MatrixHandouts

Matrices
Amatrixisasetofrealorcomplexnumbers(orelements)arrangedin
rowsandcolumnstoformarectangulararray.
Amatrixhavingmrowsandncolumnsisanmxn(readmbynor
mcrossn)matrixandisreferredtoashavingordermxn.
Amatrixcanberepresentedexplicitlybyenclosingthearraywithin
largesquarebrackets.
Amatrixisanydoublysubscriptedarrayofelementsarrangedinrows
andcolumns.
CapitallettersA,B,C,X,Y,Zetcareusedformatrixnotation.

A3x3=

B4x3=

2
8
3

3
5
4

7
0
;Ais3x3matrix
1
3x3

034x3

;Bis4x3matrix

InmatrixA,1strow1stcolumnelementisdenotedasa11=2
1strow2ndcolumnelementisdenotedasa12=3
1strow3rdcolumnelementisdenotedasa13=7
2ndrow1stcolumnelementisdenotedasa21=8
2ndrow2ndcolumnelementisdenotedasa22=5
DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts

andsoon...........

TypesofMatrices
(1) Vectors:AVectorisaspecialtypeofmatrixinwhichthereisonly
oneroworonecolumn.

(a)RowVector:Ifthereisonlyonerowandmorethanonecolumninanymatrix,called
'RowVector'.

1xnmatrix[a1a2a3......................an]isarowvector.
(b)ColumnVector:Ifthereisonlyonecolumnandmorethanonerowinanymatrix,
called'ColumnVector'.
nx1matrixa1
a2
a3
.
.
.
.
.
.
an

(2) ZeroorNullMatrixAmatrix,witheveryelementzero,iscalledanullamtrix.Itis
denotedbyO.Itneednotbesqaure.Inmatrixtheoryitplaystheroleofzero.

O=

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
04x3

(3) SquareMatrix:Amatrixinwhichnumberofrowsisequaltonumberofcolumns.
4
8

7
2
isa2x2squarematrix.
2x2

3
9
1

7
0
2

8
4
isa3x3squarematrix
5
3x3

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MatrixHandouts
(4) DiagonalMatrix:Asquarematrixallofwhoseelementsarezeroexceptthose
intheleadingdiagonaliscalledadiagonalmatrix.
i.e.Allelementsexceptdiagonallementsarezerocalleddiagonalmatrix.

D=

1
0
0

0
5
0

0
0
isa3x3diagonalmatrix.
83x3

4
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
D=
0
05
0
isa4x4diagonalmatrix.
0
0
013
4x4
(5) Upper/LowerTriangularMatrix:Asquarematrixallofwhoseelementsbelowthe
maindiagonalarezeroiscalleduppertriangular.
7
0
0

3
4
0

2
9
isa3x3upperdiagonalmatrix.
3
3x3

8
0
0
0

3
12
0
0

2
1
3
4
9
8
isa4x4upperdiagonalmatrix.
014x4

LowerDiagonalMatrix:Ifallelmentsabovethemaindiagonalarezeroitislower
triangularmatrix.
13
7
6

0
5
8

0
0
12
3x3

8
13
1
7

0
5
17
9

0
0
0
0
9
0
isa4x4lowerdiagonalmatrix.
514x4

isa3x3lowerdiagonalmatrix.

(6) ScalarMatrix:IfinthediagonalmatrixD,diagonalelementsaresame,itbehaves
likeascalarmatrix.

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MatrixHandouts

2
0
0

0
2
0

0
0
2
3x3

isa3x3scalarmatrix.

11
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
isa4x4scalarmatrix.
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
11
4x4
(7) TheIdentityMatrix:Anidentitymatrixhas1foreverydiagonalelementand
zeroelsewhere.
1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1
3x3

isa3x3identitymatrix.

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
isa4x4identitymatrix.
0
0
0
1
4x4
(8)TransposeMatrix:Interchangingtherowsintocolumnsorcolumnsintorowsinanygiven
matrix,thenewtransformedmatrixiscalledastransposematrix.
A=

3
6

2
9

3
T
A (ATranspose,A )=2

'

5
02x3
6
9

istransposeofmatrixA

0
3x2

10
7
6
4
3
0
B
=
3
8
7
613
19
4x3

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts

T
B (BTranspose, B )

'

10

813

istransposeofmatrixB.

19

3x4

(9)SymmetricMatrix:AsquarematrixM is symmetric if M = M

12

M= 2

59

,M

MATRIXALGEBRA
MATRIXADDITION:Formatrixaddition,orderofmatrixshouldbesame.
i.e.ToaddtwomatricesAandB:

#ofrowsinA=#ofrowsinB
#ofcolumnsinA=#ofcolumnsinB

A=

2
5
7

3
0
8

1
B=3
12

7
4
5

5
6
canbeaddedwith3x3matrixonly.
13x3

0
8
4
3x3
2 3
5
1 70
2+13+7
A+B=5 06+348=5+(3)0+4
781 1254
7+12
8+5

5+0
6+8
1+4

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MatrixHandouts
3
=
2
5

Subtraction:

10

12

5
14
5

10
4
13

TosubtracttwomatricesAandB:
#ofrowsinA=#ofrowsinB
#ofcolumnsinA=#ofcolumnsinB
MultiplicationofMatrices
ScalarMultiplication: 4

7
3

9
6

5
28
=
3
12

36
24

20
12

i.e.k[aij]=[kaij]
Ifanyelementismultipliedwithanymatrix,eachelementinsidethematrixwillbe
multiplied.
Thisalsomeansthatwecantakeacommonfactoroutofeveryelement.

Multiplicationoftwomatrices:Twomatricescanbemultipliedtogetheronlywhenthe
numberofcolumnsinthematrixontheleftequalsthenumberofrowsinthematrixon
theright.

A B=C
mn pq = mq
for n=p
RegularMultiplication:TomultiplytwomatricesAandB,
#ofcolumnsinA=#ofrowsinB
Multiply:A(mxn)byB(nbyp)
MatricesAandBcanbemultipliedif:[rxc] and [s x d]

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MatrixHandouts

c=s
Theresultingmatrixwillhavethedimensions:[r x c] and [s x d]

rxd

725 1

Q.MultiplyA=

,B=1082
349
2x3

3344

3x4

Here,matrixmultiplicationABispossibleasnumberofcolumnsinfirst
matrixAisequaltonumberofrowsinsecondmatrixB,i.e.MatrixAandBsatisfies
conditionrequiredformatrixmultiplication.
2x7+5x1+7x(3)2x2+5x0+7x32x5+5x8+7x42x(1)+5x2+7x(4)
AB=
3x7+4x1+9x(3)3x2+4x0+9x33x5+4x8+9x43x(1)+4x2+9x(4)

2x4
2
=

25

78

20

33

83

31
2x4Ans.

Q.2. MultiplyA=2

2
0

1
2

3andB=1

0
3x4

0
4x2

Soln:Here,ProductABispossiblebecausenumberofcolumnsinA=numberofrowsinB
i.e.AandBsatisfiestheconditionofmultiplicationandhenceABispossible.

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MatrixHandouts

Q.2. AB

31

0
2
3x4

0
4x2

1.2+0.0+2.1+3.2
2.21.0+0.1+3.2
3.2+2.02.1+0.2

1.1+0.2+2.4+3.0
2.11.2+0.4+3.0
3.1+2.22.4+0.0
3x2
(Here,.isusedfor(x)multiplication)

10
10

9
0

4
1
3x2Ans.
Findtheproductoffollowingmatrices:
2

10

0Ans.

22

43

(1)

(2)
3

2
3

(3)

01

2
1
4

21
0
1

02 2

Ans. 6

1
Ans.

14

26

018

11
4

0
4

3 4

30 1
01 0

Ans.
4

CofactorMatrixofaGivenMatrix:
1

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MatrixHandouts
Q.1.Findcofactormatrixforthegivenmatrix:

Soln: LetA=

1
1
1

3
4
3

1
1

4
3

3
4

3
3
4

Inordertofindcofactormatrix,weneedtofindcofactorsofeachelementaijinmatrixA.
LetustakenotationAijforthecofactorsofeachaijrespectively.

4 3

Cofactorofa11(=1)is,A11=+

3 4

=7

1 3

Cofactorofa12(=3)is,A12==1
1 4

14

Cofactorofa13(=3)is,A13 =+
13

=1

33

Cofactorofa21(=1)is,A21=
34

=3

1 3

Cofactorofa22(=4)is,A22=+
14

=(43)=1

1 3

Cofactorofa23(=3)is,A23=
13

33

Cofactorofa31(=1)is,A31=+

=0

=3

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts

43

13

Cofactorofa32(=3)is,A32=
13

13

Cofactorofa33(=4)is,A33=+
14

=0

=3

Then.cofactormatrixforthegivenmatrixAis,

A22
A32

A13
A23
A33

=3
3

1
0

0
1

2
3

1
2

B=

A11

A12

A31

A21

Q. GivenmatrixX=1
1

,findcofactormatrix.

Inordertofindcofactormatrix,weneedtofindcofactorsofeachelementaijinmatrixA.
LetustakenotationXijforthecofactorsofeachxijrespectively.

2 1

Cofactorofx11(=1)is,X11=+

3 2

=1

1 1
Cofactorofx12(=4)is,X12==0
1 2

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MatrixHandouts

12
Cofactorofx13(=2)is,X13 =+
13

=5

42
Cofactorofx21(=1)is,X21=
32

=2

1 2
Cofactorofx22(=2)is,X22=+
12

=0

1 4
Cofactorofx23(=1)is,X23=
13

=1

42
Cofactorofx31(=1)is,X31=+

21

=0

12

Cofactorofx32(=3)is,X32=
11

=3

14

Cofactorofx33(=2)is,A33=+
=6
12

Then.cofactormatrixforthegivenmatrixXis,

Y=

X11

X12

X31

X32

X21

X22

X13
X23
X33

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts

1
=2
0

3
0
3

5
1
6

1
Q.Findadjointmatrixforthegivenmatrix: 1
1

Soln: LetA=

1
1
1

3
4
3

3
4
3

3
3
4

3
3
4

Inordertofindadjointmatrixforthegivenmatrix,firstweneedtofindcofactormatrixofthe
matrixA.
A11 A12

A13

Step1:CofactormatrixBforthegivenmatrixA=A21 A22

A23

A31 A32

A33

1SeesolutionofQ.1
onpage8,9,and10
0

Step2:TransposematrixofcofactormatrixBwillgiveadjointmatrixA.

7
3
3

1
1
0

T
1
0
1

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MatrixHandouts

adj(A)

=1

01

WhichistherequiredadjointmatrixforthematrixAdenotedbyadjA.

Q. GivenmatrixX=1
1

2
3

1
2

,findadjointmatrix.

Inordertofindadjointmatrixforthegivenmatrix,firstweneedtofindcofactormatrixofthe
matrixA.
X11 X12

X13

Step1:CofactormatrixBforthegivenmatrixA=X21 X22

X23

X31 X32

X33

1
=2
0

3
0
3

Forcofactormatrix,
seepageno10,11,12
5
1
6

Step2:TransposematrixofcofactormatrixYwillgiveadjointmatrixX.

T
1
=2
0

adj(X)

1
=3
5

3
0
3

5
1
6

03
16

WhichistherequiredadjointmatrixforthematrixXdenotedbyadjX.

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MatrixHandouts

Conditionforevaluatinginverseofthematrix:Theconditionsrequiredtocalculate
inverseofthematrixisasfollows:
1. Matrixshuoldbeasquarematrix
2. Determinantofthematrixshouldbenonzero.Ifdeterminatofanymatrixbecomeszero,
inverseofthatmatrixcannotbecalculated.
1
1
1

Q.Findinversematrixforthegivenmatrix:

Soln: LetA=

1
1
1

3
4
3

3
4
3

3
3
4

3
3
4

Inordertofindinversematrixforthegivenmatrix,firstweneedtofinddeterminantofthe
matrixA.
Step1:Wefinddeterminantofthegivenmatriaas:

A=

1
1
1

3
4
3

3
3
4

=1(4x43x3)3(1x41x3)
+3(1x31x4)

=1(7)3(43)+3(34)
=1(7)3(1)+3(1)
=10
Here,DeterminantA,inverseAispossible.
Step2:TofindcofactormatrixBforthegivenmatrixA
CofactormatrixB=7

1SeesolutionofQ.1
onpage8,9,and10
0

Step3:TofindtransposeofmatrixB,whichisadjointA

adj(A)=TransposecofactormatrixBisgivenas,

T
7
1
1

adj(A) =
3
1
0
3
0
1

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MatrixHandouts

adj(A)

=1

01

adj(A)
Step3:InverseA=
=
A

A11 A12

CofactormatrixBforthegivenmatrixA= A21 A22

A13
A23

A31 A32

A33

= 3

1SeesolutionofQ.1
onpage8,9,and10
0

Step2:TransposematrixofcofactormatrixBwillgiveadjointmatrixA.

WhichistherequiredadjointmatrixforthematrixAdenotedbyadjA.

Q. GivenmatrixX=1
1

2
3

1
2

,findadjointmatrix.

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts
Inordertofindadjointmatrixforthegivenmatrix,firstweneedtofindcofactormatrixofthe
matrixA.
X11 X12

X13

Step1:CofactormatrixBforthegivenmatrixA=X21 X22

X23

X31 X32

X33

1
3
=2
0

Forcofactormatrix,
seepageno10,11,12
5
0
1
3
6

Step2:TransposematrixofcofactormatrixYwillgiveadjointmatrixX.

T
1
3
5
=2
0
1
0
3
6

adj(X)

1
=3

03

5
16
WhichistherequiredadjointmatrixforthematrixXdenotedbyadjX.

ApplicationofMatricesinIndustry:
Q.1.Usematrixmethodtosolvethesystemofequations:
xy+z=1,2x+yz=2,x2yz=4
Solution:Thegivensystemofequationscanbewritteninmatrixformas

1
2

1
1

1
1

x
1
y= 2

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PageNo.16

MatrixHandouts
1

ThiscanberepresentedasAX=B
where
1
A=2
1

1
1
2

1
1
1

x
,X= y
z

C=

1
2
4

Solvingx,yandzwerequiretheformula,X=A1C
Here,methodtocalculateA1isalreadydiscussedontheabovepages.

A1=

1/9

Now,X=A1C=1/9

=1/99

=1

A =

1/9

=1

x=1,y=1,z=1Ans..

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
PageNo.17

MatrixHandouts
Q.

ThepriceofthreecommoditiesX,YandZarex,yandzperunitrespectively.A
purchases4unitsofZandsells3unitsofXand5unitsofY.Bpurchases3unitsofY
andsells2unitsofXand1unitsofZ.Cpurchases1unitofXandslls4unitsofYand
6unitsofZ.InprocessA,B,C,earnRs.6,000Rs.,RS.5,000andRS.13,000
respectively.Usingmatrices,findthepricesperunitofthethree
(Notethatsellingtheunitsispositiveearningsandbuyingtheunitsisnegative
earnings.)
Solution:Wecanformulatetheabovedataintheformofsimultaneousequationsas:
3x+5y4z=6,000,2x3y+z=5,000,

x+4y+6z=13,000

Theabovesystemofequationscanbewritteninthematrixformas:
3

23
14

4x

6,000

1y

5,000

6z

13,000

Wecanrepresentabovemarix
AX=B

X=A1B=

x
y
z

1/151

22

46

6,000

13

14

11

5,000

17

19

13,000

4,53,000

3,000

=(1/151)1,51.000 = 1,000
3,02,000

2,000

HencethepricesofthreecommoditiesX,YandZareRS.3,000,Rs.1,000andRS.
2,000perunit.Ans...

Q.Acompanyistoemploy60laborersfromeitherofthepartyXandYcomprisingof
personsindifferentskillsareasunder:

Category
DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
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MatrixHandouts

Party

SkillI

SkillII

SkillIII

25

20

15

20

30

10

RateoflaborapplicabletocategoriesI,IIandIIIareRs.500,Rs.700andRs.
600respectively.Usingmatrices,findwhichpartyiseconomicallypreferable.

Soln:Hint:LetAbethematrixrepresentingthenmberoflabourersofthreecategoriesI,II
andIIIofthepartyXandY;andBbethematrixrepresentingtherateoflabourapplicableto
categoriesI,IIandIII.
Then,
Category
I
A=25
20

II
20
30

III
15X
10Y

Rate
I500
B=II700
III600

Thetotallabourchargespayabletoeachpartyaregivenbytheelementsofproductofthe
matricesAandB,i.e.,
IIIIIII500

AB=

X25 2015II1000

12500+20000+9000
=

Y20 30 10 III600

10000+30000+6000

X
=
Y

41500
46000

ThisshowsthatthecompanyhastopayRs.41,500topartyXandRS.46,000topartyYas
labourcharges.SinceRs.46000<41500,thereforepartyXiseconomicalypreferable.

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
PageNo.19

MatrixHandouts

Determinant
Ascalarquantityobtainedbyexpandingtheelementsofasqaurematrix,sayAwithrespectto
theelementsofanyroworcolumniscallediscalledadeterminatofmatrixAandisdenotedby
Aordet.A.

Determinatofsecondorder:considerthesquarematrixoforder2as:
2

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
PageNo.20

MatrixHandouts
A=

Theproductoftheelementsintheprincipaldiagonalis2x7andtheproductofthelementsin
theofdiagonalis:3x5.Thedifference(2x7)(3x5)iscalledthedeterminatofA,andis
denotedbyAordet.A.
Illustration:

=2(8)(4)6=16+24=8

Determinantoforder3:Considerthesqaurematrixoforder3as:

A=

0 7
1
=2
3
5 6
4

7
1
+4
6
4

0
5

=2(0x67x5)3(1x67x4)+4(1x50x4)
=2(035)3(628)+4(50)
=2(35)3(22)+20
=70+66+20
=4+20=16Ans....
WhatistherelationbetweenmatrixanddetermiantsEverydetermiantisascalarquantity
(realnumber)obtainedbyexpandingtheelemntsofsquarematrix.

Propertiesofmatrix:

1. Thevalueofthedeterminatremainsunchanged,iftherowsandthecolumnsof
thedetermiantareinterchanged,Thatis,A=AT

example:

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MatrixHandouts
7

2. Ifanytwoadjacentrows(orcolumns)ofthedetermiantareinterchanged,itsvalue
remainunchanged,butitssignischanged,Thatis,A=A

Changingfirsttwocolumns,
1
4
7

2
5
8

3
2
6=5
9
8

1
4
7

3
6
9

3.Iftworows(orcolumns)ofadetermiantareidentical,thenthevalueofthedetermiantiszero.
Thatis
1

3=0,asfirsttworowsareidentical.

B=4

A=

=0,aslasttwocolumnsareidentica.

4. Ifanyscalarkismultipliedwithanydeterminant,theneveryelementinanyone
row(orcolumn)ofthedetermientgetsmultipliedbythescalari.e.,

1 2
3
k4 5
6=
7 89

k1
k4
k7

2
5
8

3
6
9

5.Iftoeachelementofanyrow(orcolumn)ofadeterminantareadded(or
subtracted)equimultiplesofthecorrespondingelemntsofoneormorerows(or
columns),thevalueofthedetermiantremainssame.

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MatrixHandouts
a1
b1
c1

a2
b2
c2

a3
b3
c3

a1ma3 a2 a3
=b1mb3 b2 b3
c1mc3 c2 c3

Cramer'sruleforsolvingunknowns(variables)intwo/threelinearequations:
Letusconsiderthefollowinglinearequations:
ax+by=c
ux+vy=d
Solveforx,y.
Wecanwritethegivenequatonsasfollows:
a

bx c

vyd

LetDbethedetermiantofthecoefficientsofthevariablesxandysuchthat
a

D=

,
u

v
c

Further,letDx=

bethedetermiantobtainedfromD
d

byrepalcingthefirstcolumnbythe
elementsc,d.

andbyrepalicngthesecondcolumnbytheelemnts
a

Dy=

bethedeterminantobtainedfromDbyreplacingthesecondcolumnby
u

theelementsc,d.

Thusthevaluesofxandycanbeexpressedintheformofdetermiantas
x

DevelopedbyMs.SAROJMISHRA
PageNo.23

MatrixHandouts
=

=,providedD 0

DxDy

1
x=xDx,providedD 0
D
1
y=XDy
D

Solvethefollowinglinearequationsusingcramersrule.
Q.SolvethefollowingsystemofeuationsusingCramer'sMethod,
x+y+z=6;xy+z=2;2x+yz=1
Solution:Thedeterminantoftheequationsofx,yandzisgivenby,

D=

1
1
2

1
1
1
1
11

=1(11)1(12)+1(1+2)

=6( 0 )

Thesolutionisgivenby
x
y
z 1
=
==,providedD 0
DxDy

Dz D

1 1

Dx=2

1=6

1 1

2
1

+1
1

=6(11)1(21)+1(2+1)
=6x01(3)+1(3)=0+3+3=6Ans..

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PageNo.24

MatrixHandouts
1 6

Similarly,Dy=1 2

1
1

2 11

2 1
=1
11

1 1
6
21

1
+1
2

2
1

=1(21)6(12)+1(14)
=1(3)6(3)+1(3)
=3+183
=6+18=12Ans.

1 1 6
Also,Dz=112
21 1

12 1 2
=1
1
11 2 1

1
+6
2

1
1

=18

Thususingcramer'srulewehave,

x/6=y/12=z/18=1/6
x=1,y=2,z=3Ans.....sss.

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