Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Vietnam
1802 - 1878, Emperor's flag to 1863 1878 - 1890 Annam (approx. design) 1890 - 1920 Annam
1920 - 30 Aug 1945 Annam 1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Protectorate Flag 9 Mar 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Vietnam
22 Aug 29 Sep 1945 - 20 Dec 1946 Vietnam; 2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 Vietnam Adopted 30 Nov 1955
20 Dec 1946 - 20 Jul 1954 North Vietnam (from 1954 flag of South Vietnam only) (flag of North only to 2 Jul 1976)
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Empire
Capital: Hue
Imperial Anthem
(Hanoi [Bac Thanh]
"Dang Dan Cung"
1010-1802)
Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was
addressed by the imperial court as "king of An Nam," domestically a full imperial system was
established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more
available) is as follows: personal name (ho [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name])
followed by temple name (mieu hieu), posthumous style (dang ton hieu), and era name(s) (nien
hieu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the nien
hieu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor).
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19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889 Nguyen Phuoc Bien (b. 1864 - d. 1889)
mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De
nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 1 Feb 1889: Dong Khanh
1 Feb 1889 - 3 Sep 1907 Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
nien hieu 1 Feb 1889 - 5 Sep 1907: Thanh Tai
1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897 Regency Council
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Trinh,
Tuy-Ly Vuong (b. 1820 - d. 1897)
- Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,
Duke of Hoai Duc (s.a.)
- Nguyen Trong Hiep (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
(to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897])
- Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896)
- Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896) (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
- Bui An Nien (from Apr 1890)
- Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897) (b. 1850 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916 Truong Nhu Cuong (b. 1843 - d. 19..)
(president of the Regency Council)
5 Sep 1907 - 3 May 1916 Nguyen Phuoc Vinh San (b. 1900 - d. 1945)
nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 18 May 1916: Duy Tan
18 May 1916 - 6 Nov 1925 Nguyen Phuoc Tuan (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuyen Hoang De
nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 13 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh
6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932 Ton That Han (b. 1854 - d. 1944)
(president of the Regency Council)
8 Jan 1926 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Thuy (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai
Prime ministers
9 Mar 1945 - 7 Apr 1945 Pham Quynh (b. 1892 - d. 1945)
7 Apr 1945 - 19 Aug 1945 Tran Trong Kim (b. 1882 - d. 1953)
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Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi;
the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuoc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their
capital at or near present-day Hue. The official style of each ruler is chua, but the Trinh
are assigned honorifics with the Sino-Viet royal style vuong. The Nguyen rulers not only
acquired royal honorifics (thuy hieu) during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple
name and posthumous style, changing in time from Sino-Viet vuong (king) to hoang de (emperor)
after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of
these often very long names and styles.
Rulers
- Trinh family -
1682 - 1709 Trinh Can "Dinh Vuong"
1709 - 1729 Trinh Cuong "An Do Vuong"
1729 - 1740 Trinh Giang "Uy Nam Vuong"
1740 - 1767 Trinh Doanh "Minh Do Vuong"
1767 - 1782 Trinh Sam "Tinh Do Vuong"
1782 Trinh Man
1782 - 1786 Trinh Khai "Doan Nam Vuong"
1786 - 1787 Trinh Bong "An Do Vuong"
- Nguyen Phuoc family -
7 Feb 1691 - 1 Jun 1725 Nguyen Phuoc Chu "Chua Minh" (b. 1675 - d. 1725)
mieu hieu: Hien Tong /dang ton hieu: Minh Hoang De
1 Jun 1725 - 7 Jun 1738 Nguyen Phuoc Tru "Chua Ninh" (b. 1697 - d. 1738)
mieu hieu: Tuc Tong /dang ton hieu: Ninh Hoang De
7 Jun 1738 - 7 Jun 1765 Nguyen Phuoc Khoat (b. 1714 - d. 1765)
mieu hieu: The Tong /dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
31 Dec 1765 - 1776 Nguyen Phuoc Thuan (b. 1753 - d. 1778)
mieu hieu: Due Tong /dang ton hieu: Dinh Hoang De
1776 - 1777 Nguyen Phuoc Duong
dang ton hieu: (Tan Chinh Vuong)
Note: The rule by this family (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the
Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788
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a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style.
The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the "imperial" ruler
unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802.
Ruler (title Vuong; from 1778, Thien Vuong; from Jun 1787, Trung Uong Hoang De)
1776 - Oct 1793 Nguyen Van Nhac (Ho Van Nhac) (b. c.1752 - d. 1793)
nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc
Rulers (title Dai Viet Hoang De)
22 Dec 1788 - 15 Sep 1792 Nguyen Van Hue (Nguyen Quang Binh) (b. c.1752 - d. 1792)
mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung
15 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802 Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trac) (b. 1782 - d. af.1802)
nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Jun 1801: Canh Thinh
nien hieu Jun 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung
1792 - 1795 Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent
Champa (Panduranga)
Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle
of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation
of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final
portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).
Capital: Pangdarang
(Vijaya 986 - 1471;
Map of Champa Population: N/A
Indrapura 860-986;
Simhapura 4th - 860)
192 Champa Kingdom founded in the southern part of modern day Vietnam.
1145 - 1147 Annexed by Cambodia.
1312 - 1326 Vassal of Annam.
1471/1697 Tonkin/Annam annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom.
1697 - 1822 Vassal of Annam.
1822 Kingdom extinguished and incorporated into Vietnam.
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Kings
1695 - 1728 Po Saktirai da putih
1728 - 1730 Po Ganvuh da putih
1731 - 1732 Po Thuttirai
1732 - 1735 Vacant
1735 - 1763 Po Rattirai
1763 - 1765 Po Tathun da moh-rai
1765 - 1780 Po Tithuntirai da paguh
1780 - 1781 Po Tithuntirai da parang
1781 - 1783 Vacant
1783 - 1786 Chei Krei Brei
1786 - 1793 Po Tithun da parang
1793 - 1799 Po Lathun da paguh
1799 - 1822 Po Chong Chan
16 Jun 1702 British East India company founds post on the island
of Pulo Condor off the south coast of southern Vietnam.
2 Mar 1705 Garrison and settlement destroyed.
Factor
16 Jun 1702 - 2 Mar 1705 Allen Catchpoole (d. 1705)
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Governors-general
16 Nov 1887 - Apr 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
Apr 1888 - 31 May 1889 Étienne Antione Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
31 May 1889 - Apr 1891 Jules Georges Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
Apr 1891 - Jun 1891 Bideau (acting)
Jun 1891 - 31 Dec 1894 Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
Mar 1894 - Oct 1894 Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux (b. 1848 - d. 1895)
(acting for Lanessan)
Dec 1894 - Feb 1895 François Pierre Rodier (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
Feb 1895 - 10 Dec 1896 Paul Armand Rosseau (b. 1835 - d. 1896)
Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897 Augustin Juline Fourès (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 19..)
13 Feb 1897 - Oct 1902 Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
Oct 1902 - Feb 1908 Jean Baptiste Paul Beau (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
18 Feb 1908 - Sep 1908 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
Sep 1908 - Jan 1910 Antony Wladislas Klobukowski (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
Jan 1910 - Feb 1911 Albert Jean George Marie Louis (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
Picquié (acting)
Feb 1911 - Nov 1911 Paul Louis Luce
Nov 1911 - Jan 1914 Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1962)
Jan 1914 - 7 Apr 1915 Joost van Vollenhouven (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1918)
Apr 1915 - May 1916 Ernest Nestor Roume (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
May 1916 - Jan 1917 Jean Eugène Charles (acting)
Jan 1917 - May 1919 Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1919 - Feb 1920 Maurice Antoine François (b. 1874 - d. 19..)
Montguillot (1st time)(acting)
Feb 1920 - Apr 1922 Maurice Long (b. 1866 - d. 1923)
Apr 1922 - Aug 1922 François Marius Baudouin (acting)
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Aug 1922 - Apr 1925 Martial Henri Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
Apr 1925 - Nov 1925 Maurice Antoine François (s.a.)
Montguillot (2nd time)
18 Nov 1925 - Jan 1928 Alexandre Varenne (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
Jan 1928 - Aug 1928 Maurice Antoine François (s.a.)
Montguillot (3rd time)
22 Aug 1928 - 15 Jan 1934 Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier (b. 1877 - d. 1934)
15 Jan 1934 - Sep 1936 Eugène Jean Louis René Robin
Sep 1936 - 23 Aug 1939 Joseph Jules Brévié (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
23 Aug 1939 - 25 Jun 1940 Georges Catroux (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
25 Jun 1940 - 9 Mar 1945 Jean Decoux (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
9 Mar 1945 - 28 Aug 1945 Yuichi Tsuchihashi (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Takeshi Tsukamoto (b. 1896 - d. 19..)
(acting for Tsuchihashi)
Allied Military governors
- above 16th parallel -
9 Sep 1945 - 6 Mar 1946 Lu Han (China) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
- below 16th parallel -
6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 Douglas David Gracey (U.K.) (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
High Commissioners
23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
5 Oct 1945 - 31 Oct 1945 Philippe François Marie de (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting)
31 Oct 1945 - 1 Apr 1947 Georges Louis Marie Thierry (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
d'Argenlieu
1 Apr 1947 - 20 Oct 1948 Émile Bollaert (b. 1890 - d. 1978)
20 Oct 1948 - 17 Dec 1950 Léon Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
17 Dec 1950 - 11 Jan 1952 Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
Lattre de Tassigny
11 Jan 1952 - 1 Apr 1952 Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
1 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953 Jean Letourneau (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
Commissioners-general
27 Apr 1953 - 17 Aug 1953 Jean Letourneau (s.a.)
17 Aug 1953 - 10 Apr 1954 Maurice Dejean (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
10 Apr 1954 - 2 Jun 1955 Paul Henri Romuald Ély (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Jun 1955 - 21 Jul 1956 Henri Hoppenot (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
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Annam -Tonkin
Annam
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Tonkin
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French Cochinchina
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South Vietnam
3 Jun 1946 - 2 Jun 1948 2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976
Constitution
Hear National Anthem Hear National (NLF) Anthem
(26 Oct 1956 [suspended
"Thanh niên Hành Khúc" "Giài phóng mién Nam"
Map of South Vietnam Nov 1963]; 1 Apr 1967-Apr
(Call to the Citizens) (Release the South)
1975
(14 Jun 1948-30 Apr 1975) (30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976)
in Vietnamese)
Currency: South Vietnam National Holiday: 26 Oct
Capital: Saigon Dong (VNR); from 22 Sep 1975 (1955) Population: 19,370,000 (1973)
Viet Nam South Dong (VNS) Republic Day
Exports: $40 million (1965) Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 80%, Chinese, Montagnard,
GDP: $ N/A
Imports: $300 million (1965) Khmer, Cham, Malay, others 20% (1970)
Total Armed Forces (ARVAN): 1,000,000 (1971)
Religions: majority Buddhist, Roman Catholic 10%,
U.S. Forces: 525, 000 (1968)
Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, animists, others (1970)
Merchant marine: 39 ships (1974)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACCT, ADB, CP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NAM (from 1975), NPT, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
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14 Jun 1965 - 21 Apr 1975 Nguyen Van Thieu (b. 1923 - d. 2001)Mil;1968 NSDF
(chairman National Leadership Committee to 31 Oct 1967)
21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975 Tran Van Huong (b. 1903 - d. 1982)
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) Mil
30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Huynh Tan Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF
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Party abbreviations: CDP = Cochinchinese Democratic Party; CLP = Can Lao Party; DCP = Dan Chu
Party (Democracy Party); DLH = Dan Lap Hien (Constitutional Party; DVP = Dai Viet Party;
FNR = Forces for National Reconciliation; FNS = Front of National Salvation (coalition);
NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (communist "Vietcong" front); NSDF = National
Social Democratic Front (anti-communist, center-right, pro-Van Thieu, est.1969);
VNQ = Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese Nationalist Party); Mil = Military
President
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Huynh Tat Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF
Prime minister
8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975 Nguyen Huu Tho (b. 1910 - d. 1996) NLF
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Party abbreviation: NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (Communist front grouping)
North Vietnam
President of the Indochinese Communist Party (from May 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party)
(officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945, continued in secret to May 1951)
Oct 1930 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
(Nguyen Ai Quoc)
First Secretaries (top party post from 2 Sep 1969)
1941 - 1 Nov 1956 Truong Chinh (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.)
10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1908 - d. 1986)
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Prime ministers
2 Sep 1945 - 20 Sep 1955 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV
20 Sep 1955 - 2 Jul 1976 Pham Van Dong (b. 1908 - d. 2000) DLDV
Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, only
legal party; Vietnamese Communist Party [DCSV] was original name, from Feb 1930-Oct 1930.
Successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [DCSD], Oct 1930-May 1951, which was
officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam -"Viet
Minh"-, although continued it in secret to 1951); Vietnamese Workers' Party [DLDV], May 1951-
Dec 1976; and again DCSV from Dec 1976. Post of president of the party was abolished after
death of Ho Chi Minh)
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Presidents
2 Jul 1976 - 30 Mar 1980 Ton Duc Thang (s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV
30 Mar 1980 - 4 Jul 1981 Nguyen Huu Tho (acting) (s.a.) DCSV
Chairmen of the State Council
4 Jul 1981 - 18 Jun 1987 Truong Chinh (s.a.) DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 22 Sep 1992 Vo Chi Cong (b. 1913) DCSV
Presidents
23 Sep 1992 - 24 Sep 1997 Le Duc Anh (b. 1920) DCSV
24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 Tran Duc Luong (b. 1937) DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - Nguyen Minh Triet (b. 1942) DCSV
Territorial Disputes: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments
along border; after years of Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary
markers, in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement with Vietnam that
settled all but a small portion of the land boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary
with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004, Laotian-
Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces;
demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in Jun 2004, implementation has been
delayed; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by
Taiwan and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several
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Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist,
authoritarian, government party; known as Vietnamese Workers' Party DLDV to Dec 1976)
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