces in all three sets (2) What can be derived from the graphs?

Experiment 2: Simple Harmonic Motion

Objectives i) Determination of the natural frequency of the swinging bar ii) Determination of mass moments of inertia, and iii) Derivation of equations of motion. Apparatus The bifilar/trifilar suspension apparatus permits illustration and investigation of the oscillation of pendulums with bifilar or trifilar suspension. For this purpose, a cylinder, a hollow cylinder or a bar can be suspended from a mounting plate and caused to oscillate. The pendulum length can be altered by way of thread adjustment using locking wheels. The bar has two threads and the cylinders have three suspension points. Measurements of the period of oscillation of the torsion pendulums enable their mass moments of inertia to be calculated. Experiment 2 (a) Procedure: The pendulum with bifilar suspension corresponds to the ideal mathematical pendulum in the gravitational field swinging only in a translation motion. The differential equation describing the movement of the pendulum is to be derived on the basis of the adjacent diagram. Solving this equation of motion permits the determination of the natural period of oscillation of the pendulum. The pendulum is deflected by the angle as shown in Figure 3. This raises the centre of gravity of the concentrated mass by the amount h. The restoring force, shown in Figure 4, will attempt to return the pendulum to its initial position. Using the law of motion, we get the following:

m = mg sin x

Figure 3: Pendulum Model

Figure 4: Force Decomposition

 Using the kinematic relationship, the following expressions can be written as x = L and = L . x

The equation of motion can be written in the standard form of +

g sin = 0 . L

If the motion is small, << , then the equation of motion for the pendulum becomes +
System natural frequency is
g rad/s. L

g = 0. L

Determine the natural frequency of the swinging bar with different values of L by completing the table provided, and compare it with the theoretical result. Use a sensible number of measurements. Why is the system natural frequency independent of the mass? Length, L (m) (0.4 0.5) (0.9 1.0) Experiment 2 (b) The pendulum with trifilar suspension, shown in Fig. 5, is used for experimental determination of system mass moments of inertia. The natural period of torsional oscillation can be used to find out the system mass moment of inertia J. Again, the weight of the body produces a restoring force. If the body is not in the equilibrium, the followings relationships can be written: Average Time, T, (sec) Calculated Freq, f (Hz) Theoretical Freq, f (Hz)

L R

FR = FG sin = mg sin

Figure 5: The pendulum with trifilar suspension

Figure 6: Force Decomposition

The rotary movement is produced only by the horizontal acting component of the restoring force, in Figure 6, to which the following applies: FH = FR cos = mg sin cos . The equation of motion describing the torsional motion about the axis of rotation is J + mgR sin cos = 0. For small oscillation, 0, cos 1, sin . Together with the kinematic relationship, =
L , R

the

equation

of

motion

becomes

L + mgR = 0 R

mgR 2 = 0. JL

The system natural frequency and natural period are:

mgR 2 2 JL (rad/s), T = (s). = 2 JL mgR 2

The system mass moment of inertia can be written as J = Given values: Mass, m (kg) d1 (mm) d2 (mm) R (mm)

mgR 2 2 T . 4 2 L
Cylinder 3 160 65

Hollow Cylinder 4 160 100 65

Complete the tables provided and determine the values of J for hollow cylinder and cylinder experimentally. Cylinder Length, L (m) (0.40.5) (0.91.0) Hollow Cylinder Length, L (m) (0.40.5) (0.91.0) Moment of Inertia, J (kg m2)

Average Time, T (s)

Average Time, T (s)

Moment of Inertia, J (kg m2)

Discussions (1) Discuss the causes of error in the experiment. (2) Calculate the theoretical moment of inertia and comment on the difference of the moment of inertia from the experiments.

Laboratory Policy
1. Lab Information Refer here for details: http://fet.mmu.edu.my/v4/lab/appliedmech.htm Students are required to strictly follow the schedule. Students who missed their scheduled session will be marked as absent and not allowed for any replacements, unless they have valid a Medical Certificate (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED). Any session swapping or replacement need to be arranged with the lab technician and approved by the subject coordinator. Students are required to be punctual. Arrival later than 15 minutes will be marked as absent and not allowed to join the session (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED). Lab sheets can be downloaded from the FET Lab website and MMLS. No lab sheet will be provided in the laboratory. Refer here for general rules and regulations: http://fet.mmu.edu.my/v4/lab/appliedmech1.htm Students are required to strictly follow the dress code. Refer here for general safety precaution: http://fet.mmu.edu.my/v4/lab/appliedmech2.htm A full technical report is expected. Group based with maximum 3 students per group. The report needs to include a 100-word informative abstract, objectives, methodology, data presentation and analysis, discussion, conclusion and references. The report need to be typed except for graphs (if any). Submission due date is one week after the experiment. Late submission shall be penalized. The lab reports cover page needs to be filled in completely. It can be downloaded here: http://fet.mmu.edu.my/~lab/file/lab_report_submission_cover_page.pdf Refer here for general guidelines: http://fet.mmu.edu.my/v4/lab/labreportguidelines.htm Any act of copying in the lab report will be given a zero mark and recorded as a disciplinary action (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED). 2. General Policy

3.

Safety Precaution

4.

Report