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CHIEF OF ARMY FIELD FORCES

Fort Monroe, Virginia


JNCLASSlFlED
UNCLASSifiED
17 November 1953
SUBJECT: Dissemination of Combat InformationC
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TO: See distribution
11F F ,(mu.- ) y'
,
1. In accordance with SR 525- 85- 5, Proce ssing of Combat Infor
mation, the inclosed EXTRACTS are forwarded for evaluation and nec
essary action. It may be appropriate, in certain cases, to take action
upon a single extracted item; in others, it may be desirable to develop
a cross-section of accumulated extracts on a particular subject before
initiating action; and, often the extracted item serves to reaffirm our
doctrine sand tec hniques.
2. Copies are furnished to other military agencies to keep them
informed concerning theater problems from the front line through the
logistical command.
3. These EXTRACTS are derived from reports which are clas
sified SECRET. For the greater convenience of the user, this Office
assigns each extracted item the lowest classification compatible with
security. No effort is made to paraphrase or delete any portion of the
extracted remarks, so that none of the original intent is lost.
FOR THE CHIEF OF ARMY FIELD FORCES:
BY MI!'TY OF
ON
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,1.-.

A. B. CHATHAM
Extracts, Items Lt Col, AGC
No 136 thru 168 Asst Adjutant General
DISTRIBUTION:
(Over)
CN 83145

UNCLASSifiED
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DISTRIBUTION:
3 ACOFS, G-l, DA
3 ACOFS, G-2, DA
10 The Surgeon General
15 ACOFS, G-3, DA
4 Chief of Transportation
20 ACOFS, G-4, DA OCAFF
1 The Adjutant General 1 Gl
2 Chief of Chaplains 1 GZ
10 Chief Chemical Officer 20 G3
10 Chief of Engineers Z G4
Z Chief of Finance 5 DT
2 Chief of Information 1 Ch
2 The Inspector General 1 Cml
2 The Judge Advocate General 1 Compt
2 Chief of Military History 1 Engr
2 Chief, National Guard Bureau 1 Info
10 Chief of Ordnance 1 Med
2 The Provost Marshal General 1 Ord
10 The Quartermaster General 1 PM
2 Executive for Reserve and 1 OM
ROTC Affairs 1 Sig .
10 Chief Signal Officer 1 Trans
COPIES FURNISHED:
134 TAG (40 CG, US Army Forces, Far East (Main); 44 CINe.
US Army, Europe; 10 ea CGls, other major oversea com
mands)
CGls
2 First Army
2 Second Army
4 Third Army
12 Fourth Army
4 Fifth Army
2 Sixth Army
4 Army AA Command
2 Military District of Washington
2 Tactical Air Command
1 Mountain & Cold Weather Tng Command
I Chairman,Joint Chiefs of Staff
I Chief of Staff, Dept of the Army
2 Chief of Naval Operations, Dept of the Navy
2 Comdt, US Marine Corps
2 Chief, Army Advisory Gp, Air Command and Staff School.
Air Univer sHy
(See next page)
i.
2
UNClASSIFIED,
RE!9J}(}C ) ED
ShSilbS; "OJ Mum JUS
UNCLASSIFIED
ATTNG-26 350. OS/22(DOCI)(17 Nov 53) 17 November 1953
Subject: Dissemination of Combat Information
COPIES FURNISHED: (Cont)
I AFF LNO. Army Cml Cen
2 Comdt of Cadets. US Military Academy
Comdt
1 Armed Forces Staff College
2 Marine Corps School
2 USAF Air-Ground Operations School
2 Counter Intelligence Corps School
2 The Provost Marshal General's School
2 Army War College
2 CGSC
2 Army General School
2 The Armored School
2 The Artillery School
2 The Infantry School
2 Army Aviation School
2 Asst Comdt, The Artillery School
AA&GM Branch
2 Chief, Army Security Agency
I Officer in Charge, Atlantic Fleet Intelligence Cen,
Attn: Ground Forces Officer
I Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group.. Secy of Defense.
Attn: Col Train
Pres
I Bd No 1, OCAFF
I Bd No 2, OCAFF
1 Bd No 3, OCAFF
1 Bd No 4, OCAFF
1 CO, Arctic Test Branch, OCAFF
Chiefs
1 HR U No I, OCAFF
I HRU No 2, OCAFF
I HRU No 3, OCAFF
I Dir of Special Weapons Developments, AFF
I Dir, Air University Library
OCAFF
1 DCOFS
2 Combat Developments OCAFF
4 Combat Arms Advisory Gp 5 G3 (26)
2 British Liaison Officer 1 AG Records
2 Canadian Liaison Officer 11 Extra copies
3
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 136
NIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY FOR TARGET LOCATION. - The employ
ment of flash and other ground opts in locating enemy artillery has cer
tain inherent limitations. The two most obvious are the inability of an
OP to keep its entire sector under continuous observation, and during
periods of moderate or heavy enemy artillery firing to locate or engage
more than a few targets,
The requirement for locating active enemy artillery goes beyond
the immediate, but important, requirement for neutralization fires. Of
greater importance is the need for verifying occupied locations so that
they can be engaged for destruction by using observed fire techniques, as
soon as visibility and other factors permit. Considering the large number
of artillery positions (tunnels, bunkers, caves) which the enemy have con
structed, and the relatively large number of these that are unoccupied on
any given day, it is of vital importance that targets engaged be not just a
position, but an occupied position. To assist in solving this problem,
experiments have been made with night photography.
Essentially the technique of night photography involved a nighttime
shot double exposed on a previously taken daylight exposure. This per
mits location of active enemy artillery positions on a photograph which
gives sufficient detail to locate those positions. The observed destruc
tion firing can then be directed on positions definitely occupied. Results
so far have been encouraging. On at least one occasion a new enemy ar
tillery position was picked up. Normally the positions picked up were
already existing positions, occupancy of which was undetermined at that
time.
While the technique has been employed only in fixed position war
fare it would be of equal value in a war of movement. Also this technique
could be employed by division artillery to aid in Ioca ting targets other
than enemy artillery.
When one considers the cost of one round of delivered 8" howitzer
ammunition and the number of rounds required to destroy a single enemy
artillery position, the real value of any target getting technique whose end
is to engage not only positions but occupied positions is evident. Recom
mend that the experiment be continued by the appropriate agencies in the
CONUS.
INCLOSURE
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Detailed Procedures:
a. One or more Op1s are selected from which enemy artillery
activity, actual" or expected, can be observed. After the azimuth to the
center of the area has been determined the photographer(s) is briefed.
He is told what azimuth on which to lay his camera, and during what hour
or hours photograph is required.
b. The photographer arrives at the OP during daylight hours. The
camera is solidly mounted on sandbags and laid on the proper azimuth,
which is checked on the ground-glass focusing screen of the camera. At
this point the daylight exposure{s} is made. The exposure used is 1/2
stop und =l' normal exposure, using a regular high- speed panchromatic
film such as Super XX.
c. After the daylight exposure is made the camera and film re
main fixed in position. During hours of darkness the shutter is opened
for about one hour, to approximately f5.6, to take advantage of night,
illumination. The result when the film is developed is a normal daylight
shot with pinpoint flashes indicating active artillery superimposed
on the photo.
d. The second shot may be taken in reverse fashion, i. e., take
the nighttime exposure first and the daylight shot in the morning. Addi
tionally, on a bright moonlight or starlight night a shot may be taken
during the night only. This requires from two to four hours exposure.
The results are difficult to read because of shadows and lack of detail.
Another possibility is to take a normal daytime shot and a series of night
exposures on separate film strips. Printing these requires a series of
successive superimpositions in printing which are at best difficult. The
first method outlined has been found to be the most practical.
e. The film is forwarded by air to the photo lab and completely
developed and printed within 40 minutes after arrival. From there the
finished product is sent to the corps artillery S- 2 for evaluation.
f. At this point the problem is one of matching the photo to the
counterbattery map. Since the coordinates of the OP are known and the
coordinates of distant points on the photo can be determined, a series of
directional rays can be drawn on the photo. Generally if the photograph
is a good one, inspection alone will give the location once the azimuth is
known. However, two photographs from an OP base can be taken and in
tersecting rays plotted on the counterbattery made to give ;:1. higher degree
of accuracy. __ __.....
2
UNCLASSIFIED

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g. In most cases the ray plots through a known location confirm
ing the fact that it is presently occupied. When a new position is picked
up, it should be verified by other means as soon as possible. A little
practice makes it possible to discern between outgoing enemy artillery
the larger and more irregular light spot indicating our own outgoing
artillery landing. Thus far no experiments have been conducted on super
imposing a g,rid on the photograph. It has not been found necessary for
counterbatte.ry purposes and there is considerable doubt if a horizontal
(range) grid is feasible, although a verticle (angle of site) grid and di
rectional rays can be penciled on in a short time.
h. Equipment used in this experiment was the standard PU=4'? .. ,
Speed Graphic with either Super XX or Superpan Press film. So far no
tripod has been available for the camera. The normally issued tripods
have not been found satisfactory for this work. The "combat tripod
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con
sisting of a heavy-duty pan-tilt head, and short "machine gun" tripod
legs can be solidly locked in position, and will allow the aperture and
lens setting of the camera to be locked in position without disturbing the
camera position. The short legs allow it to be set in the OP aperture
thus minimizing danger to the photographer.
,r i. A simple camera could be constructed which would permit
1 wider use of this technique without the necessity for highly trained pho
tographers. The requirements for such a camera are:
(1) Lens; focal length 8-10", aperture f5.6 or 4.5 to f22.
(2) Shutters; time 1/25, 1/50, 1/100 sec.
(3) Focus; fi.xed at infinity.
(4 ) Body; all metal with simple wire frame view finder.
(5) Standard 4" x 5" cut film holders or film pack adapters.
(6 ) Gro sing pa ne I.

j. The focal length on the PH-47 camera (5
11
) is not ideal for this
work since, at the range involved, not enough detail is given. (Com
mand Report - 101st Sig Bn - May 1953)
L OCAFF Comment: The method described above is worthy of
further exploitation and development. Thi.s information should be of value
to combat troops in an active situation.
3
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With reference to the recommendation for a camera with different
lens characteristics than that normal to the PH-47, an accessory lens
for use with this camera is the PH-277. It has a 10" focal length and an
aperture of f. 1:4.85. This lens has been included in the proposed revi
sion of the T/O&E of the Signal Battalion (Corps)..:,.7
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/ (RESTRICTED) __ 9.:'>' ITEM NO 137
TEST FIRING lSS-MM VT AMMUNITION. - Test firing of lSS-mm
gun ammunition with VT fuze T76E9 has been conducted in Korea during
the past three months. As a safety precaution, test firing was conducted
from positions within five seconds time of flight from the front lines.
Thirty early bursts, varying from nine seconds after firing to five seconds
before termination of trajectory, were reported among the 1,298 rounds
tested with normal or super charge. Results of the tests compare favor
ably with those attained by using VT fuzed ammunition in weapons of other
calibers. The higher muzzle velocity of the lSS-mm gun had no material
effect on the fuze, and use of the VT fuze greatly increased the effective
ness of the ISS-mm gun. (Command Report - Eighth Army - Mar 53)
L OCAFF Comment: The current production VT Fuze, T227, for
application with ISS-mm and larger caliber weapons is designed for use
with the lSS-mm The use of any VT fuze with ISS-mm gun projectiles
is predicated upon the availability of deep-cavitized shells. Although
future production is expected to incorporate the deep-cavity feature, pres
ent stocks of lSS-mm gun ammunition do not.
For other items on this subject. refer to Source No 730 and 731, in
closure to letter, ATTNG-26 350.05/6 (DOCI)(C)(18 May 53), OCAFF,
18 May 1953, subject: "Dissemination of Combat Information.
4
UNCLASSIFIED
IINCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 139
DIFFICULTIES WITH CAST IRON BRACES FOR RADIOS. - Diffi
culties have already been encountered with the ca st iron brace which holds
the radio to the jeep fender. Rough roads of Korea over which military
police operate, make this brace impracticable. A modification in the
form of a steel mounting together with salvage tires for cushions to ride
between mount and the jeep fender is being developed by this unit.
(Command Report - 728th MP Bn - Jul 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 140
ACCIDENTAL SETTING OFF NAPALM MINES. - Care is needed
to prevent linemen from tapping into wires attached to napalm mines and
setting them off with EE-8 telephones. (Command Report - 35th Inf Regt
May 53)
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 141
INADEQUACY OF M2 and M3 SMOKE GENERATORS FOR REAR
AREA OPERA TIONS. - Due to congestion, inadequate road nets, and
poor visibility, the mobility of the smoke generator is curtailed in rear
area installation missions. The comparatively short period of time the
M2 or M3 smoke generator is able to produce smoke without resupply of
fog oil has been found to be a disadvantage, as resupply is hampered by
the same factors that curtail the mobility of the smoke generator. The
volume of smoke produced by the M2 or M3 smoke generator is too small
to rapidly cover the large areas usually assigned to rear area smoke op
erations.
Recommend that a study be initiated to invest 'gate the requirement
of a smoke generator similar to the Ml smoke generator. This smoke
generator should produce a la rge volume of smoke in a short period of
time with a fuel supply of 6 - 8 hours available at semipermanent instal
lations, which would "Box" the vital areas. Such a smoke generator
supplemented, if necessary, with mobile M2 or M3 smoke generators
would provide a more rapid and denser smoke coverage than than pres
ently available with the M2 and M3 smoke generator. (Command Report
Korea-k Base Section - Jun 53)
5
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(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 142
VT FUZE WITH PERCUSSION ELEMENT. - Occasionally, vari
able time fuzes have failed to activate and duds have resulted.
Recommend that action be taken to expedite the delivery of variable
time fuzes containing a percussion element. (Command Report - 39th
FA Bn - May 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 143
PRIME MOVER FOR 240-MM HOWITZER. - This unit is organized
as a 240-mm howitzer battalion, towed, under T/O&E 6-515, 18 July 50,
with Changes 1 and 2. This T/O&E authorizes 12 M-6 tractors as prime
movers for the battalion. Four tractors are issued to each of the three
firing batteries and are used as prime movers for the two howitzers and
two carriages per battery. The authorization of 12 M-6 tractors does
not provide one spare prime mover in the battalion. Through the experi
ence gained on movements, it has been found that one or more of the
M-6' s usually breaks down. In the event this battalion had to displace as
a unit within a short time it might not be possible to move all pieces to
the new site.
Recommend that this battalion and other battalions organized under
T /O&E 6- 515 be authorized one additional M-6 tractor per firing battery
. (Command Report - 159th FA Bn - Jun 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 144
DITCH DRAINAGE. - In many instances along the MSR, the depth
of ditch necessary to properly drain the subgrade, results in the adjoin
ing rice paddy water level being at a higher elevation than the ditch. Dur
ing the growing season, the farmers protect and maintain their dikes
but during the winter months the dikes fall into disrepair and drain the
paddy into the ditches, thus saturating the road subgrade which causes a
pumping action to take place under sustained heavy traffic. To prevent
the saturation of the subgrade, the practice of placing an insulating layer
of granular material below the subgrade has been adopted. The minimum
thickness of the insulating layer has been set at four inches. To avoid
frost boils and pumping action the insulating blanket is being used in cuts
by excavating below grade and backfilling with the granular material.
(Command Report - 24th Engr Construction Gp)
--
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/- OCAFF Comment: For other extract on this subject, see Item
No 48;- inclosure to letter, A TTNG- 26 350.05/11 (DOCI)(C)(10 Sep 53),
OCAFF, 10 September 1953, subject: "Dissemination of Combat Infor
mation.:.:....7
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 145
VOLTAGE REGULA TOR FOR POR TABLE ELECTROSURGICAL
UNIT. - The electrosurgical unit, portable, medical stock number
3-275-600, has been found difficult to maintain in the field. Medical
maintenance personnel have suggested that this is due to the uneven power
supplied by field generators. A particular condensor in the internal cir
cuit of the unit has been found to be the weak point and is frequently burned
out. A voltage regulator is needed in conjunction with the apparatus to
prevent these surges in the current. Such a regulator is a signal item
and not authorized at the present time.
Recommend that when an electrosurgical unit, portable, is to be
used in the field, a voltage regulator be included with the item at the time
of issue. (Command Report - 46th Surgical Hosp - Jun 53)
r OCAFF Comment: Action to correct this defic iency has been

(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 146
MODIFICATION OF AN/MPO-IO RADAR. - Under normal opera
tions two men are required to prepare the set for automatic tracking.
One man operates the console and the other man changes a: switch on the
RD-54 from "Sector Scan" to "Standby." With a modification, the switch
on the RD- 54 can be Ie ft in the "Standby" po sition. The Azimuth Bug
could then be placed in "Sector Scan
'l
or "Standby" by the radar operator
at the console. This modification has been employed by this battalion
and has proved efficient.
Recommend that a switch for the control of "Sector Scan-Standby"
be wired in parallel with the present switch located on the Azimuth Elec
tronic Control Amplifier AM-489- TP (RD- 54). and plac ed on the console.
(Command Report - 19th FA Bn - JUT! 53)
7
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(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 147
USE OF INFRARED FLASHLIGHT FILTERS. - A test was conducted
to determine the effectiveness of infrared flashlight filters used in con
junction with metascopes as a means of communication and control. The
following facts were found:
a. Signals can be transmitted up to 700 yards with an effective
distance of 150 yards under favorable conditions.
b. The best all-around effective range lies between 75 and 100
yards.
c. Signals can be transmitted between the support group and the
assault group of any patrol.
d. It is possible and very practical to arrange simple messages
in advance for transmission, especially between patrols and support
groups.
e. The device is suitable for use in identification of returning.
patrols.
f. If a patrol is engaged, signaling is not effective because of
flashes of small arms fire and exploding shells.
g. Signals identifying friendly patrols could be controlled and co
ordinated on a regimental or divisional level, thus reducing the chance
of engagement between friendly forces from flanking regiments or bat
talions.
h. The infrared filter and metascope can be used to good advantage
between combat outposts or combat posts and the MLR. (Command Re
port - 35th Inf Regt - May 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 148
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS FOR FIELD NEUROSURGICAL DE
TACHMENT. - During the past month a neurosurgical patient expired
post-operatively who could have been saved by skilled nursing care and
the realization on the part of the nursing staff that the patient was doing
poorly so that a doctor could have been notified. At the time of the initial
UNCLASSIFIED
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formation of the neurosurgical detachments for assignment to the surgical
hospitals these units were provisional and the 1'/0 included four nurses
for the performance of post-operative ward care. When these detachments
were made permanent, only an operating room nurse and no ward nurses
were authorized. It has been found that neurosurgical casualties require
a specialized type of nursing. It is constantly apparent that, try as they
may, personnel taking care of many various types of cases cannot main
tain the necessary mental approach to the care of the unconscious patient.
Recommend that the 1'/0 of a field neurosurgical detachment be in
creased by three nurses to a total of four, all to have ward nursing rather
than operating room experience. (Command Report - 46th Surgical Hosp -
Jun 53)
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 149
TRAINING OF MEDICAL ENLISTED PERSONNEL. - A large per
centage of enlisted personnel received directly from basic training in
CONUS with MOS of 5657 and 1666, fall in mental groups IV and V. Be
cause of the low intelligence scores, the absolute lack of previous medi
calor hospital experience, and lack of interest and adaptability on the
part of most of these men, it is not considered desirable to use them in
the care of patients. (Command Report - 48th Surgical Hosp - Jun 53)
r OCAFF Comment: A surgical hospital (mobile Army) is auth
ori?,ed-medical corpsmen (MOS 5657) but not medical aidmen (MOS 1666).
In basic medical training the highest quality trainees are sent to
medical service schools for tra ining in the ad vanc ed technic ian special
ties, and then as signed to medical units including surgical ho spitals (mo
bile Army) and other hospitals. The next quality trainees are awarded
MOS 1666 and assigned to medical detachments and medical companies
where they serve at times with minimum supervision. The remaining
trainees are awarded MOS 5657 and are assigned to hospitals where ap
propriate supervision can be given by nurses and doctors.:.?
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO t50
DEFICIENCIES OF COMBAT BOOTS, INSULA TED. - A study was
conducted to determine failure of boots, combat, insulated. 'utilized in
the Eighth Army area during the winter 1952-53. A total of <)85 pairs of
boots were classified as unserviceable, out of 90,000 pairs of boots
9
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processed by OM reclamation and maintenance center. A breakdown of
the failures noted included peeling of the material used to attach the toe,
lip and heel surface to the boot, hook and eyelets being pulled out or
ripped through the edge of the stay; the heel pieces tearing off. Of the
failures noted, a high percentage of repairs can be made at the service
centers by,vulcanizing with hot patches. The present specification for
boots, combat, insulated, should be revised to eliminate the use of hooks
and to use eyelets only. (Command Report - 443d OM Base Depot - Jun
53)
r OCAFF Comment: The deficiencies indicated in the boot, com
bat rubber insulated have been corrected. Stronger material is being
used to attach the soles and heels, and hooks have been eliminated in
boots now being procured.:]
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 151
OM MOBILE FIRE UNIT REPAIR SHOP. - The field service pla
toon put into operation a mobile fire unit repair shop. A rack holding
six fire units, tools. and commonly used spare parts has been mounted
on a 1/4-ton trailer. This shop moves to forward area kitchens where
M-37 fire units may be repaired. By on-the-spot repairs or exchange
of fire units at the company level, it is anticipated that a decrease of
800/0 in fire units overhauled will be experienced. A major overhaul costs
approximately $7. 19 and past records indicate that approximately 400
are overhauled for the Division each month. (Command Report - 3d OM
Co- Jun 53)
r OCAFF Comment: Mobile repair teams providing direct on
the-spot service to the user have proved valuable during World War II
as well as in
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 152
NEW SERIES RADIOS. - The new series radios continue to per
form in an excellent manner. The greatest problem has been the short
life of the dry cell batteries for the AN/PRC-9 series. (Command Re
port - 75th FA Bn - Jun 53)
10
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(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 153
SIZE OF COMBAT PA TROLS. - Due to the proximity of MLR's
and the consequent ability of an experienced enemy to reinforce rapidly,
the custom had been established in previous sectors held by this regi
ment of dispatching only strong self-supporting patrols. In the present
area, however, the regiment has found that the majority of enemy patrols
are small.in size and are encountered sufficiently far from enemy lines
to preclude rapid enemy reinforcement. Our larger size patrols had
thus restricted stealth and movement without any compensating advantage.
In view of this, the battalions are now using smaller patrols except where
the objective is close to enemy position. (Command Report - 27th Inf
Regt - Jun 53)
L OCAFF Comment: The size of a patrol should be determined
by the mission assigned the patrol. The size of a patrol to accomplish
a given mission should be established as soon as the requirement for the
mission is determined.7
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 154
ENGINEER EQUIPMENT CHANGES IN T/O&E 6-126. - T/O&E
No 6-126, 15 May 1952, includes under engineer equipment, one com
mand post and fire din-dion equipment set, No 1. Among the compon
ents found in this set are the following items:
Eight scale coordinate, plastic, stock number 18-6764.500-500.
1:20,000 and 1:62,500 in yards on one side.
1:25,000 and 1:50,000 in meters on one side.
These have proved unsatisfactory for the following reasons:
a. Construction of light plastic causes excessive breakage.
b. Many have been found to be inaccurate by as much as 40
meters or yards.
c. There is no further need for 1:20, 000 and 1:62,000 in yards
on one side. This leads to confusion for the user and maps of this scale
are no longer available in such quantity as to justify continuation of this
scale.
d. Insufficient quantity due to large number of personnel required
to read coordinates.
11
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Recommend that:
a. The scale, coordinate, be constructed of light metal with
scales etched thereon to improve durability and accuracy.
b. The scales contain 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 in meters on both
sides to eliminate confusion.
c. The number of scales, coordinate, issued be increased to in
clude one per liaison officer and one per forward observer in field artil
lery battalion. (Command Report - 10th FA Bn - May 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 155
REGIMENTAL TAC PAR TY. - A regimental tactical air control
party headed by a lieutenant is as signed to the regiment. The regimental
TACP should:
a. Be familiar with all aspects of air-ground operations prior to
being assigned as TACP's.
b. Be designated a member of the regimental commander's spe
cial staff and work closely with the 5-2 and 5-3 in their selection of tar
gets for ground controlled, air controlled and MPQ air strikes.
c. Be required to monitor radio transmissions of all planes op
erating in support of the regiment, including MPQ air strikes.
d. Effect liaison in order to obtain information concerning time
and place of air support missions prior to their actual delivery. This
information is desired in order to facilitate observation by ground OP's
of the results of the air drops. (Command Report - 35th Inf Regt
May 53)
L OCAFF Comment: Responsibility for providing the equipment
and personnel for the TACP (less the Forward Air Controller) will be
transferred from the Air Force to the Army, effective 1 January 1954,
in accordance with AR 95-330/AFR 55-9, 27 August 1953.
The TACP is especially organized to direct close air support by
the use of radio and visual means in the vicinity of forward ground ele
ments (1. e. the battalion level or below). At the regimental level the
12
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forward air controller (FAC) functions as an air liaison officer. He
should be qualified to perform the duties indicated above. While it is not
practical to designate him as a member of the regimental commander's
staff, his status and function is similar to that of the artillery liaison
officer.:.]
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 156
USE OF DUMMY POSITIONS. - This regiment has employed dum
mies. dummy positions, and dummy tank turrets to draw fire and atten
tion from occupied MLR and outpost positions. This was a coordinated
program, each battalion developing "masquerade" areas within its sector
and the regimental tank company building and placing dummy tank turrets.
To further create the impression that these false positions are occupied,
fresh earth, new wire, and a few tin cans were left in the immediate
area. Damp wood and green wood left smoking in or near a dummy posi
tion, or a' candle left burning in a dummy position at night are some of
the other methods used to give the positions the appearance of being oc
cupied. By using recoilless rifle fire and machine gun fires displaced
to these dummy positions at night, a furthe r illusion of occupancy was
created. Proof of the success of this plan was evidenced by the enemy's
beginning to shell these dummy positions when they are started and his
continua Hon of this shelling.
The use of the dummy and decoy positions should be a definite part
of all defensive works. The cleverness and skill of the commander in
this matter will reduce his casualties and cause the enemy to adopt plans
based on false assumptions. However, the plan should be carried out
by regimental or higher headquarters so that coordination.and continuity
of effort will be effected. (Command Report - 17th Inf Regt - May 53)
L OCAFF Comment: The use of dummy positions should be in
corporated into and governed by the plans of higher headquarters. De
partment of the Army Training Circular No 8, 22 May 1953, defines and
outlines the scope and objectives of combat deception.7
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 157
FIRING PLATFORM Ml FOR TOWED 8-INCH HOWITZER. - It
has been necessary on many occasions, in order to silence active enemy
artillery, to fire howitzers on or near limit of traverse. This has
in frequent shifting of the piece withthe resultant displacement
13


J2Bb;;"; he: o:tt 'C'ha
which has a serio,us adverse effect on the accuracy in precision destru<r
Hon missions. A second result of firing near or on the limit of traverse
is the diSlodgement of the rear spades which necessitates the cessation.
of fire until the spades and "dead-men" can be re-emplaced. As a pos
sible solution to alleviate this condition, recommend that a firing plat
form Ml such as designed as auxiliary equipment for the ISS-mm gun _.
on heavy field carriage Ml, which is the same carriage used by the 8"
howitzer" towed, be utilized to permit the rapid shifting of the howitzer.
(Command Report - 424th FA Bn - Jun 53)
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 158
CHANGES TO T/O&:E. - Recommend that:
a. An "A" frame be perfected for attachment to the front of a
3/4-ton truck for the purpose of lifting drums of POL products.
b. This type unit be authorized three 3/4-ton trucks with an "A"
frame on each.
c. Authorization of 30-gallon-per-minute dispensers and 100
gallon-per-minute dispensers be deleted from T/O&:E inasmuch as 50
and 225-gallon-per-minute dispensers are considered sufficient for op
erations and are far superior to the 30 and 100-gallon-per-minute dis
penser s.
d. This type unit be authorized a foam fire truck for each
5,000,000 gallons of POL stored. (Command Report - 529th QM Petro":
leum Supply Co - May 53)
L OCAFF Comment: T/O&:E 10-77, Quarterm
<pc'
aster Petroleum ("'(.
Supply Company recently revised and forwarded to DA for final approval
and publication includes the item kit IIA" frame for 12 of its organic
trucks, cargo, 2-1/2-ton,6x6, M35, WW. These IIA" frames with the
contingent item sling barrel chain, 3 leg, endless 2 hooks, each leg
3/8 in x 12 ft, are for the purpose of lifting drums of petroleum products.
The items, pump, gas, dispensing, 50-gallon-per-minute, and pump,
dispens ing, 225- gallon-per-minute, are both included in t'he revised
T /O&:E. Both of these pumps were recently standardized in T /O&:E' s.
The authorization of a foam fire truck in T/O&:E 10-77, When the
unit stores 5,000,000 gallons of petroleum is not considered justified.
The normal mission of this unit is one of operating from one to six
14
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petroleum supply points. Its secondary mission may be one of operating
bulk storage facilities for a short period of time when these facilities
are located in the forward areas of supply. The storage of 5,000,000
gallons of petroleum is considered beyond the scope of the unitls second
ary mis sion and one rightfully belonging to T /O&E 10- 377, Quarter-
ma ster Petroleum Depot Company.:.7
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 159
OM LAUNDRY COMPANY TUMBLER AND WASHER. - The T/O&E
of a quartermaster company, infantry division, authorizes two units,
laundry, mobile, two-trailer type for the field service platoon.
Each of these units is composed of one washer trailer and one
tumbler trailer (dryer). Experience indica te s that the normal capacity
of the washer trailer is twice that of the tumbler (180 lbs for the washer
to 90 lbs for the tumbler in a one-hour period). To provide the additional
drying facilities to balance the was hing capacity, various field expedients
are presently being used. However, none has yet been devised which is
satisfactory or effective during rainy weather or the cold winter season.
Neither are they so readily available for instant use as is the tumbler
trailer. After periods of movement, and during rainy weather or the
cold winter season, mobile field laundries are forced to operate at half
capacity as a result of the lack of drying facilities.
Recommend that the T /O&E for division quartermaster companies
and laundry companies be amended to include two tumbler trailers per
washer trailer. (Command Report - 3d OM Co - Jun 53)
L OCAFF Comment: Action is under way to increase the tumbler
capacity of the mobile laundry to 180 pounds per hour. For other ex
tract on this subject, see Item 160, this inclosure..:]
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 160
DRYING OF LAUNDRY. - Due to the reduced drying capabilities
of the tumblers in comparison to the washers processing volume. a defi
nite drying problem is created. At the present time wire lines are being
utilized in all available areas to facilitate the drying process, this
method being necessarily used only under favorable weather conditions.
Nelson heaters are also being utilized to supplement the laundry tumblers
in the drying process. (Command Report - 539th OM Ldry Co - May 53)
15
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r OCAFF Comment: The problem of inbalance between the wash
ing and drying operations has been noted in many reports both combat
and training.
The two-trailer mobile laundry was designed to produce balanced
operation at a production rate of 120 pounds (dry) of laundry per hour.
Tests at the Quartermaster Board, Fort Lee, Virginia, showed that this
design was. met. Two washer loads per hour equal 120 pounds per hour.
When the time of the wash formulas is reduced so that more than
two loads per hour can pass through the washer more work is passed on
to the extractor with a corresponding decrease in quality of laundering.
This would tend to prevent thorough extracting (centrifuging). Normal
extraction should have a residual moisture of approximately 380/0. Both
of these changes, if practiced, pass more pounds of laundry with larger
moisture content to the dryer. Quartermaster observers are investigat
ing laundry operating procedures to determine to what extent this is being
practiced.
Recognition has been mack of a need for larger drying capacity
when the wash formulas arc shortened, despite the reduction in quality
of the work processed. Action has l)('cl1 taken to increase the tumbler
capacity of 180 pounds per hour by more air through the tumbler,
and at the same time nlOrc fuel. A I, OOO-hour laboratory test
is currently in progress to ridVrTllllll' if till' hea.t exchangers designed
for this increased capacity will have il. Hf. expectancy.:.}
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 161
PORTABLE FOX HOLE - TIl(' 2,d Rocket Field Artillery
Battery has obtained four fox covers made of 1/4-inch
armor plate. Twenty more of thcsv covers are to be obtained to make
a total of 24. Each of the 12 rockd sections will have two of these covers,
which wi.LI give the section more ad('quate protection from premature
rocket bursts. (Command Report - 75th FA Bn - Jun 53)
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 162
INSTRUCTION IN CONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSIVE POSITIONS.
It is evident that with the mass artillery and mortar technique used by
the enemy, any fixed defensive position of the future must depend upon
protection afforded by the heavy decply- sunk bunker s now used. Prepar
atinn of such a position requires not only knowledge of the bunker
16
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5 II
construction itself but a basic understanding of how to plan the develop
ment of the position in order to utilize available manpower to the maxi
mum. This is essentially a problem of small job planning and organiza
tion. Although this regiment has an adequate SOP on the subject, the
junior officer s and NCO's had difficulty at fir st in following it because of
their inexperience in planning such projects.
Reco.mmend that appropriate service schools include instruction i ~
the design of heavy bunkered positions and construction planning incident
thereto. (Command Report - 27th Inf Regt - Jun 53)
r OCAFF Comment: Letter, ATTNG-24 353/151{7 Jul 53),
OCAFF. 7 July 1953, subject: "Model Defensive Positions," is designed
to implemL'nt instruction in planning construction and occupation of de",:
fensive positions. Emphasis is not placed on actual construction of these
positions due to limited training time. Training in planning and defense
of permanent type field fortifications is being employed as concurrent
training in ATP's and is being emphasized in leaders' courses:..]
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 163
REQUIREMENT FOR LIGHT A UTOMA TIC WEAPON. - Critique of
the raid on "Old Charlie
ll
revealed that moverr.cnt of the assault team up
the steep slopes was slowed down by the weight of BAR's and ammunition
carried. Had all members of the assault team been armed with a lighter
automatic weapon, such as the Carbine, or SMG, M3, they could have
negotiated the steep slopes much quicker and effected more surprise.
(Command Report - 15th Inf Rcgt - May 53)
(RESTRIC TED) ITEM NO 164
REQUIREMENT FOR CANNISTER AMMUNITION FOR 90-MM
TANK GUNS. - It has been observed through experience in combat that
cannister ammunition [or 90-mm tank guns would be very effective in
defense against "human sea
ll
tactics.
Recommend that this type ammunition be developed, expedited and
delivered to the units in Korea for combat and training. (Command Re
port - 22:::<1 Inf Regt - May 53)
r OCAFF Comment: Cannister ammunition for the 90-mm gun is
prese;-tly under development:..]
17
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(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 165
TRAINING IN USE OF HAND GRENADES. - Replacement personnel
coming into this regiment from the CONUS lack sufficient training in the
use of the hand grenade. This observation is derived through friendly
patrol activity in which our own personnel are not using hand grenades to
the maximum effective degree, but instead resort to automatic weapons
and small arms fire prematurely which reveals their position to the
enemy.
Recommend that more training be devoted to the use of hand gre
nades and the actual practice of throwing live hand grenades in infantry
RTC's. (Command Report - 223d Inf Regt - May 53)
r OCAFF Comment: In addition to formal training in hand grenades
presently included in ATP's, use of grenades is included and emphasized
as concurrent training in tactical problems. Training in the use of hand
grenades is not a difficult problem and is presently covered adequately.
Command emphasis on use of grenades is a solution which would seem
effective.:}
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 166
VAN -TYPE VElllCLE FOR FDC. - The divisional light artillery
battalion displaces more frequently than any other type artillery bat
talion in a tactical situation. On moving into a new position the battalion
fire- direction center must be ready to function on very short notice. With
the transportation currently authorized, it is necessary to unload the fire
direction equipment from a vehicle, set up a CP tent (in weather
or at hight) and install the equipment. This is time consuming, and even
after the operation is completed, the installation is barely satisfactory
as a fire direction center.
This organization has rebuilt the bed of a 2-l/2-ton 6x6 truck with
folding sides and steel framework, extra large tarpaulin with skylights;
installed a terminal strip, interior wiring, and switchboard stand for wire
communications, and a mount for the FDC radio. There is adequate space
for operation of FDC and S-2 section. This makeshift vehicle has been
valuable even in the stable situation current in Korea.
Recommend that T/O&E 6-126, headquarters & headquarters bat
tery of the divisional light artillery battalion, be amended to add a van
type vehicle, similar to a mobile ordnance shop van, to serve as a
18
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mobile battalion fire direction center. This vehicle should be constructed
specifically for that purpose. This would take the place of the 2-l/2-ton
6x6 truck assigned to the operations section, which would be deleted from
the T /O&E. (Command Report - 10th FA Bn - Jun 53)
r OCAFF Comment: Ordnance is currently building a 2-wheel
van for test as a mobile FDC. In addition to the trailer, other van-:type
trucks are under consideration and will be tested against the trailer van.
For other items on this subject refer to: Source No 393, inclosure
to letter, ATTNG-64 350. 05/51(DOCI)(C)(14 Jul 52), OCAFF, 14 July
1952, subject: "Dissemination of Combat Information, II and Source No
558, inclosure to letter, ATTNG-26, 350.05/62 (DOCI)(C)(29 Nov 52).
OCAFF, 29 1952, same subject.:.?
(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 167
USE OF VAN-TYPE TRAILERS FOR WORK SHOPS. - There are
many van-type vehicles which are used for various types of work shops
and command posts. These vans are stationary vehicles and move
only when the division moves. Periods of immobility vary according to
the activity of operations, but for the most part, such vehicles deterior
ate from age rather than from use. A four-wheel van-type trailer would
suffice for this purpose in all known instances. The prime movers of
these van-type trailers could be conventional cargo vehicles which would
become active resupply vehicles after moving into a position. Mobility
and maneuverability would increase and the unit cost would be materially
reduced.
Recommend that van-type work shops and command posts vehicles
not be live vehicles but that suitable 4-wheel trailers be substituted
therefor and appropriate cargo-type vehicles be placed in the T/O&E.
(Command Report - 740th Ord Bn - May 53)
r OCAFF Comment: There is presently under development a
1-1/2:-ton trailer, the XM 154, which is primarily for office and quarters
for field use. Indications are that this trailer will be tested for com
mand posts and field shops.7
19
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(RESTRICTED) ITEM NO 168
ADAPTING THE K- 24 AERIAL VERTICAL SHOT CAMERA TO
OBLIQUE USE. - Recommend consideration be given the i,ldvisability of
adapting the standard K- 24 aerial vertical shot camera to alternate ob
lique use. Due to the inherent advantage offered by its long focal length
lens and the frequent call for oblique studies on target of opportunity,
the K-24 model of this division's signal photo section was modified to
accommodate this requirement by addition of a simple eyepiece and
viewfinder device as shown in photographs below. These were attached
to the top of the camera body and zeroed in for free-hold sighting. Dur
ing the short time the modified camera has been employed over the MLR,
the innovation ha s proved invaluable to the photo reconna is sance effort.
(Command Report - 3d Sig Co - May 53)
L 3d Inf Div Comments: Concur in above recommendations. The
K- 24 camera, with its locally improvised viewfinder to facilitate hand
hold shots, is superior to the K- 20 camera. The K- 24 reproduces a
larger scale photo, making po s sible higher and safer flight altitudes.
It reproduces pictures in greater detail which aids in photo interpreta
tion. Moreover, the hand held camera shots are better suited for pin
point photography than fixed mount shots. The ta sk of aiming the camera
rather than the plane is quickly accomplished, resulting in Ie ss target
misses, less flying time, and less expenditure of film-=-.7
r IX Corps Comments: Experiments have been conducted by the
Photo Section, 101st Signal Battalion (Corps) using the K-24 camera for
oblique use. Results were superior to those obtained from vertical use.
Pictures were reproduced in greater detail and clarity, aiding in photo
interpretation. However, the mod ification of the K- 24 camera with an
eye-level viewfinder was not employed, making sighting somewhat diffi
cult. Recommend that the K-24 camera with viewfinder as
innovated be considered.7
r OCAFF Comment: weight and bulk of the K- 24 and long
focal length of the lens used would make it extremely difficult, if not im
possible, for the average photographer to hand hold and procure accept
able pictures. The K-44 camera presently under test at Board No I
should fulfill the Army aerial camera requirement..:]
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