TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.THE TELEPHONE .2 A. PARTS OF A TELEPHONE .......2 1.Transmitter .3 2. Receiver......4 3. Alerter....4 4.Dial......5 B. CELLULAR TELEPHONES...6 C.MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL . 6 II.TELEPHONE SERIVCES ....8 III. THE HISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE....10 . IV. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES ...12 1.GSM ........13 2.MOBILE INTERNET......13 3. WAP........14 4. BLUETOOTH.........14 5. 3G....15 . V. EVOLUTION OF THE TELEPHONE INDUSTRY.16 1.NOKIA.........16 2.ERICSSON.......18 References ..20

I. THE TELEPHONE

Telephone, instrument that sends and receives voice messages and data. Telephones convert speech and data to electrical energy, which is sent great distances. All telephones are linked by complex switching systems called central offices or exchanges, which establish the pathway for information to travel. Telephones are used for casual conversations, to conduct business, and to summon help in an emergency (as in the 911 service in the United States). The telephone has other uses that do not involve one person talking to another, including paying bills (the caller uses the telephone to communicate with a bank's distant computer) and retrieving messages from an answering machine. About 97.4 million households in the United States have telephones and about 550 million telephone calls were made in the United States in 1994. In 1994 there were about 150 million main telephone lines in the United States and about 650 million in the world.

About half of the information passing through telephone lines occurs entirely between special-purpose telephones, such as computers with modems. A modem converts the digital bits of a computer's output to an audio tone, which is then converted to an electrical signal and passed over telephone lines to be decoded by a modem attached to a computer at the receiving end. Another special-purpose telephone is a facsimile machine, or fax machine, which produces a duplicate of a document at a distant point.

A. PARTS OF A TELEPHONE

A basic telephone set contains a transmitter that transfers the caller's voice; a receiver that amplifies sound from an incoming call; a rotary or push-button dial; a

ringer or alerter; and a small assembly of electrical parts, called the antisidetone network, that keeps the caller's voice from sounding too loud through the receiver. If it is a two-piece telephone set, the transmitter and receiver are mounted in the handset, the ringer is typically in the base, and the dial may be in either the base or handset. The handset cord connects the base to the handset, and the line cord connects the telephone to the telephone line. More sophisticated telephones may vary from this pattern. A speakerphone has a microphone and speaker in the base in addition to the transmitter and receiver in the handset. Speakerphones allow callers' hands to be free, and allow more than two people to listen and speak during a call. In a cordless phone, the handset cord is replaced by a radio link between the handset and base, but a line cord is still used. This allows a caller to move about in a limited area while on the telephone. A cellular phone has extremely miniaturized components that make it possible to combine the base and handset into one handheld unit. No line or handset cords are needed with a cellular phone. A cellular phone permits more mobility than a cordless phone.

1. TRANSMITTER

There are two common kinds of telephone transmitters: the carbon transmitter and the electret transmitter. The carbon transmitter is constructed by placing carbon granules between metal plates called electrodes. One of the metal plates is a thin diaphragm that takes variations in pressure caused by sound waves and transmits these variations to the carbon granules. The electrodes conduct electricity that flows through the carbon. Variations in pressure caused by sound waves hitting the diaphragm cause the electrical resistance of the carbon to varywhen the grains are squeezed together, they conduct electricity more easily; and when they are far apart,

they conduct electricity less efficiently. The resultant current varies with the soundwave pressure applied to the transmitter. The electret transmitter is composed of a thin disk of metal-coated plastic and a thicker, hollow metal disk. In the handset, the plastic disk is held slightly above most of the metal disk. The plastic disk is electrically charged, and an electric field is created in the space where the disks do not touch. Sound waves from the caller's voice cause the plastic disk to vibrate, which changes the distance between the disks, and so changes the intensity of the electric field between them. The variations in the electric field are translated into variations of electric current, which travels across telephone lines. An amplifier using transistors is needed with an electret transmitter to obtain sufficiently strong variations of electric current.

2. RECEIVER

The receiver of a telephone set is made from a flat ring of magnetic material with a short cuff of the same material attached to the ring's outer rim. Underneath the magnetic ring and inside the magnetic cuff is a coil of wire through which electric current, representing the sounds from the distant telephone, flows. A thin diaphragm of magnetic material is suspended from the inside edges of the magnetic ring so it is positioned between the magnet and the coil. The magnetic field created by the magnet changes with the current in the coil and makes the diaphragm vibrate. The vibrating diaphragm creates sound waves that replicate the sounds that were transformed into electricity by the other person's transmitter.

3. ALERTER

The alerter in a telephone is usually called the ringer, because for most of the telephone's history, a bell was used to indicate a call. The alerter responds only to a special frequency of electricity that is sent by the exchange in response to the request for that telephone number. Creating an electronic replacement for the bell that can provide a pleasing yet attention-getting sound at a reasonable cost was a
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surprisingly difficult task. For many people, the sound of a bell is still preferable to the sound of an electronic alerter. However, since a mechanical bell requires a certain amount of space in the telephone to be effective, smaller telephones mandate the use of electronic alerters.

4. DIAL

The telephone dial has undergone major changes in its history. Two forms of dialing still exist within the telephone system: dial pulse from a rotary dial, and multifrequency tone, which is commonly called by its original trade name of TouchTone, from a push-button dial. In a rotary dial, the numerals one to nine, followed by zero, are placed in a circle behind round holes in a movable plate. The user places a finger in the hole corresponding to the desired digit and rotates the movable plate clockwise until the user's finger hits the finger stop; then the user removes the finger. A spring mechanism causes the plate to return to its starting position, and, while the plate is turning, the mechanism opens an electrical switch the number of times equal to the dial digit. Zero receives ten switch openings since it is the last digit on the dial. The result is a number of "dial pulses" in the electrical current flowing between the telephone set and the exchange. Equipment at the exchange counts these pulses to determine the number being called. The rotary dial has been used since the 1920s. But mechanical dials are expensive to repair and the rotary-dialing process itself is slow, especially if a long string of digits is dialed. The development of inexpensive and reliable amplification provided by the introduction of the transistor in the 1960s made practical the design of a dialing system based on the transmission of relatively low power tones instead of the higher-power dial pulses. Today most telephones have push buttons instead of a rotary dial. Touch-Tone is an optional service, and telephone companies still maintain the ability to receive pulse dialing. Push-button telephones usually have a switch on the base that the customer can set to determine whether the telephone will send pulses or tones.
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B. CELLULAR TELEPHONES

A cellular telephone is designed to give the user maximum freedom of movement while using a telephone. A cellular telephone uses radio signals to communicate between the set and an antenna. The served area is divided into cells something like a honeycomb, and an antenna is placed within each cell and connected by telephone lines to one exchange devoted to cellular-telephone calls. This exchange connects cellular telephones to one another or transfers the call to a regular exchange if the call is between a cellular telephone and a noncellular telephone. The special cellular exchange, through computer control, selects the antenna closest to the telephone when service is requested. As the telephone roams, the exchange automatically determines when to change the serving cell based on the power of the radio signal received simultaneously at adjacent sites. This change occurs without interrupting conversation. Practical power considerations limit the distance between the telephone and the nearest cellular antenna, and since cellular phones use radio signals, it is very easy for unauthorized people to access communications carried out over cellular phones. Currently, digital cellular phones are gaining in popularity because the radio signals are harder to intercept and decode.

C. MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts a handset off the base. This closes an electrical switch that initiates the flow of a steady electric current over the line between the user's location and the exchange. The exchange detects the current and returns a dial tone, a precise combination of two notes that lets a caller know the line is ready.

Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or push-button dial mounted either on the handset or base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of the called party. The switching equipment in the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit is received and, after receiving the last digit, determines whether the called party is in the same exchange or a different exchange. If the called party is in the same exchange, bursts of ringing current are applied to the called party's line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to a specific electric frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by picking up the handset, steady current starts to flow in the called party's line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange then stops applying ringing and sets up a connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in a different exchange from the caller, the caller's exchange sets up a connection over the telephone network to the called party's exchange. The called exchange then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling exchange and billing machinery when the call is completed (in telephone terminology, a call is completed when the called party answers, not when the conversation is over). When the conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange then initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate. Billing equipment may or may not be involved because calls within the local calling area, which includes several nearby exchanges, may be either flat rate or message rate. In flat-rate service, the subscriber is allowed an unlimited number of calls for a fixed fee each month. For message-rate subscribers, each call involves a charge that depends on the distance between the calling and called parties and the duration of the call. A long-distance call is a call out of the local calling area and is always billed as a message-rate call.

II.

TELEPHONE SERVICES

In the United States and Canada, universal service was a stated goal of the telephone industry during the first half of the 20th centuryevery household was to have its own telephone. This goal has now been essentially reached, but before it became a reality, the only access many people had to the telephone was through pay (or public) telephones, usually placed in a neighborhood store. A pay telephone is a telephone that may have special hardware to count and safeguard coins or, more recently, to read the information off credit cards or calling cards. Additional equipment at the exchange responds to signals from the pay phone to indicate to the operator or automatic exchange how much money has been deposited or to which account the call will be charged. Today the pay phone still exists, but it usually serves as a convenience rather than as primary access to the telephone network. Computer-controlled exchange switches make it possible to offer a variety of extra services to both the residential and the business customer. Some services to which users may subscribe at extra cost are call waiting, in which a second incoming call, instead of receiving a busy signal, hears normal ringing while the subscriber hears a beep superimposed on the conversation in progress; and three-way calling, in which a second outgoing call may be placed while one is already in progress so that three subscribers can then talk to each other. Some services available to users within exchanges with the most-modern transmission systems are: caller ID, in which the calling party's number is displayed to the receiver (with the calling party's permissionsubscribers can elect to make their telephone number hidden from caller-ID services) on special equipment before the call is answered; and repeat dialing, in which a called number, if busy, will be automatically redialed for a certain amount of time. For residential service, voice mail can either be purchased from the telephone company or can be obtained by purchasing an answering machine. An answering machine usually contains a regular telephone set along with the ability to detect incoming calls and to record and play back messages, with either an audiotape or a digital system. After a preset number of rings, the answering machine plays a prerecorded message inviting the caller to leave a message to be recorded. Toll-free 800 numbers are a very popular service. Calls made to a telephone number that has an 800 area code are billed to the called party rather than to the caller. This
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is very useful to any business that uses mail-order sales, because it encourages potential customers to call to place orders. A less expensive form of 800-number service is now available for residential subscribers. Because of the popularity of 800 numbers, the area code 888 has been added to the toll-free group. In calling telephone numbers with area codes of 900, the caller is billed an extra charge, often on a per-minute basis. The use of these numbers has ranged from collecting contributions for charitable organizations, to businesses that provide information for which the caller must pay. While the United States and Canada are the most advanced countries in the world in telephone-service technologies, most other industrialized nations are not far behind. An organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, called the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), works to standardize telephone service throughout the world. Without its coordinating activities, International Direct Distance Dialing (a service that provides the ability to place international calls without the assistance of an operator) would have been extremely difficult to implement. Among its other services, the ITU creates an environment in which a special service introduced in one country can be quickly duplicated elsewhere.

III. THE HISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE

The history of the invention of the telephone is a stormy one. A number of inventors believed voice signal might be carried over wires, and all worked toward this end. The first to achieve success was a Scottish-born American inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, a speech teacher in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bell had built an experimental telegraph, which began to function strangely one day because a part had come loose. The accident gave Bell insight into how voices could be reproduced at a distance, and he constructed a transmitter and a receiver, for which he received a patent on March 7, 1876. On March 10, 1876, as he and his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, were preparing to test the mechanism, Bell spilled some acid on himself. In another room, Watson, next to the receiver, heard clearly the first telephone message: Mr. Watson, come here; I want you.

A few hours after Bell had patented his invention, another American inventor, Elisha Gray, filed a document called a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office, announcing that he was well on his way to inventing a telephone. Other inventors, such as Amos E. Dolbear, also made claim to having invented the telephone at the same time. Lawsuits were filed by various individuals, and Bell's claim to being the inventor of the first telephone had to be defended in court 600 times before the Supreme Court of the United States decided in his favor.

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IV. ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY WIRELESS AND MOBILE TELEPHONES

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Digital wireless and cellular roots go back to the 1940s when commercial mobile telephony began. Compared with the furious pace of development today, it may seem odd that mobile wireless hasn't progressed further in the last 60 years. Where are our video watch phones? There were many reasons for this delay but the most important ones were technology, cautiousness, and federal regulation. As the loading coil and vacuum tube made possible the early telephone network, the wireless revolution began only after low cost microprocessors and digital switching became available. The Bell System, producers of the finest landline telephone system in the world, moved hesitatingly and at times with disinterest toward wireless. Anything AT&T produced had to work reliably with the rest of their network and it had to make economic sense, something not possible for them with the few customers permitted by the limited frequencies available at the time. Frequency availability was in turn controlled by the Federal Communications Commission, whose regulations and unresponsiveness constituted the most significant factors hindering radiotelephone development, especially with cellular radio, delaying that technology in America by perhaps 10 years. In Europe and Japan, though, where governments could regulate their state run telephone companies less, mobile wireless came no sooner, and in most cases later than the United States. Japanese manufacturers, although not first with a working cellular radio, did equip some of the first car mounted mobile telephone services, their technology equal to whatever America was producing. Their products enabled several first commercial cellular telephone systems, starting in Bahrain, Tokyo, Osaka, Mexico City.

1.GSM During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation. This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized. The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain criteria: Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility

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Pan-European means European-wide. ISDN throughput at 64Kbs was never envisioned, indeed, the highest rate a normal GSM network can achieve is 9.6kbs. Europe saw cellular service introduced in 1981, when the Nordic Mobile Telephone System or NMT450 began operating in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway in the 450 MHz range. It was the first multinational cellular system. In 1985 Great Britain started using the Total Access Communications System or TACS at 900 MHz. Later, the West German C-Netz, the French Radiocom 2000, and the Italian RTMI/RTMS helped make up Europe's nine analog incompatible radio telephone systems. Plans were afoot during the early 1980s, however, to create a single European wide digital mobile service with advanced features and easy roaming. While North American groups concentrated on building out their robust but increasingly fraud plagued and featureless analog network, Europe planned for a digital future. GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers a seamless service in about 160 countries. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million GSM subscribers currently in Europe and Asia. In the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to GSM technology too. The imminent arrival of 3G services is challenging operators to provide consumer access to high-speed, multimedia data services and seamless integration with the Internet. For operators now offering 2G services, GSM provides a clear way to make the most of this transition to 3G. Nokia is at the forefront of this evolution, offering a common core network for GSM and GPRS, which can be upgraded at the right time to EDGE and WCDMA, the future dominant 3G standards.

2. MOBILE INTERNET Now, Mobile Internet rewrites the rules. People everywhere, from business executives to teenagers, are using new services that are relevant to their personal needs and preferences - and are accessible anytime, anywhere. Mobile Internet adds new value to staying connected. Short response times assure the validity of information. Productivity is no longer restricted by place or time. Best of all, it is possible to experience new ways of communicating, sharing information, and enjoying life. Mobile Information Society is Happening Today

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Nokia is driving Mobile Internet markets through its end-to-end solutions. Our concepts for location-relevant content, commercial services, messaging, and entertainment are leading industry growth. We can provide the means to build up your brand according your customer segments. Teaming up with Nokia gives you the experience and support you need to become an established member of Mobile Information Society - today. 3.WAP People on the move need services, information and entertainment that move with them. With access to mobile services, decisions and transactions happen here and now. Mobile services powered by Nokia and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) have been widely accepted by users. Currently there are some 50 million WAP-enabled handsets in circulation world wide and virtually every new mobile phone is likely to be WAP-enabled by the end of 2001. By 2004, the number of WAP users in Western Europe is estimated to grow to well over 200 million (source: Cahners, In-Stat Group). This growth is driven by the introduction of GPRS, WAP 2.0, Bluetooth and Mobile Commerce. Mobile services benefit from three major factors that boost information value to end users: personalisation, time-sensitivity and location awareness. Combining these elements adds even more value. Nokia is a founding member of WAP Forum. With its commitment to open standards and end-to-end global market presence, Nokia is the best partner for your mobile services solutions - whatever your position in the value network.

4.BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is a global de facto standard for wireless connectivity. Based on a low-cost, short-range radio link, Bluetooth cuts the cords that used to tie up digital devices. When two Bluetooth equipped devices come within 10 meters range of each other, they can establish a connection together. And because Bluetooth utilizes a radio-based link, it doesn't require a line-of-sight connection in order to communicate. Your laptop could send information to a printer in the next room, or your microwave could send a message to your mobile phone telling you that your meal is ready. In the future, Bluetooth is likely to be standard in tens of millions of mobile phones, PCs, laptops and a whole range of other electronic devices. As a result, the market is going to demand new innovative applications, value-added services, end-to-end solutions and much more. The possibilities opened up really are limitless, and because the radio frequency used is globally available, Bluetooth can offer fast and secure

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access to wireless connectivity all over the world. With potential like that, it's no wonder that Bluetooth is set to become the fastest adopted technology in history. 5. 3G 3G is Communications to Match Our Imaginations First there was voice. Then there was text messaging. Now, we are on the brink of mobile communications as varied and powerful as our imaginations. With 3G mobile communication standards and technologies we will communicate using voice, text, images and video: 3G is being on a train and watching clips from your favorite soap 3G is being out and sending images back to headquarters 3G is using your phone to take holiday pictures to instantly send to friends at home 3G is using your phone for a videoconference in a taxi While some of this is not quite reality yet, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) will soon give us a taste of 3G. As easy as SMS, MMS combines imaging with mobility using exciting new content and high quality displays. The first 3G networks launched in Japan in 2001 have already proven the possibilities, encouraging operators elsewhere to build their own 3G networks. Many of these are now building 3G networks and placing their confidence in Nokia. GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA and UMTS - the technologies leading up to 3G - may fascinate and surprise you, but the services and applications they enable will be easy and fun to use.

V. EVOLUTION OF THE TELEPHONE INDUSTRY THE 2 MAJOR COMPANIES

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1. NOKIA Nokia's history starts in 1865, when engineer Fredrik Idestam established a woodpulp mill in southern Finland and started manufacturing paper. Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. Nokia's products were exported first to Russia and then to the UK and France. The Nokia factory attracted a large workforce and a small community grew up around it. A community called Nokia still exists on the riverbank of Emkoski in southern Finland. The Nokia Community attracts other Companies The hydroelectricity (from the river Emkoski) which the wood-pulp mill used also attracted the Finnish Rubber Works to establish a factory in Nokia. In the 1920s, the Rubber Works started to use Nokia as their brand name. In addition to footwear (galoshes) and tires, the company later went on to manufacture rubber bands, industrial parts and raincoats. Expanding into Electronics After World War II the Finnish Rubber Works bought the majority of the Finnish Cable Works shares. The Finnish Cable Works was a company that had grown quickly due to the increasing need for power transmission and telegraph and telephone networks. Gradually the ownership of the Rubber Works and the Cable Works companies consolidated. In 1967 the companies were merged to form the Nokia Group. The Finnish Cable Works had manufactured cables for telegraph and telephone networks and in the 1960 they establishmed the Cable WorksElectronics department. At this time the seeds of Nokia's global success in telecommunications were planted. In 1967, when the Nokia Group was formed, Electronics generated three percent of the Group's net sales and provided work for 460 people. The Journey into Telecommunications Nokias Cable Work's Electronics department started to conduct research into semiconductor technology in the 1960s. This was the beginning of Nokias journey into telecommunications. In the early 1970s, the majority of telephone exchanges were electro-mechanical analog switches. Nokia began developing the digital switch (Nokia DX 200) which became a success. Nokia DX 200, which was equipped with high-level computer language and Intel microprocessors gradually evolved into the multifaceted platform that is still the basis for Nokia's network infrastructure today.

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At the same time, new legislation allowed the Finnish telecommunications authorities to set up a mobile network for car phones that was connected to the public network. The result was Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT). Opening in 1981, NMT was the world's first multinational cellular network. During the following decade, NMT was introduced in many other countries and launched the rapid expansion of the mobile phone industry. At the end of the 1980s a common standard for digital mobile telephony was developed. This standard is known as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). In 1991 Nokia made agreements to supply GSM networks to nine European countries and by August 1997 Nokia had supplied GSM systems to 59 operators in 31 countries. New Products During the 1980s, Nokia's operations rapidly expanded to new business sectors and products. The strategy was to expand rapidly on all fronts. In 1988, Nokia was a large television manufacturer and the largest information technology company in the Nordic Countries. Focusing on Telecommunications During the deep recession in Finland at the beginning of the 1990s, the telecommunications and mobile phones divisions were the supporting pillars of the Nokia. Despite the depth of the recession, Nokia came to its feet quickly as the company started streamlining its businesses. In May 1992 Nokia made the strategic decision to divest its non-core operations and focus on telecommunications. It has been rumored that a group of businessmen tried to offer Nokia to the swedish telecom company Ericsson during the recession! Today, Nokia is a world leader in digital technologies, including mobile phones, telecommunications networks, wireless data solutions and multimedia terminals.

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2. ERICSSON It all started in 1876 Ericsson is a world-leading supplier of telecommunications equipment. The company's history dates back to 1876 when the founder, Lars Magnus Ericsson, opened a repair shop for telegraph equipment. Realizing that there was a need for improvements in the telephone instruments available at that time, he started his own production. Ericsson's first major product to be launched internationally, in 1892, was a desk instrument with a separate hand-held microphone. Since then, the company has been one of the world's leading manufacturers of advanced telephone equipment, with a very high percentage of its sales outside Sweden. As early as the late 1890s, Ericsson had operations worldwide - including countries such as China, Russia and Mexico. The company's executive management already realized that the Swedish domestic market would never be large enough to fulfill Ericsson's business objectives. This foresight explains why Ericsson today has a very strong international base, with operations in more than 130 countries. This global presence enables the company to acquire unique knowledge about market conditions in all parts of the world. Based on this knowledge and on the company's high level of technical expertise, Ericsson develops telecommunications solutions for customers worldwide.

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