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Communist Party of China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Communist Party of China (CPC) (simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; traditional Chinese Communist Party
Chinese: 中國共產黨; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng), also known as the Chinese 中国共产党
Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China, a
position guaranteed by the country's constitution. The Communist Party of China was founded
in 1921, and fought the National Government of China (Republic of China) led by the
Kuomintang (KMT) during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the Communist Party of
China's victory in the Chinese Revolution. With more than 70 million members,[1] the CPC is
the largest political party in the world, with this number being but 5% of the total population of
China.
General Hu Jintao
Secretary
Contents Founded July 1, 1921 (official)
July 23, 1921 (de facto)
n 1 Role within the People's Republic of China
n 2 Organization Headquarters Zhongnanhai, Beijing
n 3 Internal or external groupings Political Marxism-Leninism (official), Maoism
n 4 History ideology (official), Deng Xiaoping Theory with
n 4.1 As Revolutionary Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics
n 4.2 As Ruling Party (official), Three Represents (official),
n 5 Viewpoints: criticism and support Scientific Development Concept (official)
n 6 Current leadership
No. of 73,360,000 (2007)
n 7 List of leaders of the Communist Party of China members
n 8 References and Notes
n 9 See also
n 10 External links
Role within the People's Republic of China

The CPC is one of the three centers of power within the People's Republic of China, the other two being the state
apparatus and the People's Liberation Army. It is the main center of power in the PRC. In areas administered by the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China 01/01/2008
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PRC outside of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China functions
effectively as a single party state.
The relationship between party and state is somewhat different from that of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
under Stalin's successors, in which the party controlled the state. In the current PRC structure, power derives from the
state position, but key state positions are invariably held by members of the party and the party through its organization
department makes crucial decisions on who occupies what position. However, in contrast to the Soviet situation where
the party had extra-legal authority, it has been established since the early 1990s that the party is subject to rule of law
Flag of the Communist Party
of China and is therefore subject to the authority of the state and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.
Within the central government, the Party and state structures are fused with the leader of a ministry or commission also
being the leader of the party body associated with that ministry. At the provincial or lower levels, the party and state heads are invariably separate,
although the party head has a high state position and the state head has a high party position. The general practice at the provincial level has been for the
governor of the province government to have been promoted through the local bureaucracy and for the party general secretary to be an outsider.
Although the PRC exercises sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China cannot interfere with the local politics of these
two special administrative regions. Instead it uses PRC United Front strategy like tactics to purposely weaken democracy camps in the region.[2] Pro-
Beijing groups have been installed since the 1990s to try and gain lower and middle class citizen support in local elections.[3]
Organization
The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated
"Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the control of the CPC.
Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every five years. The
primary organization of power in the Communist Party which are listed in the party constitution include:
n Central Committee, which includes:

n The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members; see current
members of the Politburo Standing Committee for a complete list.
n The Politburo, consisting of 24 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee) and one alternate; see current
members of the Politburo for a complete list.
n The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China;
n The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name);
n The Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is directly under the National Congress and on
the same level with the Central Committee, charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance
among party cadres.
Other central organizations include:
n General Office;
n Central Organization Department;
n Propaganda (Publicity) Department;
n International Liaison Department; and
n United Front Department
Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao, the current

General Secretary of the party.
In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are:
n Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

n Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee
n Work Committee for Central Government Organs
n Central Financial and Economic Leading Group
n Central Leading Group for Rural Work
n Central Leading Group for Party Building
n Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group
n Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group
n Commission for Protection of Party Secrets
n Leading Group for State Security The People's Liberation Army in dress
n Party History Research Centre uniform.
n Party Research Center
n Central Party School
Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest is currently on-going, and opened on October 15, 2007.
Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The
Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party
Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years.
The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo
members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the
positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to
increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2002.
There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army.
There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and
1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has
been abolished.
Internal or external groupings

Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party[4] leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions".
[5] The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second
is the "populist coalition" or "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist
Youth League. The interaction between these two factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both
committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party
and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings.
Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and
that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.[6]
History
As Revolutionary Party
Marxist ideas started to spread widely in China after the May Fourth Movement. The Communist Party of China was really initially founded by Chen
Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai in 1921 as a study society and an informal network. There were informal groups in China in 1920, and also overseas,
but the official beginning was the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 13 men in July 1921, when the formal and unified name Communist
Party of China was adopted and all other names of communist groups were dropped. Mao Zedong was present as one of two delegates from a Hunan
communist group, which had maybe 10 members out of 53 for all China. Other 12 members attended included Zhang Guotao, Wang Jingwei, Dong
Biwu, Li Hanjun, Li Da, Chen Tanqiu, Liu Renjing, Zhou Fohai, He Shuheng, Deng Enming, Chen Gongbo, Bao Huiseng (represented by Chen Duxiu
sheltering in Canton at that time) and two representatives from the Comintern, one of them being Henk Sneevliet.
Under the guidance of the Soviet Union, the party was reorganized along Leninist lines in 1923, while party members
were encouraged to join the Kuomintang as individual members in preparation for the Northern Expedition – a policy
recommended by the Dutch communist Henk Sneevliet, then Comintern representative in China (see Henk Sneevliet).
The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the first Chinese Revolution of 1925-27. Even during that
revolution, which was far before the rapid growth of the 1940s and 1950s, the party was the largest communist party in
the world, larger even than the CPSU. With the collapse of the revolution in 1927 the party was massacred at the hands
of the Kuomintang with more than 4 in 5 members being killed. The only major section of the party which survived
was the section built around Mao Zedong, which through its loyalty to the Comintern line and short-lived strategic Flag of the Chinese Soviet
"alliances" with the Kuomintang, was able to survive the slaughter. Mao Zedong achieved success using Mobile Republic, or Jiangxi Soviet,
which existed from 1931 to
Warfare, which was at first rejected by the leadership and then resumed on the famous Long March. The Western 1934 in Jiangxi Province.
world first got a clear view of the Communist Party of China through Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China.
After 1945, the civil war resumed and despite initial gains by the Kuomintang, it was defeated and forced to flee to off-shore islands, the biggest among
which is Taiwan. The Kuomintang's defeat marked the onset of the Chinese Revolution whence Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China
in Beijing on October 1, 1949.
As Ruling Party
The Communist Party of China has been penetrated by those it sought to defeat, originally a party based around the
Marxist-Leninism principles it has evolved into a Stalinist/Nationalist organization. The CPC is now condemned by Maoism
many if not all Socialist movement around the world for its deviation from Socialism. The CPC has been criticized
specifically by Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists.The CPC's ideologies have significantly evolved since its
founding. Mao's revolution that founded the PRC was nominally based on Marxism-Leninism with a rural focus
based on China's social situations at the time. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant
ideological breakdown with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev and their allies.
Since then Mao's peasant revolutionary vision and so-called "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the
proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be
complete, giving way to the disastrous Cultural Revolution. This fusion of ideas became known officially as "Mao
Zedong Thought", or Maoism outside of China. It represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in Basic concepts [show]
opposition to the Soviet Union's "Marxist revisionism". Prominent Maoists [show]
Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, however, the CCP under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved International tendencies [show]
towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform. In reversing some of Mao's
"extreme-leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist country and the market economy model were not mutually Parties [show]
exclusive. While asserting the political power of the Party itself, the change in policy generated significant economic
growth. The ideology itself, however, came into clash on both sides of the spectrum with Maoists as well as Related subjects [show]
progressive liberals, culminating with other social factors to cause the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. Deng's
vision for economic success and a new socialist market model became entrenched in the Party constitution in 1997 as Deng Xiaoping Theory.
The "third generation" of leadership under Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, and associates largely continued Deng's progressive economic vision while
overseeing the re-emergence of Chinese nationalism in the 1990s. Nationalist sentiment has seemingly also evolved to become informally the part of the
Party's guiding doctrine. As part of Jiang's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents into the 2003 revision of the Party Constitution as a
"guiding ideology", encouraging the Party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental
interests of the people." There are various interpretations of the Three Represents. Most notably, the theory has legitimized the entry of private business
owners and quasi-"bourgeoisie" elements into the party.
The insistent road of focusing almost exclusively on economic growth has led to a wide range of serious social problems. The CPC's "fourth generation"
of leadership under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao, after taking power in 2003, attempted reversing such a trend by bringing forth an integrated ideology that
tackled both social and economic concerns. This new ideology was known as the creation of a Harmonious Society using the Scientific Development
Concept.
The degree of power the Party had on the state has gradually decreased as economic liberalizations progressed. The evolution of CCP ideology has gone
through a number of defining changes that it no longer bears much resemblance to its founding principles. The CCP's current policies are fiercely
rejected as capitalist by most communists, especially anti-revisionists, and by adherents of the Chinese New Left from within the PRC. Today, college-
educated people within the People's Republic of China are said to be more likely to join because of economic benefits of membership.
The Communist Party of China comprises a single-party state form of government; although, there are parties other than the CCP within China, all of
these report to the United Front Department of the Communist Party of China and do not act as opposition or independent parties. Since the 1980s, as its
commitment to Marxist ideology has appeared to wane, the party has begun to increasingly invoke Chinese nationalism as a legitimizing principle as
opposed to the socialist construction for which the party was originally created. The change from socialism to nationalism has pleased the CCP's former
enemy, the Kuomintang (KMT), which has warmed its relations with the CCP since 2003. [7]
Viewpoints: criticism and support
There are a variety of opinions about the Communist Party of China, and opinions about the CPC often create unexpected political alliances and
divisions. For example, many chief executive officers of Western companies tend to have favorable impressions of the CPC, while many revolutionary
Maoists and other Marxists have strongly negative opinions. Trotskyists argue that the party was doomed to its present character, that of petty-bourgeois
nationalism, because of the near-annihilation of the workers' movement in the KMT betrayal of 1927, which was made possible by Stalin's order that the
Communists disarm and surrender. This slaughter forced the tiny surviving Party to switch from a workers' union- to peasant guerrilla-based
organization, and seek aid of the most heterodox sources, from "patriotic capitalists" to the dreaded KMT itself, with which it openly sought a coalition
government even into early 1949. Chinese Trotskyists from Chen Duxiu onward have called for a political revolution against what they see as an
opportunist, capitalist leadership of the CPC. Opinions about the CPC also create very strong divisions among groups normally ideologically united
such as conservatives in the United States.
Many of the unexpected opinions about the CPC result from its rare combination of attributes as a party formally based on Marxism which has overseen
a dynamic market economy, yet maintains an authoritarian political system.
Supporters of the International Tibet Independence Movement, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Falun Gong, a spiritual group, Taiwan independence,
neoconservatives in the United States and Japan, international human rights groups, proponents of civil liberties and freedom of expression, advocates
of democracy, along with many democratic and anti-authoritarian left-wing forces in those same countries, are among the groups which have opposed
the CPC government because it is said to be a repressive single-party state regime.
In addition, the extremists within the American neoconservatives sometimes argue that the Communist Party of China is a grave threat to peace because
of its authoritarian nature, its military build-up of offensive capabilities, and threats made to Taiwan.
Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but
rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt. The Chinese New Left, meanwhile, is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist
road" – i.e., to return China to the days after Mao Zedong but before the reforms of Deng Xiaoping and his successors.
Another school of thought argues that the worst of the abuses took place decades ago, and that the current leadership is not only unconnected with them,
but were actually victims of that era. They have also argued that while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than
previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and
can be put in more favorable light against most governments of the developing nations. However, farmers and other rural people have been
marginalized, and their standard of living and national influence have been greatly reduced, as a result, the CPC has recently taken sweeping measures
to regain support from the countryside, to limited success.
In addition, some scholars contend that China has never operated under a decentralized democratic regime in its several thousand years of history, and
therefore it can be argued that the structure present, albeit not up to western moral standards, is the best possible option when compared to its
alternatives. A sudden transition to democracy, they contend, would result in the economic and political upheaval that occurred in the Soviet Union in
the 1990s, and that by focusing on economic growth, China is setting the stage for a more gradual but more sustainable transition to a more liberal
system. This group sees Mainland China as being similar to Spain in the 1960s, and South Korea and Taiwan during the 1970s.
As with the first group, this school of thought brings together some unlikely political allies. Not only do most intellectuals within the Chinese
government follow this school of thinking, but it is also the common belief held amongst pro-free trade liberals in the West.
Many observers from both within and out of China have noted the CCP's gradual but sure movement towards democracy and transparency, hence
arguing that it is best to give it time and room to evolve into a better government rather than forcing an abrupt change.
Many current party officials are the sons and daughters of prominent Party officials. These young, powerful individuals are referred to as the "Crown
Prince Party," or "Princelings," and their rise to power has been criticized as a form of nepotism or cronyism.
Current leadership
The Members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China are:
n Hu Jintao – President of the People's Republic of China, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central
Military Commission
n Wu Bangguo – Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
n Wen Jiabao – Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
n Jia Qinglin – Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
n Zeng Qinghong – Vice President of the People's Republic of China, member of the CPC CC Secretariat
n Wu Guanzheng – Secretary of the CPC Discipline Inspection Commission
n Li Changchun – Head of the CPC CC Central Leading Group for Propaganda [Publicity] and Ideological Work
n Luo Gan – Secretary of the National People’s Congress Commission for Politics and Law. Educated in East Germany.
Members of the Politburo of the CPC Central committee:
Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchun, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guanzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang
Dejiang, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao, Yu Zhengsheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng
Peiyan, Wen Jiabao.
Alternate member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee: Wang Gang
Members of Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee: Zeng Qinghong, Liu Yunshan, Zhou Yongkang, He Guoqiang, Wang Gang, Xu Caihou, He
Yong.
List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

In reality, since the founding of the PRC, only four individuals have held the formal position of CPC leadership (Chairman before 1982, General
Secretary thereafter) concurrent to being China's paramount leader. They were:
n Mao Zedong (1949-1976)

n Hua Guofeng (1976-1982)
n Jiang Zemin (1992-2002)
n Hu Jintao (2002-present)
Deng Xiaoping was notably the Chinese leader who did not hold formal leadership posts in the Communist Party during his tenure as China's paramount
leader, a period which in reality lasted from 1978 to the mid-1990s.
Two people held the position of Communist Party General Secretary without holding paramount power (both were dismissed for holding stances of
social reform):
n Hu Yaobang (1982-1987)
n Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989)
References and Notes

1. ^ CPC holds grand rally to celebrate 85th founding anniversary, Xinhua News Agency, June 30, 2006 Communist Parties
2. ^ Richard C. Bush. [2005] (2005). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN
081571288X.
3. ^ Horlemann, Ralf. [2002] (2002). Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule. Routledge. ISBN 0415296811.
4. ^ http://chicagosociety.uchicago.edu/china/coverage/PoliticsPanel.pdf
5. ^ http://chinavitae.com/reference/conferencepapers/Li_Cheng.pdf
6. ^ http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=210
7. ^ See 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China. Africa [show]
[show]
See also Americas [show]
Asia [show]
n Chinese Anarchism
n Communist Party Europe [show]
n List of Communist Parties
n Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Middle East [show]
External links Related subjects [show]
n Official News of the Communist Party of China

n Official newspaper
n The Communist Party of China Council on Foreign Relations
n Mao-era Communist Party of China books and articles in English
n A Struggle Within the Chinese Communist Party Montly Review Article May 2002.
n (Russian) Short History of Communist Party
Chinese Civil War [hide]
Main events pre-1945 Main events post-1945 Specific articles

n First United Front (1924) n Political status of Taiwan
n April 12 Incident (1927) Part of the Cold War n Legal status of Taiwan
n Chinese reunification
n Nanchang Uprising n Taiwan independence
n Autumn Harvest Uprising n Cross-Strait relations
n Guangzhou Uprising n Full-scale Civil War (1946-1949)

n First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1955) Primary participants
n Encirclement Campaigns (1930-1934) n Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)
n Chinese Soviet Republic (1931-1934) n Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
n Third United Front (2005-) n Nationalist Party of China
n Long March (1934-1936)
n Xi'an Incident (1936) n Communist Party of China
n Second United Front (1937-1946)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"
Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Communist Party of China | Parties of
single-party systems | Political parties established in 1921 | Chinese Civil War
n This page was last modified 16:11, 31 December 2007.

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Communist Party of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 sur 11

Communist Party of China

Role within the People's Republic of China

n Central Committee, which includes:

Other central organizations include:

Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao, the current

n Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

Internal or external groupings

opposition to the Soviet Union's "Marxist revisionism". Prominent Maoists [show]

Viewpoints: criticism and support

Members of the Politburo of the CPC Central committee:

List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

n Mao Zedong (1949-1976)

References and Notes

See also Americas [show]

External links Related subjects [show]

n Official News of the Communist Party of China

Chinese Civil War [hide]

Main events pre-1945 Main events post-1945 Specific articles

n Nanchang Uprising n Taiwan independence

n Autumn Harvest Uprising n Cross-Strait relations

n Guangzhou Uprising n Full-scale Civil War (1946-1949)

n This page was last modified 16:11, 31 December 2007.

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