Eerc 04 02

REPORT NO.
EERC 2004-02 November 2004
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF SIMPLE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TO STRONG MOTION RECORDS FROM THE 2004 NIIGATA-KEN CHUETSU EARTHQUAKES
By JUNICHI SAKAI STEPHEN MAHIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Nonlinear Response of Simple Structural Systems to Strong Ground Motion Records from The 2004 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquakes
By
Junichi Sakai and Stephen A. Mahin

Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California at Berkeley
Sponsored by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center under award number EEC-9701568 from the National Science Foundation
Earthquake Engineering Research Center November 8, 2004
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ABSTRACT
A sequence of destructive earthquakes struck mid-Niigata prefecture in central Japan during late October 2004. The main shock of a magnitude M j of 6.8 occurred at 17:56 JST local time (8:56 UTC) on October 23rd, 2004, and caused the first derailment of a Shinkansen train in more than 40 years and damage of number of railway bridge columns. More than ten aftershocks with M j > 5 occurred within 10 days after the main shock. The Japan Meteorological Agency named the earthquakes Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquakes. During the main shock and aftershocks, strong ground motions were recorded as part of the K-NET strong motion instrumentation program. This report examines some of the characteristics of the strong ground motions recorded during the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes and the effects of these records on the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of single-degree-of-freedom systems. The studies suggest that a ground motion recorded close to the epicenter of the main shock produces larger response than those of the current design codes up to natural period of 2 seconds. Some of the records from aftershocks produce larger nonlinear response and residual displacements of structures than those from the main shock, which indicates that damage and residual displacements of structures could be accumulated during the sequence of the earthquakes.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Earthquake Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-9701568 through the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. The authors extend their appreciation to NIED/K-NET for posting the strong ground motion records and making them available quickly to researchers through the Internet. The authors are grateful to Professor Jean-Pierre Bardet, University of Southern California, and Dr. Mitsutoshi Yoshimine, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, for providing photos of the derailed Shinkansen and the damaged bridge columns.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 GROUND MOTIONS ANALYZED ....................................................................................5 ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA....................................................................................11 NONLINEAR RESPONSE ANALYSES.......................................................................... 15 NONLINEAR RESPONSE SPECTRA............................................................................ 19 EFFECT OF AFTERSHOCKS ......................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................29
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................31
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 33 A Time histories of ground acceleration and response spectra for the ground motions recorded during the main shock ............................................................................................34
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B C D E F G H
Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model...................................................39 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model.................................51 Time histories of ground acceleration and response spectra for the ground motions recorded during the selected aftershocks...............................................................................63 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra ..................................................................69 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with bilinear model .............................75 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with stiffness degrading model .........87 Nonlinear response spectra with constant normalized strength for ground motions from past earthquakes............................................................................................................99
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Introduction
A sequence of destructive earthquakes struck mid-Niigata prefecture in central Japan (Fig. 1) during late October 2004. The main shock had a magnitude M j of 6.8 according to Japan Meteorological Agency [1] and M s was estimated to be 6.6 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) [2]. The main shock occurred at 17:56 JST local time (8:56 UTC) on October 23rd, 2004, and more than ten aftershocks with M j > 5 occurred within 10 days of the main shock, as shown in Table 1 [3]. The epicenters of the main shock and some of the aftershocks are shown in Fig. 2. The hypocenter of the main shock is located at 37.3 N and 138.8 E with a depth of about 20 km. The Japan Meteorological Agency named the earthquakes Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquakes. Thirty-eight people were reported to have been killed by the earthquakes and more than 100,000 people were forced to evacuate (11/03/04 according to Asahi.com [4]). The main shock caused the first derailment of a Shinkansen train in more than 40 years, as shown in Fig. 3 [5] [6]. Reports indicated 45 railway bridge columns were damaged near the site of the derailment [4]. Figure 4 shows some of the damaged bridge columns [7]. Spalling of cover concrete, fracture of transverse reinforcement and bucking of longitudinal reinforcement were observed. The damage apparently occurred where some of the longitudinal reinforcing bars in the columns terminated. During the main shock and aftershocks, ground motions were recorded as part of the K-NET strong motion instrumentation program [3]. These records provide highly valuable information to help understand the effects of near-fault ground motions on engineered structures and to upgrade seismic design criteria. This report examines some of the characteristics of the strong ground motions, including aftershocks, recorded during the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes and the effects of these records on the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of single-degree-of- freedom systems.
Table 1 Main shock and aftershocks of Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquakes ( M j > 5) [3]
Local Time (JST) M A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 2004/10/23 17:56 2004/10/23 18:03 2004/10/23 18:12 2004/10/23 18:34 2004/10/23 18:57 2004/10/23 19:36 2004/10/23 19:46 2004/10/23 23:34 2004/10/25 00:28 2004/10/25 06:05 2004/10/27 10:40 2004/11/01 04:35 Epicenter 37.30N, 138.80E 37.30N, 139.00E 37.20N, 138.80E 37.30N, 138.90E 37.20N, 138.90E 37.20N, 138.80E 37.30N, 138.90E 37.30N, 138.90E 37.20N, 138.90E 37.30N, 138.90E 37.30N, 139.00E 37.20N, 138.90E Depth (km) 20 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Mj
6.8 6.2 5.9 6.3 5.1 5.2 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.6 6.0 5.0
PGA (m/sec2) 17.16 1.11 2.76 8.16 0.90 2.71 4.32 2.30 3.82 4.27 5.30 1.16
Site Where PGA Recorded NIG021 NIG012 NIG020 NIG021 NIG021 NIG021 NIG019 NIG020 NIG019 NIG020 NIG020 NIG019
Fig. 1 The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquakes in Japan
Fig. 2 Epicenters and sites where strong ground motions recorded [3]
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Fig. 3 Derailed Shinkansen (Courtesy of Prof. Bardet [5] [6])
Fig. 4 Damaged columns (Courtesy of Dr. Yoshimine [7])
Ground Motions Analyzed
Eleven aftershocks with M j > 5 occurred in the Mid Niigata region within 10 days after the main shock with M j = 6.8 occurred as shown in Table 1. Table 2 and Fig. 2 shows site locations of K-NET instruments near the epicenters where strong ground motions were recorded. A peak ground acceleration of 17.2 m/sec2 was recorded at the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) site during the main shock. Peak ground accelerations were generally larger than 4 m/sec2 when the aftershock magnitudes, M j , were larger than 5.5. However, there were two exceptions occurred during the aftershocks that occurred 7 minutes and 16 minutes after the main shock. For these aftershocks, records for the OJIYA (NIG019) and TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) sites, where very large accelerations were recorded during the main shock and the other aftershocks, were not reported by K-NET. For this study, ground motions with peak ground accelerations (PGA) in excess of 4.0 m/sec2 are considered. There were five events including the main shock in which the PGA > 4.0 m/sec2 was recorded. Table 3 summarizes the peak ground accelerations of each site for the five earthquakes, and Table 4 shows a list of the ground motions used in this study sorted by the recorded sites. Figure 5 plots the ground accelerations recorded at the OJIYA (NIG019) and TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) sites. The peak ground accelerations were 17.2 m/sec2 and 13.1 m/sec2 for the NIG021 (NS) and NIG019 (EW) sites, respectively. The ground acceleration time histories of the other sites listed in Table 2 can be found in Appendix A along with elastic response spectra computed for a viscous damping ratio of 5%. In the plots in Appendix A, typical spectral curves of the type used in California for design of bridges are included for comparison. The curve labeled ARS corresponds to a stiff soil (Soil profile type D) site, and an earthquake magnitude of 6.5 0.25 with a PGA= 0.6 g [8].
Table 2 Site locations near epicenters [3]

Site Code 1 2 3 4 5 NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO Location 37.44N, 138.85E 37.30N, 138.79E 37.23N, 138.97E 37.13N, 138.75E 37.42N, 138.89E Altitude (m) 22 52 93 147 0
Table 3 Ground motions recorded near epicenters (1) Main shock (2004/10/23 17:56, M j = 6.8)
Site Code NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO PGA (m/sec2) 4.68 13.08 5.21 17.16 8.70 Epicentral Distance (km) 16 1 17 20 16
(2) Aftershock (A3) (2004/10/23 18:34, M j = 6.3)

Site Code NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO PGA (m/sec2) 3.25 N/A 5.27 8.16 N/A Epicentral Distance (km) 16 ----10 24 -----
(3) Aftershock (A6) (2004/10/23 19:46, M j = 5.9)

Site Code NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO PGA (m/sec2) 1.90 4.32 1.51 0.84 2.99 Epicentral Distance (km) 16 9 10 24 14
(4) Aftershock (A9) (2004/10/25 06:05, M j = 5.6)

Site Code NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO PGA (m/sec2) 2.44 2.85 4.27 0.74 N/A Epicentral Distance (km) 16 9 10 24 -----
(5) Aftershock (A10) (2004/10/27 10:40, M j = 6.0)

Site Code NIG017 NIG019 NIG020 NIG021 NIG028 Site Name NAGAOKA OJIYA KOIDE TOHKAMACHI NAGAOKA-SHISHO PGA (m/sec2) 3.59 4.96 5.30 2.27 N/A Epicentral Distance (km) 21 18 8 29 -----
Table 4 Ground motions analyzed (1) NIG017 NAGAOKA

Earthquake Main shock (M) Local Time (JST) 2004/10/23 17:56 PGA (m/sec2) EW 3.69 NS 4.68 UD 3.31 Epicentral Distance (km) 16
(2) NIG019 OJIYA

Earthquake Main shock (M) Aftershock (A6) Aftershock (A10) Local Time (JST) 2004/10/23 17:56 2004/10/23 19:46 2004/10/27 10:40 PGA (m/sec2) EW 13.08 4.32 4.96 NS 11.47 2.08 1.78 UD 8.20 2.22 1.11 Epicentral Distance (km) 1 9 18
(3) NIG020 KOIDE

Earthquake Main shock (M) Aftershock (A3) Aftershock (A9) Aftershock (A10) Local Time (JST) 2004/10/23 17:56 2004/10/23 18:34 2004/10/25 06:05 2004/10/27 10:40 PGA (m/sec2) EW 4.07 5.24 2.09 3.88 NS 5.21 5.27 4.27 5.23 UD 3.12 3.29 1.25 5.30 Epicentral Distance (km) 17 10 10 8
(4) NIG021 TOHKAMACHI

Earthquake Main shock (M) Aftershock (A3) Local Time (JST) 2004/10/23 17:56 2004/10/23 18:34 PGA (m/sec2) EW 8.50 8.11 NS 17.16 8.16 UD 5.64 2.20 Epicentral Distance (km) 20 24
(5) NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO

Earthquake Main shock (M) Local Time (JST) 2004/10/23 17:56 PGA (m/sec2) EW 7.06 NS 8.70 UD 4.12 Epicentral Distance (km) 16
20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 20

Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 15 20 Time (sec) 25 30
EW Component
NS Component
(a) OJIYA records

20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 15 20 Time (sec) 25 30
EW Component
NS Component
(b) TOHKAMACHI records Fig. 5 Strong ground motions recorded during main shock [3]
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Elastic Response Spectra
Figures 6 and 7 compare elastic response spectra for two of the ground motions recorded during the main shock of the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes (NIG019 and NIG021) with the Los Gatos (LGP000) record from the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake and the JMA Kobe (KJM000) record from the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake [9]. These spectra are computed for elastic systems with periods ranging from nearly zero through 3 seconds and having a viscous damping ratio of 5%. Smooth design spectra representative of those used in California and Japan for this level of shaking are also shown in these figures. In these figures, curves labeled ARS correspond to criteria used by the California Department of Transportation for a stiff soil (Soil profile type D) site, and for an earthquake magnitude of 6.5 0.25 and a PGA= 0.6 g [8]. The curves labeled JRA correspond to a stiff soil (Soil condition I) site, Level 2 and Type II ground motion in accordance with the Japanese Design Specification of Highway Bridges by Japan Road Association (JRA) [10]. The NIG019 records have peaks around 0.7 second in the acceleration, velocity and displacement response spectra. The peak spectral accelerations are 48 m/sec2 and 41 m/sec2, and peak displacements are 0.57 m and 0.5 m for EW and NS components, respectively. Both components of the NIG019 records have equivalent or larger spectral amplitudes than the Los Gatos and the JMA Kobe records up to 1.5 seconds, which indicates that the earthquakes could be more destructive to structures in that natural period range than other recent earthquakes in California and Japan. The NIG019 records also exhibit a relative peak in the spectral curves at a period of about 1.6 to 2 seconds. Such peaks may be representative of the effects of the rupture mechanism on records obtained at near-fault sites. The NIG019 records also show larger spectral values than those of the current design codes up to natural period of 2 seconds. The NS component of the NIG021 records has very large peak spectral acceleration response at
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around 0.2 second; however, it decreases sharply as the natural period increases, and the acceleration response is only 2 m/sec2 at 1 second. Although the peak ground acceleration of the NS component was nearly 2 g, the narrow banded nature of the spectra suggests that this record may not be too damaging outside of the short period range.
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around 0.2 second; however, it decreases sharply as the natural period increases, and the acceleration response is only 2 m/sec2 at 1 second. Although the peak ground acceleration of the NS component was nearly 2 g, the narrow banded nature of the spectra suggests that this record may not be too damaging outside of the short period range.
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50 Acceleration (m/sec ) 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2
2
Acceleration (m/sec )
EW NS LGP000 KJM000
50 40 30 20 10 0 0 JRA ARS 1 2
2
EW NS
Period (sec)
Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration response spectra

6 EW NS LGP000 KJM000 6 EW NS
Velocity (m/sec)
Velocity (m/sec)
JRA ARS
0 0
Period (sec)
0 0
Period (sec)
(b) Velocity response spectra

1 EW NS LGP000 KJM000 1 EW NS JRA 0.5
Displacement (m)
0.5
Displacement (m)
ARS 0 0 1 2 3
0 0
Period (sec)
Period (sec)
(c) Displacement response spectra (1) Comparison with past earthquake records (2) Comparison with design spectra Fig. 6 Response spectra of OJIYA, NIG019, records
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80 Acceleration (m/sec ) 60 40 20 0 0
2
EW NS LGP000 KJM000
80 60 40 20 0 0 ARS 1 Period (sec) 2 JRA

2
EW NS
Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration response spectra

6 EW NS LGP000 KJM000 3 EW NS JRA
Velocity (m/sec)
Velocity (m/sec)
ARS
0 0
Period (sec)
0 0
Period (sec)
(b) Velocity response spectra

1 EW NS LGP000 KJM000 1 EW NS JRA 0.5 ARS
Displacement (m)
0.5
0 0
Displacement (m) 2 3
Period (sec)
0 0
Period (sec)
(c) Displacement response spectra (1) Comparison with past earthquake records (2) Comparison with design spectra Fig. 7 Response spectra of TOHKAMACHI, NIG021, records
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Nonlinear Response Analyses
To investigate the nonlinear response of structures subjected to the records obtained from the main shock of the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes, a series of nonlinear response analyses was conducted with using BiSpec [12] [13], a computer program that can generate nonlinear response spectra for single-degree-of-freedom systems having bilinear or stiffness degrading hysteretic characteristics.
Figure 8 shows several examples of nonlinear response computed with BiSpec for the EW
component of OJIYA, NIG019, records and NS component of TOHKAMACHI, NIG021, records. The natural period of the single-degree-of-freedom system is 1 second, and R , which is defined below, is 4.
R=
Del Dy
(1)
where Del is the maximum displacement of elastic system with a corresponding natural period and D y is the yield displacement of a nonlinear structure. Thus, the structure is only one-fourth as strong as it would have had to be to remain elastic. For these analyses, the post-yield tangent stiffness is fixed at zero, and 5% of viscous damping ratio is considered. Both bilinear and stiffness degrading models are considered to represent the hysteretic behavior of the system. The nonlinear maximum responses of the two systems considered subjected to the OJIYA record are smaller than the elastic response regardless of the hysteresis model considered. The response ductility is about 3. On the other hand, when the TOHKAMACHI record is considered, the nonlinear responses become 50% larger than the elastic response, which results in a displacement ductility of more than 6. However, note that the nonlinear maximum displacement for the TOHKAMACHI record is only 25% of that for the OJIYA record. The elastic spectra in Figs. 6 and
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7 show that response of a 1 sec. period structure to the TOHKAMACHI record is only about
one-tenth of that to the OJIYA record. Even so, for an R of 4, the displacement ductility of the systems subjected to the TOHKAMACHI record is substantially larger than for the OJIYA record, suggesting that the TOHKAMACHI record has a more serious effect on nonlinear response in this period range. Figure 8 also shows that the residual displacements tend to decrease somewhat when the SD model is considered.
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Displacement (m)
0 -0.5
Displacement (m)
0.5
Elastic Bilinear model
0.5 0 -0.5
Elastic SD model
10
20 Time (sec)
30
10
20 Time (sec)
30
(a) Response displacement

2 Normalized Force (g) 1 0 -1 -2 -0.5 -0.25 0.25 0 Displacement (m) 0.5 Normalized Force (g) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -0.5 -0.25 0.25 0 Displacement (m) 0.5
(b) Force-displacement hystereses (1) Bilinear model (2) Stiffness degrading model (I) EW component of OJIYA record (NIG019)
Displacement (m) Displacement (m) 0.1 0 -0.1 Elastic Bilinear model 0.1 0 -0.1 Elastic SD model
10
20 Time (sec)
30
10
20 Time (sec)
30

0.4 Normalized Force (g) 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0 Displacement (m) 0.1 Normalized Force (g) 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0 Displacement (m) 0.1
(b) Force-displacement hystereses (1) Bilinear model (2) Stiffness degrading model (II) NS component of TOHKAMACHI record (NIG021) Fig. 8 Nonlinear dynamic response
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Nonlinear Response Spectra
To evaluate such nonlinear response for various natural periods, nonlinear response spectra with constant R are generated. Figure 9 shows nonlinear response spectra of maximum displacements
Dmax , residual displacements Dres as well as for several normalized displacement quantities:
displacement ductility ( Dmax / D y ), Dres / D y , gamma ( Del / Dinel ), and Dres / Dmax . For this plot, R is taken as 4 and four ground motions (NIG019EW, NIG021NS, LGP000 and KJM000) are considered. The structural systems are represented by stiffness degrading models with zero post-yield stiffness and 5% of viscous damping. The plots demonstrate how structures behave nonlinearly under the above ground motions, if structures are designed according to a corresponding ground motion with R = 4. Nonlinear response spectra for the other ground motions, other R values, or for bilinear models can be found in Appendices B and C. The EW component of OJIYA (NIG019) records produces equivalent or larger nonlinear response than the other records for natural periods ranging between 0 and 1.7 seconds, and, in particular, relatively large displacements are predicted for natural periods between 0.7 and 1.25 seconds. The gamma value plots show the nonlinear response to NIG019EW is smaller than the elastic response when the natural period of structures is larger than 0.5 seconds. This can also be seen from the ductility plot where the computed displacement ductility in this range is less than the R value used (i.e., 4). This implies the equal displacement rule often used in design may be conservative in this range for the EW component of OJIYA records. For structures with periods less than about 0.5 sec., the nonlinear displacements significantly exceed those predicted elastically. Although the residual displacements have relatively larger values for structures with periods above 0.7 seconds, these displacements are generally smaller or equal to the yield displacements of the structure in this period range for NIG019EW. The NS component of TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) records shows only about 40% of the maximum
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displacements of the other records considered; however, the response ductility and gamma values show this record tends to produce larger nonlinear response displacements than those predicted based on the equal displacement rule (except for periods between 0.2 and 0.8 seconds, where there is a peak followed by a descending branch in the spectral acceleration and spectral displacement curves). Residual displacements become relatively large, reaching about 4 times the yield displacements or 50% of the peak displacements for periods between 0.75 and 1.75 seconds.
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Maximum Displacement Dmax (m)
0.4
Residual Displacement Dres (m)
0.6
NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
0.6
0.4
NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Maximum displacement

20 15 10 5 0 NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
(b) Residual displacement

20 15 Dres /Dy 10 5 0 NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
Ductility Dmax /Dy
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0 NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8 Dres /Dmax 0.6 0.4 0.2 NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000
Gamma Del /Dinel
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(e) Gamma
(f) Dres / Dmax Fig. 9 Nonlinear response spectra with R = 4 (SD model)
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Effect of Aftershocks
In the aftershocks of the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes, strong ground motions with PGA > 4 m/sec2 were recorded in several sites, as shown in Tables 1, 3 and 4. To evaluate the intensity and effects of the aftershocks on the accumulation of damage and drift of structures, further linear and nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted. All the aftershock ground motions used in the analyses are shown in Appendix D along with elastic response spectra for 5% viscous damping.
Figure 10 shows the combined ground motions resulting from the main shock and selected
aftershocks for the OJIYA (NIG019) EW records and TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) NS records. Thirty seconds intervals from the strong motion portions of the original records are combined together to form one 90 or 60 second long ground motion record for use in these analyses.
Figure 11 shows the effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra. The records at the OJIYA
(NIG019) site show no effect of the aftershocks because the PGAs of the aftershocks are about 40% of the main shock. On the other hand, the aftershock recorded at the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) site has larger intensity than the main shock according to the elastic response spectra although the PGA of the aftershock is only about half of the main shock. The effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra for the other records can be found in Appendix E.
Figure 12 shows nonlinear response of structures with 0.5 and 1 second of natural periods and 0.3
and 0.6 of normalized yield strengths a y for the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) NS record. The stiffness degrading models with zero post-yield tangent stiffness and 5% viscous damping are considered. The aftershock produces even larger nonlinear response for the structures with 0.5 seconds. When the natural period is 1 second, the structures yield during the aftershock even though they remain elastic during the main shock. Extending the results shown in Fig. 12 for various periods, another series of nonlinear response
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spectra were generated, which are shown in Appendices F and G. The spectra were generated with constant normalized yield strength of structures a y (= 0.3 g, 0.6 g and 1 g) to evaluate the effect of aftershocks because the yield displacements can be different between the main shock ground motion and the combined ground motion of the main and aftershocks if constant R is assumed. The stiffness degrading models with zero post-yield tangent stiffness and 5% viscous damping are considered for these analyses. Figure 13 shows the effect of aftershocks on the nonlinear response spectra for a y = 0.3 g when subjected to the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) NS record. When the aftershock strikes structures with natural period range of 0.5-1.5 seconds, the response increases up to 2 times of that occurring during the main shock, which results in larger residual displacement as well.
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20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 0 30 Time (sec) 60
EW Component NIG019 record
NS Component NIG021 record
90
Fig. 10 Acceleration time histories of combined ground motions
Main Shock Main + 2 Aftershocks Displacement (m) Aftershock (A6) Aftershock (A10)
Main Shock Main + Aftershock Aftershock (A3)
Displacement (m)
0.5
0.5
Period (sec)
Period (sec)
(a) OJIYA (NIG019) record (EW)
(b) TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) record (NS)
Fig. 11 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra
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Displacement (m)
Displacement (m)
0.2 0 -0.2
Main Shock Aftershock
0.2 0 -0.2
Main Shock Aftershock
20
40 Time (sec)
60
20
40 Time (sec)
60

0.8 Normalized Force (g) Normalized Force (g) 0 Displacement (m) 0.2 0.8
-0.8 -0.2
-0.8 -0.2
0 Displacement (m)
0.2
(b) Force-displacement hystereses (1) T = 0.5 sec and a y = 0.3 g (2) T = 1.0 sec and a y = 0.3 g
Displacement (m) Displacement (m) 0.2 0 -0.2 Main Shock Aftershock 0.2 0 -0.2 Main Shock Aftershock
20
40 Time (sec)
60
20
40 Time (sec)
60

0.8 Normalized Force (g) Normalized Force (g) 0 Displacement (m) 0.2 0.8
-0.8 -0.2
-0.8 -0.2
0 Displacement (m)
0.2
(b) Force-displacement hystereses (3) T = 0.5 sec and a y = 0.6 g (4) T = 1.0 sec and a y = 0.6 g Fig. 12 Nonlinear dynamic response for combination of main shock and aftershocks of NS component of TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) record
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Main shock Main + Aftershock
0.2
0.2
Main shock Main + Aftershock
0.1
0.1
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 Main shock Main + Aftershock Ductility Dmax /Dy 15 10 5 0

20 Main shock Main + Aftershock 15
Dres /Dy
0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 Main shock Main + Aftershock Gamma Del /Dinel 3
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8 Main shock Main + Aftershock
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2
2 1 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / Dmax Fig. 13 Effect of aftershock on nonlinear response spectra with a y = 0.3 g for NS component of TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) record (SD model) (e) Gamma
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28
Conclusions
During a sequence of destructive earthquakes that struck the Niigata Chuetsu region, Japan, October 2004, valuable strong ground motions were recorded. A series of linear and nonlinear analyses was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the ground motions obtained during the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes. These studies suggest that: 1) The records obtained close to the epicenter of the main shock (NIG019) produce larger response than those of the current design codes up to natural period of 2 seconds. The records have spectral amplitude up to about 1.5 seconds equivalent or larger than the Los Gatos record from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the JMA Kobe record from the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake. 2) The record with extremely large peak ground acceleration (= 17.2 m/sec2) obtained at the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) site produce large response only for relatively stiff structures. The response spectrum shows only 2 m/sec2 around 1 second of natural period. Thus, damage caused by the ground motion could be limited only to especially weak structures or structures with short natural period range. 3) Nonlinear response spectra demonstrate that the EW component of OJIYA (NIG019) records could produce relatively large response displacement to structures with natural period of 0.7 to 1.25 seconds. However, the nonlinear response is smaller than the elastic response when the natural periods of structures are larger than 0.5 seconds, which implies the equal displacement rule may be conservative in this range for this ground motion. 4) The NS component of TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) records does not produce large response compared to the OJIYA record. However, if yielding occurs, this record tends to produce larger
29
nonlinear response displacements than those predicted based on the equal displacement rule. 5) The ground motions recorded at the TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) site during the aftershock that occurred 38 minutes after the main shock could produce larger response than those during the main shock. When the aftershock strikes structures with natural period range of 0.5-1.5 seconds, the response increases up to 2 times of that occurring during the main shock, which results in larger residual displacement as well. 6) Additional studies of these records are warranted to correlate observed damage with that predicted on the basis of numerical analyses, and to extend the scope of simple analyses such as those presented herein to include the effects of multiple components of excitation on nonlinear response.
30
REFERENCES
1. Japan Meteorological Agency. <http://www.jma.go.jp/JMA_HP/jma/index.html> 2. U.S. Geological Survey. <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/uspyal/> 3. K-NET/NIED. Kyoshin Network. <http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/index_en.shtml> 4. Asahi Shimbun (2004). Reports on the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu earthquakes. <http://www.asahi.com/special/041023/index.html> 5. Bardet, J. P. (2004). Aerial reconnaissance of the 2004 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake. <http://gees.usc.edu/GEES/RecentEQ/Japan2004/Reports/Bardet_October30/October30.html> 6. Bardet, J. P. (2004). Field reconnaissance of the 2004 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake. <http://gees.usc.edu/GEES/RecentEQ/Japan2004/Reports/Bardet_October31/October31.html> 7. Yoshimine, Mitsutoshi (2004). 2004 The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake, Japan. <http://geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/archives/eq/04niigata/index.html> 8. California Department of Transportation (2001). Seismic design criteria Ver. 1.2., Sacramento, CA. 9. Regents of the University of California (2000). PEER Strong Motion Database. <http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/> 10. Japan Road Association (2002). Design specification of highway bridges. Part V: Seismic design, Tokyo, Japan. 11. Hachem, Mahmoud M. (1999). BiSpec: Interactive computer program for computation of
31
bidirectional nonlinear spectra. NISEE Software Library. <http://nisee.berkeley.edu/software/> 12. Hachem, Mahmoud M. (2000). BiSpec help manual. <http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~hachem/bispec/>
32
APPENDICES
Appendix-A
Time histories of ground acceleration and response spectra for the ground motions recorded during the main shock
Appendix-B Appendix-C Appendix-D
Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model Time histories of ground acceleration and response spectra for the ground motions recorded during the selected aftershocks
Appendix-E Appendix-F Appendix-G Appendix-H
Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with bilinear model Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with stiffness degrading model Nonlinear response spectra with constant normalized strength for ground motions from past earthquakes
33
Acceleration (m/sec2 )
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10
5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG017 0410231756
EW
10
NIG017 0410231756
EW
NIG017 0410231756
NS
-10 10
NIG017 0410231756
NS
NIG017 0410231756
UD
-10 10
NIG017 0410231756
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
(2) Close up of main pulses
30
20
2 ARS 1
Displacement (m)
EW NS UD Velocity (m/sec)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
10
ARS
0 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (3) Response spectra (I) NIG017 NAGAOKA
(c) Displacement
Fig. A-1 Ground motions recorded during main shock (04/10/23 17:56)
34
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG019 0410231756
EW
15
NIG019 0410231756
EW
NIG019 0410231756
NS
-15 15
NIG019 0410231756
NS
NIG019 0410231756
UD
-15 10
NIG019 0410231756
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
50 40 Acceleration (m/sec )
2
30 20 10 0 0 ARS
Displacement (m)
6 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (3) Response spectra (II) NIG019 OJIYA
(c) Displacement
35
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG020 0410231756
EW
10
NIG020 0410231756
EW
NIG020 0410231756
NS
-10 10
NIG020 0410231756
NS
NIG020 0410231756
UD
-10 10
NIG020 0410231756
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5
10
ARS
ARS
ARS
0 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (3) Response spectra (III) NIG020 KOIDE
(c) Displacement
36
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG021 0410231756
EW
10
NIG021 0410231756
EW
NIG021 0410231756
NS
-10 20
NIG021 0410231756
US
NIG021 0410231756
UD
-20 10
NIG021 0410231756
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
80 60 40 20 ARS 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
Displacement (m)
EW NS UD
EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (IV) NIG021 TOHKAMACHI
37
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG028 0410231756
EW
10
NIG028 0410231756
EW
NIG028 0410231756
NS
-10 10
NIG028 0410231756
NS
NIG028 0410231756
UD
-10 10
NIG028 0410231756
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
2 ARS 1
Displacement (m)
EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
10
ARS
0 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (V) NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO
38
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (1) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG017 NAGAOKA (EW component) Fig. B-1 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
39
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG017 NAGAOKA (NS component) Fig. B-2 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
40
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (3) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA (EW component) Fig. B-3 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
41
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (4) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA (NS component) Fig. B-4 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
42
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (5) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE (EW component) Fig. B-5 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
43
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (6) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE (NS component) Fig. B-6 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
44
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (7) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG021 TOHKAMACHI (EW component) Fig. B-7 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
45
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (8) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG021 TOHKAMACHI (NS component) Fig. B-8 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
46
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (9) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO (EW component) Fig. B-9 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
47
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (10) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO (NS component) Fig. B-10 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
48
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (11) Los Gatos (LGP000) record from 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Fig. B-11 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
49
0.6
R=1 R=2
R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (12) Kobe (KJM000) record from 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake Fig. B-12 Nonlinear response spectra computed with bilinear model (e) Gamma
50
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (1) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG017 NAGAOKA (EW component) Fig. C-1 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
51
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG017 NAGAOKA (NS component) Fig. C-2 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
52
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (3) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA (EW component) Fig. C-3 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
53
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (4) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA (NS component) Fig. C-4 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
54
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (5) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE (EW component) Fig. C-5 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
55
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (6) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE (NS component) Fig. C-6 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
56
0.6
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (7) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG021 TOHKAMACHI (EW component) Fig. C-7 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
57
0.6
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (8) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG021 TOHKAMACHI (NS component) Fig. C-8 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
58
0.6
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (9) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO (EW component) Fig. C-9 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
59
0.6
0.4
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (10) Main shock (04/10/23 17:56) recorded at NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO (NS component) Fig. C-10 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
60
0.6
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
R=1 R=2 R=4 R=8
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (11) Los Gatos (LGP000) record from 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Fig. C-11 Nonlinear response spectra computed stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
61
0.6
R=1 R=2
R=4 R=8
0.6
R=2 R=4 R=8
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
R=2 R=4 R=8

20 15
R=2 R=4 R=8
Ductility Dmax /Dy
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
R=2 R=4 R=8
(d) Dres / D y
1 0.8
R=2 R=4 R=8
Gamma Del /Dinel
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
(f) Dres / Dmax (12) Kobe (KJM000) record from 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake Fig. C-12 Nonlinear response spectra computed with stiffness degrading model (e) Gamma
62
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG019 0410231946
EW
10
NIG019 0410231946
EW
NIG019 0410231946
NS
-10 10
NIG019 0410231946
NS
NIG019 0410231946
UD
-10 10
NIG019 0410231946
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
10 ARS 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (I) Aftershock (04/10/23 19:46) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA Fig. D-1 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
63
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG019 0410271040
EW
10
NIG019 0410271040
EW
NIG019 0410271040
NS
-10 10
NIG019 0410271040
NS
NIG019 0410271040
UD
-10 10
NIG019 0410271040
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (II) Aftershock (04/10/27 10:40) recorded at NIG019 OJIYA Fig. D-2 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
64
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG020 0410231834
EW
10
NIG020 0410231834
EW
NIG020 0410231834
NS
-10 10
NIG020 0410231834
NS
NIG020 0410231834
UD
-10 10
NIG020 0410231834
UD
-10
55
60 Time (sec)
65
70
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (III) Aftershock (04/10/23 18:34) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE Fig. D-3 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
65
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG020 0410250605
EW
10
NIG020 0410250605
EW
NIG020 0410250605
NS
-10 10
NIG020 0410250605
NS
NIG020 0410250605
UD
-10 10
NIG020 0410250605
UD
-10 10
15
20 Time (sec)
25
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (IV) Aftershock (04/10/25 06:05) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE Fig. D-4 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
66
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG020 0410271040
EW
10
NIG020 0410271040
EW
NIG020 0410271040
NS
-10 10
NIG020 0410271040
NS
NIG020 0410271040
UD
-10 10
NIG020 0410271040
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
30
20
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (V) Aftershock (04/10/27 10:40) recorded at NIG020 KOIDE Fig. D-5 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
67
5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 Time (sec) 300
10
NIG021 0410231834
EW
10
NIG021 0410231834
EW
NIG021 0410231834
NS
-10 10
NIG021 0410231834
NS
NIG021 0410231834
UD
-10 10
NIG021 0410231834
UD
-10
15
20 25 Time (sec)
30
(1) Entire record
50 40 Acceleration (m/sec )
2
30 20 10 0 0 ARS 1 2 Period (sec) 3
Displacement (m)
3 EW NS UD
1 EW NS UD
0.5 ARS
ARS
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity (c) Displacement (3) Response spectra (VI) Aftershock (04/10/23 18:34) recorded at NIG021 TOHKAMACHI Fig. D-6 Ground motions recorded during aftershock
68
20 10
NIG019 20041023 1756
NIG019 20041023 1946
NIG019 20041027 1040
Acceleration (m/sec2)
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
(a) Acceleration time history
50 Acceleration (m/sec ) 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3 Main Shock Main + 2 Aftershocks
6 Main Shock Main + 2 Aftershocks
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-1 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG019 OJIYA record, EW component)
69
20 10
NIG019 20041023 1756
NIG019 20041023 1946
NIG019 20041027 1040
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
50 Acceleration (m/sec ) 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 Period (sec) 3 Main Shock Main + 2 Aftershocks
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-2 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG019 OJIYA record, NS component)
70
20 10
NIG020 20041023 1756
NIG020 20041023 1834
NIG020 20041025 0605
NIG020 20041027 1040
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
30 Acceleration (m/sec ) Main Shock Main + 3 Aftershocks
20
10
0 0
1 2 Period (sec)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-3 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG020 KOIDE record, EW component)
71
20 10
NIG020 20041023 1756
NIG020 20041023 1834
NIG020 20041025 0605
NIG020 20041027 1040
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
30 Acceleration (m/sec ) Main Shock Main + 3 Aftershocks
20
10
0 0
1 2 Period (sec)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-4 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG020 KOIDE record, NS component)
72
20 10
NIG021 20041023 1756
NIG021 20041023 1834
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
80 Acceleration (m/sec ) 60 40 20 0 0 Main Shock Main + Aftershock
3 Main Shock Main + Aftershock
1 2 Period (sec)
Displacement (m) 3
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-5 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG021 TOHKAMACHI record, EW component)
73
20 10
NIG021 20041023 1756
NIG021 20041023 1834
0 -10 -20 0 30 60 Time (sec) 90 120
80 Acceleration (m/sec ) 60 40 20 0 0 Main Shock Main + Aftershock
1 2 Period (sec)
Displacement (m) 3
Velocity (m/sec)
0.5
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) SA
(c) SV
(d) SD
Fig. E-6 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra (NIG021 TOHKAMACHI record, NS component)
74
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(c) Gamma (2) Main shock + Aftershocks

75
Fig. F-1 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with bilinear model (NIG019, EW)
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(d) Residual displacement

20 15
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g Dres /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g Dres /Dmax ay = 1 g
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock + Aftershocks Fig. F-1 Continued
76
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

77
Fig. F-2 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with bilinear model (NIG019, NS)
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
78
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

79
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
80
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(c) Gamma (2) Main shock + Aftershock

81
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock + Aftershock Fig. F-4 Continued
82
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

83
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
84
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

85
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
86
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

87
Fig. G-1 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with SD model (NIG019, EW)
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock + Aftershocks Fig. G-1 Continued
88
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

89
Fig. G-2 Effect of aftershocks on nonlinear response spectra with SD model (NIG019, NS)
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
90
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

91
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
92
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

93
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) Main shock + Aftershock Fig. G-4 Continued
94
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

95
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
96
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.6
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock

97
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Main shock
98
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Gamma (1) Bilinear model (2) SD model Fig. H-1 Nonlinear response spectra with constant normalized strength for LGP000
99
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Bilinear model
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) SD model Fig. H-1 Continued

100
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g

20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Ductility Dmax /Dy
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(b) Ductility
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
4 3 2 1 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Gamma Del /Dinel
ay = 0.6 g
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(c) Gamma (1) Bilinear model (2) SD model Fig. H-2 Nonlinear response spectra with constant normalized strength for KJM000
101
ay = 0.6 g
0.4
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 1 g
0.6
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
0.4
0.2
0.2
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)

20 15
20 15 10 5 0
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dy
10 5 0
1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(f) Dres / D y
1 0.8
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
ay = 0.3 g ay = 0.6 g ay = 1 g
Dres /Dmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 Period (sec)
1 2 Period (sec)
(1) Bilinear model
(g) Dres / Dmax (2) SD model Fig. H-2 Continued

102

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REPORT NO.

EERC 2004-02 November 2004

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Junichi Sakai and Stephen A. Mahin

Earthquake Engineering Research Center November 8, 2004

Fig. 1 The Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquakes in Japan

Fig. 3 Derailed Shinkansen (Courtesy of Prof. Bardet [5] [6])

Fig. 4 Damaged columns (Courtesy of Dr. Yoshimine [7])

Ground Motions Analyzed

Table 2 Site locations near epicenters [3]

(2) Aftershock (A3) (2004/10/23 18:34, M j = 6.3)

(3) Aftershock (A6) (2004/10/23 19:46, M j = 5.9)

(4) Aftershock (A9) (2004/10/25 06:05, M j = 5.6)

(5) Aftershock (A10) (2004/10/27 10:40, M j = 6.0)

Table 4 Ground motions analyzed (1) NIG017 NAGAOKA

(2) NIG019 OJIYA

(3) NIG020 KOIDE

(4) NIG021 TOHKAMACHI

(5) NIG028 NAGAOKA-SHISHO

20 Acceleration (m/sec2) 10 0 -10 -20 20

(a) OJIYA records

Elastic Response Spectra

(a) Acceleration response spectra

(b) Velocity response spectra

80 60 40 20 0 0 ARS 1 Period (sec) 2 JRA

(a) Acceleration response spectra

(b) Velocity response spectra

Nonlinear Response Analyses

Elastic Bilinear model

(a) Response displacement

(a) Response displacement

Nonlinear Response Spectra

Maximum Displacement Dmax (m)

Residual Displacement Dres (m)

NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000

NIG019 EW NIG021 NS LGP000 KJM000

(a) Maximum displacement

(b) Residual displacement

Ductility Dmax /Dy

Gamma Del /Dinel

EW Component NIG019 record

NS Component NIG021 record

Fig. 10 Acceleration time histories of combined ground motions

Main Shock Main + Aftershock Aftershock (A3)

(a) OJIYA (NIG019) record (EW)

(b) TOHKAMACHI (NIG021) record (NS)

Fig. 11 Effect of aftershocks on elastic response spectra

Main Shock Aftershock

Main Shock Aftershock

(a) Response displacement

(a) Response displacement

Maximum Displacement Dmax (m)

Main shock Main + Aftershock

Residual Displacement Dres (m)

Main shock Main + Aftershock

(a) Maximum displacement

(b) Residual displacement

0.6 0.4 0.2

Appendix-B Appendix-C Appendix-D

Appendix-E Appendix-F Appendix-G Appendix-H

(1) Entire record