Dynamic Network Composition for Beyond 3G Networks: A 3GPP Viewpoint

Cornelia Kappler, Siemens Networks Petteri Pyhnen, Nokia Martin Johnsson, Ericsson AB Stefan Schmid, NEC Europe Ltd.

Abstract
The 3GPP network specification is currently undergoing major updates toward Beyond 3G. The evolved 3GPP Network will support interworking with multiple including non-3GPP radio access networks, and support mobility between them. It will furthermore support personal area networks and moving networks. Generally, 3GPP is moving in the direction of an all-IP network. This article gives an overview of current Beyond 3G trends in 3GPP, and particularly introduces a new 3GPP Study Item on Network Composition. The concept of Network Composition was developed by the EU project Ambient Networks. Whereas 3GPP until now assumes static networking relations, Network Composition addresses a dynamic, generic establishment of control-plane interworking between the heterogeneous network types of today, such as 3GPP core networks, non-3GPP operator networks, heterogeneous access networks, and Personal Area Networks.

he Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [1] has standardized a 3G mobile communication system known as 3GPP Network or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3GPP technology is, however, being developed further. The first Release 99, published in the year 2000, differed from the 2.5G technology General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) by introducing a new radio access network offering higher bandwidth up to 2 Mb/s. In Release 5 of 3GPP, published in 2003, the service platform IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and a downlink radio channel up to 14 Mb/s, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was introduced. A major step in Release 6, published in 2005, was the specification of WLAN-3GPP interworking. We thus see 3GPP technology is evolving, and in fact it is evolving towards a B3G (Beyond 3G) Network. This article gives an overview of the related activities in 3GPP and puts them into the context of the requirements driving this development. This article particularly focuses on a new Study Item in 3GPP, Network Composition. The concept of Network Composition originates from the 6th Framework IST Project Ambient Networks co-sponsored by the European Union. The aim of the Ambient Networks project [2] is to create concepts and network solutions for mobile and wireless systems beyond 3G. Particularly, the Ambient Networks vision includes the dynamic establishment of interworking between heterogeneous networks: core networks, access networks, personal area networks (PANs), and so on. While dynamically establishing interworking on the user plane (i.e., exchanging data packets) is less of a problem today, dynamic interworking on the control plane, for example, regarding security, mobility

or quality of service (QoS), is still a problem. Ambient networks introduced the concept of Network Composition as a dynamic, uniform procedure for enabling network interworking on the control plane [3,4]. That is, network interworking is enabled with minimal human intervention. Furthermore, it is basically the same procedure for all networks, independent of network type and network technology. 3GPP currently studies extensions to the networking concepts to be incorporated into the ongoing Release 7. In the Work Item System Architecture Evolution (SAE), mobility between the native 3GPP access network and non-3GPP access networks (e.g. WLAN and WiMAX) is being studied. In the Work Item All IP Networks (AIPN), requirements for interworking of 3GPP Networks with heterogeneous network types, for example, PANs, Personal Networks (PNs), sensor networks, or Ad-hoc networks, were analyzed. The focus is particularly on interworking on the control plane. Network Composition targets the same problem: interworking of heterogeneous network technologies and heterogeneous network types. Network Composition, however, goes beyond previous 3GPP Work Item by making the procedure to establish network interworking both dynamic and uniform. The remainder of this article is structured as follows. We give an overview of current drivers, requirements, and Work Items that are envisaged to considerably broaden the scope of 3GPP networking. We then introduce the Study Item Network Composition, explain its goals, how it relates to other 3GPP Work Items, and illustrate the scope with a use case. Finally, we summarize and discuss possible problems. For the benefit of the reader we also include a table of abbreviations which abound in this field.

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Toward B3G in 3GPP

3GPP currently puts significant effort into the evolution towards B3G. The goal of the original design of 3GPP Networks was providing high-bandwidth, seamless multimedia services to mobile users. Users were thought to own a single mono-radio technology mobile device. However, since then the world of mobile networking has changed. Today, users often own several, possibly networked, mobile devices. These devices support a number of heterogeneous access technologies with different radio access capabilities ranging from 3GPP specific accesses to access technologies like WLAN or WiMAX. The evolving 3GPP Network therefore aims to provide access and services to all these devices. Along the same lines, heterogeneous access networks are being integrated into the evolving 3GPP Network. Particularly, the seamless support of control functions such as mobility, high security, QoS, and charging across all access networks is investigated. IP thereby is considered the lingua franca common to all access networks, implying more native IPbased protocols as, for example, Mobile IP will be introduced. The long-term vision is to move towards an integrated network comprising a variety of access networks connected to an IP-based core. The remainder of this section introduces several Work Items that are currently being studied by 3GPP in the scope of B3G developments.

Mobility in 3GPP today is achieved by a 3GPP-specific protocol, GTP. For intra-3GPP mobility, GTP will be maintained. However, to achieve mobility across heterogeneous access networks, the usage of native IP-based protocols (e.g., Mobile IP) has been agreed. The challenge is to provide seamless service continuity and to maintain and support the same security, privacy and charging capabilities available in todays 3GPP system when moving between the different network types. Since a strong focus in the evolution of the 3GPP system is to also interwork with non-3GPP systems, for which it might become much harder to establish long-lived interworking agreements, the need for a dynamic mechanism or automatism such as Network Composition to enable interworking across heterogeneous networks arises.

Personal Network Management

In the AIPN Work Item, PANs and PNs have been identified as new types of user owned networks that need to be supported by and interwork with the AIPN network of the 3GPP operator. A separate Work Item has been initiated for the study of Personal Network Management (PNM). The objective is specifying the service requirements on how to manage and connect devices of a single user that are forming a PN or PAN. This being 3GPP, the focus is of course on management support by the 3GPP Network [8]. One PNM use case covers a PN composed exclusively of devices with a 3GPP radio interface and a 3GPP Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). The PNs owner can register these devices with the 3GPP Network as belonging to the PN and configure that certain services addressed to any device in the PN be redirected to a particular device in the PN. Furthermore, private network services are supported providing means to maintain privacy and restricting PN access. The other PNM use case extends the scope by allowing the PN to also include mobile devices with different capabilities like radio interfaces and end user applications. Only one device in the network must have a 3GPP radio interface and a USIM. Other devices may access the 3GPP Network in a multi-hop fashion. For both of these use cases, various requirements are presented regarding generality, usability, security, and charging.

All-IP Network
AIPN describes a longer-term vision for 3GPP Networks. For this Work Item, a feasibility study including user scenarios as well as the service requirements [5] was created. AIPN is a common IP-based network that provides IPbased network control and transport across and within multiple access systems. This includes the provision of IP-based mobility with a performance comparable to other cellular mobility mechanisms, independent of specific access or transport technologies. It is the aim of the AIPN to provide a seamless user experience for all services within and across the various access systems. AIPN shall support a wide range of networking scenarios. These scenarios include a moving PAN receiving seamless service while handing over from a home WLAN to a city-owned hotspot service to the AIPN. Scenarios also include a virtual secure Personal Network where the AIPN provides the connection between different (sub)networks owned by the same user (e.g., the home network and the PAN which is traveling with her. Another AIPN Scenario features a moving network (e.g., in a train), providing access to the AIPN for the group of users that move together.

Network Composition
In December 2005, a new Study Item entitled Network Composition, based on the results achieved in the 6th Framework EU Project Ambient Networks, was approved by the 3GPP System Architecture group. The goal of the Study Item is a feasibility study as well as recommendations for future work [9]. With contributions from both vendors and operators, this Study Item is expected to be finalized in the beginning of 2007. While the Network Composition concept is applicable to any kind of network, for this Study Item these results are considered in a 3GPP context and focus on use cases relevant to 3GPP operators. Feedback from 3GPP meanwhile resulted in updates and refinements of the continuing work in the Ambient Networks project. In the following subsections we explain the basic idea and the benefits of Network Composition and how it relates to the current work in 3GPP presented above. We also describe the generic composition procedure and highlight essential uses of Network Composition in 3GPP.

System Architecture Evolution

The SAE Work Item targets the time frame between todays 3GPP Networks and AIPN, and a subset of the AIPN scenarios. The objective is the evolution of the 3GPP Network to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency, packet-optimized system that supports multiple radio access networks and mobility between them [6]. The service requirements for the Evolved 3GPP System are currently being formulated [7]. SAE covers the networking aspects of the 3GPP system. It is synchronized with a Work Item on the 3GPP radio access network which includes a new air interface technology targeting peak bit rates of up to 100 Mb/s. In SAE, interworking with non-3GPP radio access networks is supported by a fundamental redesign of the 3GPP architecture, which includes an intersystem mobility anchor point.

Basic Ideas of Network Composition in 3GPP

Already today, 3GPP Networks interwork with other networks. This means user-plane traffic is exchanged between

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Media sense

Discovery/advertisement

Security and internetworking establishment

Composition agreement negotiation

Composition agreement realization

adaptation of certain parameters (e.g., bandwidth) within the limits preset in the framework agreement. However, also fully electronically negotiated agreements without prior framework agreement are conceivable. Network Composition furthermore is a uniform procedure. The composing networks may be of a rather heterogeneous nature, ranging from (for example) operator-owned 3GPP Networks over PANs to third-party operated access networks. The interworking enabled through Network Composition can be quite loose, as in the case of a dynamic roaming agreement. It can also be very tight, as in the case of the dynamic integration of a non3GPP access network into the evolved 3GPP Network. In this case, the result of Network Composition is a new, composed network. The point is that, despite these differences, the basic procedure for achieving the interworking in all scenarios is identical.

I Figure 1. The composition procedure. these networks after configuring control-plane interworking. A concrete example of control-plane interworking is a roaming agreement between 3GPP networks. Another example is the WLAN-3GPP interworking defined in [10], where a WLAN Access Network provides network access to mobile node based on their 3GPP subscription. As described above, current 3GPP Work Items such as AIPN, SAE and PNM broaden the scope even further and foresee interworking with all kinds of networks (e.g., PANs, moving networks, and other non-3GPP access networks). These interworking scenarios are, however, mostly of a static, preconfigured nature. For example, the WLAN-3GPP interworking is based on off-line configuration, and moreover the WLAN is expected to be immobile (i.e., the access point is statically installed and does not move [10]). Similarly, mobility support across heterogeneous access network as specified by SAE is assumed to be preconfigured. Furthermore, the procedure to achieve interworking (both technically and administratively) is highly dependent on the nature of the network and the goal of the interworking. We should also look at what interworking means in detail. For WLAN-3GPP interworking, it means that the WLAN agrees to delegates the authentication, authorization, and charging of users to the 3GPP Network. Interworking can also address the exchange of user traffic between two networks based on a Service Level Agreement, possibly guaranteeing some QoS. Interworking, however, may also address other control plane functions. For example, devices may in a moving network delegate their mobility control to a mobile router [11]. The concept of Network Composition enables dynamic interworking between networks, whereby interworking is achieved through a uniform procedure that enables interworking between the composing networks at the control plane level. As a result, Network Composition is a mechanism through which all kind of interworking scenarios independently on involved control functionalities can be achieved. Network Composition thus is a procedure that allows a dynamic establishment of interworking and interworking agreements among different networks. While a preestablished framework agreement, for example, a contract written on paper between the composing parties that defines the context (e.g., legal or commercial) within which Network Composition is carried out may be required prior to composition, the actual composition is automated and takes place on the fly. This may include the dynamic, automated (re)negotiation and

Benefits of Network Composition in 3GPP

For 3GPP Network operators, Network Composition is interesting for a number of reasons. For example, a dynamic, automated procedure for establishing network interworking saves costs compared to off-line configuration. Composition also allows operators networks to quickly react to changing resource demands by automatically extending network resources. Furthermore, the uniformity of the composition procedure is thought to facilitate interworking also with future and emerging network types and network technologies, with reduced standardization effort. As a more detailed example, let us consider the benefits of using Network Composition for establishing dynamic roaming agreements. The creation of dynamic roaming agreements is applicable in situations when the networks have few roaming subscribers, or when the networks themselves are mobile. Furthermore, network operators could extend, update, change, or withdraw existing roaming agreements on demand as need arises without having to undergo a lengthy manual negotiation process. For clarity, it should be noted that a legal framework must be in place prior to the automated negotiation. These legal frameworks are expected to not be specific to operators such that default agreements can be used.

Composition Procedure
The procedure for composing networks includes a number of phases denoted Media Sense, Discovery/Advertisement, Security and Internetworking Establishment, Composition Agreement Negotiation, and Composition Agreement Realization. Some of these phases might be optional depending on the composition scenario and they are not necessarily passed in a one-way fashion. User interaction in all these phases is minimized. We therefore assume the network is configured with policies that determine how and when to compose. Figure 1 shows the basic flow diagram. Media Sense In a first step, a network willing to compose must sense the physical or logical medium. Depending on the particular scenario, Media Sense may be performed in different ways. For instance, a new access point detects a beacon of the operator network to which it should attach, or a user device is switched on and searches for networks in its vicinity (i.e., a radio access network or a PAN). The sensing also includes the case of discovering the link to a specific remote network (no physical vicinity), for example, when two operator networks that are to be connected discover each other, facilitating what is known as virtual composition.

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Home 3GPP operator

Existing agreement New agreement

ag Roa re m em in en g t

Visited WLAN operator

On-demand roaming agreement Handover

Visited 3GPP operator

CA

Bobs PAN

Network. Also, the CA should determine whether and how IP addresses may be reassigned. In order to speed up the process, in certain environments the use of CA templates as well as the reuse of previously established CAs is envisaged. Where the CA includes commercial factors, the CA should be digitally signed by both networks to provide nonrepudiation. It is possible that the process of establishing a CA may involve increasing levels of authorization, for example, negotiation of certain resources and services may only be authorized once the two networks have agreed the commercial aspects of the CA. It is obvious that a complete and fully flexible CA negotiation requires considerable network support (e.g., regarding policy engines, protocols etc.). We therefore realistically envisage to work at least initially with predefined CA templates that could significantly speed up the time for negotiation. Composition Agreement Realization The Composition Agreement Realization phase represents the completion of the composition. During this phase, network elements are configured to reflect the CA. Thereby, each of the composing networks must also carry out the configuration of its own resources by updating the policies and their control functions. In practice, this may mean (e.g., for mobile nodes) in a moving network that they switch off their own 3GPP-based mobility control such that the mobile router can handle it on their behalf. The result of the Network Composition procedure is either a new network, an enlarged network (i.e., one network is absorbed into the other), or two interworking networks. Decomposition Procedure Inside a composed network, if one or more of the networks decide to discontinue their interworking (which could be due, for example, to switch-off of one network, to a node leaving coverage, etc.), decomposition takes place, which then also leads to the invalidation of the Composition Agreement.

I Figure 2. An example of Bob's PAN performing a handover between visited networks.

Discovery/Advertisement Depending on the situation, Media Sense is followed by either an Advertisement or a Discovery phase, or they could also be combined. These messages can be broadcasted (e.g., as beacons on layer 2) or they can be sent as targeted composition queries. With active advertisements, a network can offer resources and control services to other networks. The advertisement message includes an identifier, possibly based on cryptographic techniques, used by a network, which is included to bind the advertisement to a particular network, and may be authenticated and/or authorized at a later phase. Alternatively, the network may discover a particular resource or control service by either actively asking particular neighbors or by listening to advertisements by other networks. The Discovery/Advertisement phase allows setting up a list of candidate networks and selecting one for composition. Security and Internetworking Establishment Two networks intending to compose need to establish basic security and internetworking connectivity. The identities of the networks might be authenticated and authorized using a trusted third party. Alternatively, the required trust relationship may be based on a preestablished shared secret or may even be opportunistic (e.g., the networks only make sure they keep communicating with the same network). At some point during this message exchange or immediately afterwards, internetworking connectivity between the two networks is established. Composition Agreement Negotiation The next step of the composition procedure is the negotiation of a Composition Agreement (CA). The CA includes the policies to be followed in the composed network, the identifier of the composed network, how logical and physical resources are accessed, controlled, and/or shared between the composing networks, and so forth. Together with the framework agreement, the CA specifies the rights and duties of each composing party. For example, in case of a moving network, the CA may settle that a mobile router [11] performs mobility control towards the outside world on behalf of all mobile nodes in the moving network. In case of 3GPP-WLAN interworking, the CA may settle that the WLAN offers access to Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) services in the 3GPP

CA

Use Case: Network Compositions Involving Several Parties

We now consider a use case in which a user Bob has an active connection to a visited 3GPP operator who in turn has a roaming agreement with Bobs home 3GPP operator (Fig. 2). This roaming agreement allows the visited network to perform authentication and authorization of Bob based on credential stored in his home network. Bobs PAN is using Mobile IP for global mobility, with the home agent located in the 3GPP home network, as foreseen in SAE. Bobs PAN detects a new WLAN access network and would like to perform a handover. At this point, the WLAN does not know Bob and thus can neither authenticate nor charge him. Therefore, the WLAN operator establishes a roaming agreement with Bobs visited 3GPP operator which allows the two networks to collaborate for authentication and authorization of Bobs PAN. The Composition Agreement also settles that the WLAN later becomes reimbursed by the visited network. Since Bob is performing a handover between different technologies, he can maintain his 3GPP access until the new roaming agreement has been established. In Fig. 3 a high-level sequence diagram of the example described above is illustrated. Once Bobs PAN has detected a new WLAN access, it (pre)establishes security and internetworking with the WLAN network in order to exchange security information (e.g., authentication/authorization information).

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Bobs PAN

The WLAN network detects that it does not Advertise WLAN access network know Bob and deduces from the exchange which network can support his authentication. It discov(Pre-)establish security and internetworking ers the visited 3GPP network and triggers a composition with the goal of establishing a roaming Trigger a new composition (dynamic roaming agreement) agreement. Figure 4 depicts the establishment of the onOn-demand interoperator network composition demand interoperator Network Composition in more detail (albeit still on a rather high level), Establish security and internetworking following the composition procedure described in a previous section. The Composition Agreement between the operators provides the basis for poliComposition PAN-WLAN cy control and charging while Bob is roaming in the visited WLAN network. After successful HO execution negotiation of the Composition Agreement, the visited WLAN network and the Bobs visited HO execution 3GPP network have an up-to-date and complete roaming agreement that enables Bob to leverage the visited WLAN operators access network. Once the roaming agreement has been estabI Figure 3. High-level sequence diagram (HO: handover). lished and Bob has been authenticated successfully, the PAN performs access evaluation to evaluate handover needs. The PAN discovers that the WLAN offers additional mobility support and QoS and Work Item describes the management of PANs and Personal therefore decides to compose with the WLAN network. This Networks. AIPN is the most forward-looking Work Item and composition serves to agree on the mobility mechanisms and describes a fully IP-based network supporting PANs, PNs, protocols (e.g., Hierarchical Mobile IP [12] or NETLMM moving networks, and heterogeneous access networks. The [13]), as well as QoS mechanisms and protocols. control functions (e.g., mobility and QoS in such IP-based netIn order to compose, both security and internetworking are works), however, are supposed to reach the quality of todays upgraded between Bobs PAN and the WLAN network as 3GPP Networks. need be. The new composition may result in a local reconfiguThis article has particularly introduced a new 3GPP Study ration of Bobs PAN, for example, in order to support the Item, a feasibility study of Network Composition. The concept WLANs local mobility mechanism. Subsequently, handover is of Network Composition was developed by the EU project executed and Bobs PAN updates his new address information Ambient Networks. Compared to the other 3GPP Work in his Mobile IP home agent in the 3GPP home network. The Items, composition addresses a dynamic, generic establishComposition Agreement with the visited 3GPP operator is ment of control-plane interworking between the heterogemaintained in case Bob later moves out of coverage of the neous network types of today such as 3GPP core networks, 3GPP network. access networks, and PANs. 3GPP is planning to finalize the work on Network Composition by the end of 2006. The result of the feasibility study Conclusion and Outlook shall include recommendations regarding future work on the In this article we have presented current activities in 3GPP for topic in 3GPP. evolution of the 3GPP Network towards Beyond 3G. We preWhile we hope to have convinced the reader of the benefits sented SAE as a comparatively near-term activity for interof enabling Network Composition, a number of obvious conworking with multiple including non-3GPP radio access cerns exist that may inhibit turning these concepts into reality. networks, and support of mobility between them. The PNM A fully fledged, flexible Network Composition may take too

Visited WLAN operator

Visited 3GPP operator

1. Sense/discover 2. Attempt to access

Triggers 3. Discover 4. Establish security and connectivity Visited WLAN operator Visited 3GPP operator

Bobs PAN

7. Grant access 8. Continue with network composition

5. Negotiate roaming agreement 6. Realize roaming agreement

Network access procedure

Interoperator network composition

I Figure 4. On-demand interoperator network composition to establish a roaming agreement.

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long and require too much intelligence on the network side. We are currently working on quantifying these issues by means of simulation and prototyping. Furthermore. we expect a wide-spread usage of preestablished CA Templates to significantly decrease the time for negotiation. Another aspect to consider is migration. The composition concept will only be adopted by 3GPP (and other standardization bodies) if it can be integrated into existing networks in an evolutionary fashion. In [9], we presented a number of use cases that illustrate how this could be done. More detailed work on the problem is in progress.

[11] V. Devarapalli et al., Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol, RFC 3963, Jan. 2005. [12] H. Soliman et al., Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6), RFC 4140, Aug. 2005. [13] http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/netlmm-charter.html

Biographies
CORNELIA KAPPLER [M] (cornelia.kappler@siemens.com) studied physics at Munich University, Harvard University, and the University of Toronto. In 1995 she received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Toronto. Later she switched fields to communication networks, working for NEC Networking Laboratories, Berlin, Germany, and, since 2000, for Siemens Networks in Berlin. She is a senior researcher and manager of international research projects, and actively contributes to standardization in the IETF and 3GPP. Her research interests focus on 4G networks and signaling protocols. M ARTIN J OHNSSON (martin.johnsson@ericsson.com) graduated from KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, in 1986 with a Master of Science degree in electronic engineering. He has almost 20 years of experience in the data communication and telecommunication industry. This experience spans from firmware in the early days of programming devices for HDLC and X.25 communication to high-level global and complex internetworking architectures in his current position at Ericsson Research, Kista, Sweden. The scope of his work has covered both private as well as public networks, and incorporates knowledge and experience from wireless and different networking technologies such as HDLC, X.25, frame relay, ATM, TCP/IP, GSM/3G, and WLAN. Disciplines include mainly internetworking, naming and addressing, and routing, but also security, mobility, and QoS. PETTERI PYHNEN (petteri.poyhonen@nokia.com) received a B.Sc. degree in computer science from the University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, in 1995, and an M.Sc. degree in computer science from the University of Kuopio, Finland, in 1996. He is a senior research engineer in the Networking Technologies Laboratory at Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. His research activities include both experimental and theoretical work in data communication and mobile cellular networks. S TEFAN S CHMID [M] (Stefan.Schmid@netlab.nec.de) is a senior researcher at NEC Network Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany. He received his Ph.D. in computer science in 2002 from Lancaster University, United Kingdom. He has been active on research topics ranging from mobile and wireless networks, active and programmable networks, transport, service overlays, and autonomic communications, to network architectures. He is an active participant in next-generation network standardization fora. He is also a reviewer for numerous journals and conferences, and on the program committee of several international workshops and conferences in the area of networking and communications.

Acknowledgment
This article is a product of Ambient Networks, a research project partly supported by the European Commission under its Sixth Framework Program. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Ambient Networks project or the European Commission.

References
[1] http://www.3gpp.org/ [2] http://www.ambient-networks.org/ [3] N. Niebert et al., Ambient Networks: An Architecture for Communication Networks Beyond 3G, IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 11, Apr. 2004, pp. 1422. [4] C. Kappler et al., A Framework for Self-Organized Network Composition, Proc. 1st IFIP TC6 WG6.6 Intl. Wksp. Autonomic Commun., Springer LLNC Series, Berlin, Germany, Oct. 2004. [5] 3GPP TR 22.978, v. 7.1.0, All-IP Network (AIPN) Feasibility Study (Release 7), June 2005. [6] 3GPP TR 23.882, draft v. 1.4.2, 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and Conclusions; Stage 2 (Release 7), Oct. 2006. [7] 3GPP TS 22.278, draft v. 0.2.0, Service Requirements for Evolution of the 3GPP System; Stage 1 (Release 8), Aug. 2006. [8] 3GPP TR 22.259, v. 7.0.0, Service Requirements for Personal Network Management (PNM); Stage 1 (Release 7), Mar. 2006. [9] 3GPP TR 22.980, v. 1.0.0, Network Composition; Stage 1 (Release 7), Oct. 2006. [10] 3GPP TR 23.234, v. 7.1.0, 3GPP System to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworking; System Description (Release 7), Mar. 2006.

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