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2011NFChin
Current Differential Protection Concept Unit type of protection for a particular protected zone. Comparison of all currents in & out of the protection zone Presence of differential (spill) current indicates fault(s) within protected zone Current Differential Protection Must consider: Normal spill current Spill current due to maximum throughfault current flow
2011NFChin 2
I1-I2 87
2011NFChin
For external conditions: Normal load I1 - I2 << External faults For internal faults I1 - I2 = IFAULT
2011NFChin
Current Differential Protection Must consider: Stability limit The rms value of the current flowing through the protected zone (Ithrough ) up to which the protection scheme remains stable Sensitivity to ensure successful application of any current differential protection scheme to a plant item The existence of a stability limit is due to the performance limits of practical current transformers used to produce the secondary currents in the comparison process.
2011NFChin 5
IR I1+I2 2
IR I1+I2 2
6
Stability
2011NFChin
Sensitivity
Current Differential Protection Practical scheme design: Need to increase the stability to meet practical system application Means to prevent mal-operation due to spill current Biased current differential scheme High impedance differential scheme
2011NFChin
The operating threshold of the differential current detector (operating circuit) must increase with increase in through current flow A means must be provided to measure the through current (bias circuit) and adjust the operating threshold according to the amount of through current
2011NFChin
B IF OP
Irelay=IS+B IF
10T
10T I1-I2
Bias Circuit
Bias Circuit
100T
Operate Circuit
2011NFChin
Isetting
Sensitivity
Ithrough
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Biased Current Differential Relay Characteristic Different designs have similar characteristics
IThrough
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Current Differential Protection Current differential protection relay bias characteristic Polar form Effect of bias is to make protection operates when the ratio of the 2 currents exceeds a certain value. It is also appropriate to present the relay bias characteristic on a polar diagram relating the ratio of the 2 terminal currents which has magnitude and phase angle. Ideally I1/I2 =1.00 To cater for practical magnitude and phase differences a circle with a radius 0.5 to provide stability is used
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A relay with an effective high impedance is connected in the differential circuit Relay operating voltage = VS Relay operating current = IS
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Under external (load or fault) conditions there is no differential current flow Under practical system conditions a small differential current flow is possible The differential current must not exceed the relay threshold of operation under maximum through (load or fault) conditions
2011NFChin
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Under external (load or fault) conditions there is no or small differential current flow the potential difference across the differential circuit terminals = 0 or <<
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Protected Zone
CT2
IF
R1 ZM1 R2 ZM2
IF
VO/C
19
IF= Maximum through fault current RL= One way connecting cable resistance RCT= CT winding resistance R0= other series connected burdens To achieve through fault stability the differential relay operating voltage must be given a setting voltage VS such that: VS VO/C MAX IF (RCT+2RL + R0) Traditionally, VS = VO/C MAX = IF (RCT+2RL + R0) If relay operating current = IS , relay circuit impedance = RS VS = IS x RS Current transformer output VK 2 x VS
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CT must supply minimum current to operate relay plus currents to all CT magnetising impedances Effective setting: IEFF = IRELAY+ n x IMAG
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2011NFChin
Metrosil
Current Differential Protection High impedance differential scheme Advantages: Simplicity Dependability Security - High transient stability on external faults Ease of maintenance Stability limit and sensitivity are easily determined Disadvantages: High requirements for the CTs For certain applications, eg protection of busbars, the CT secondary circuits may be switched and the sensitivity may change due to re-configuration of the busbar layout.
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29
Rs
3 Phase 4 wire
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30
Current Differential Protection Application to feeders: Same basic principle of operation Only biased differential scheme is used Must have communication links between the input and output ends of the protected zone to enable comparison of current signals: Metallic pilot wires Optical fibres Microwaves Power line carrier
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Current Differential Protection Application to feeders: Communication link to enable the comparison of the 2-end currents
Two signals are required Bias current Operating current (the differential current)
2011NFChin
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Current Differential Protection Application to feeders: In order to minimise the requirements on the communication link to enable the comparison of the 2-end currents it is necessary to reduce the amount of information on the 2-end currents to be transmitted: Phase segregated comparison scheme Composite scheme
2011NFChin
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2011NFChin
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Current Differential Protection Equivalent single phase current to represent the 3 phase currents The use of a single-phase representing current: Different sensitivities for different fault types
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The requirements: To derive the bias current To determine the differential current The circulating current biased differential scheme. The balanced voltage biased differential scheme.
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Current Differential Protection Phase comparison: Current differential scheme compares both magnitude and phase angle of the current signals from the 2 ends. The transmission of signal from one end to the other needs certain bandwidth. To reduce this bandwidth only phase information of the current signals can be transmitted for the comparison Phase comparison
2011NFChin
38
Phase comparison: A simple way to transmit the phase information is to use the current waveform to modulate a high frequency carrier signal
2011NFChin
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Current Differential Protection Phase comparison: Communication links: High frequency power line carrier channel Voice frequency over: Pilot wires Optical fibres Microwaves Power line carrier
2011NFChin
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Phase comparison: In order to cater for: Propagation time of signal CT phase angle errors Equipment errors Line capacitance current A stability angle is provided in the tripping decision process
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Improvement in communication facilities for current differential scheme: Use of frequency modulation signalling over modern multiplexed communication channels
2011NFChin
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Digital design of current differential scheme: Need digital communication channels Provides much better performance with true comparison of the current signals Enable multi-terminal current differential protection scheme design
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Digital current differential protection scheme Digitally sampled current signals need to be synchronised for a correct comparison
Synchronise sampling in both relays & direct comparison of samples Asynchronous sampling with continuous time difference measurement and then vector transformation in software
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Digital current differential protection scheme Asynchronous sampling with continuous time difference measurement and then vector transformation in software
2011NFChin
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Digital current differential protection scheme Asynchronous sampling with continuous time difference measurement and then vector transformation in software
2011NFChin
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Digital current differential protection scheme Using the determined time shift to align the current vectors
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Digital current differential protection scheme Alternatively - determine the sampling time shift and adjust the sampling time accordingly
2011NFChin
48
Digital current differential protection scheme Alternatively - determine the sampling time shift and adjust the sampling time accordingly
2011NFChin
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