Ceramics

Dental materials Dent 305

Porcelain (maybe considered as a type of glass)

Advantages Very hard esthetic material. Biocompatible Excellent esthetic Low wear Stain resistant Drawbacks Brittle Low fracture resistance Wear of opposing tooth Difficulty of re-polishing after adjustment

Composition
Dental porcelain Silica (quartz) Kaolin (clay) Feldspar (binder)

Pigments added (in the form of oxides)

Iron oxides: brown Copper oxides: green Titanium oxides: yellowish-brown Cobalt oxides: blue

Sugar or starch as binders to help manipulation

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Manufacturing process of porcelain

All constituents are mixed and then fused to form a frit. This is broken up by dropping it in cold water. Then its ground into fine powder. During fusion oxides unite all together. So during crown production, the technician is simply re-melting the material, no extra fusion occurs

Types of porcelains
Classification based on fusing temperature:
High fusing: 1300 1400C used for the manufacture of denture teeth Low fusing: 850 1100C, used for most dental restorations. Classification based on esthetic role of porcelain: a. Opaque porcelain b. Body porcelain (incisal or enamel; gingival or dentin; modifier) c. Stains or glazes
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Compaction, firing, glazing

1.

Compaction: Porcelain powder + distilled water compacted onto a platinum foil.

2.

Firing: done under vacuum in a furnace. Shrinkage may occur as particles fuse (compensation), Cooling should be slow

Continue,
3.

Glazing: to improve appearance and remove surface imperfections such as porosities.

Properties
Brittleness Low tensile, high compressive. Cracks travel from inner to outer surface Low. Good thermal insulator >human enamel, can cause wear of natural teeth Time dependent decrease in strength due to hydrolysis of Si-O in porcelain structure

Thermal conductivity Hardness Static fatigue

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Properties
Fracture in ceramics occur through crack propagation, especially when placed under tension. How to improve strength and prevent crack propagation:
By generating compressive stresses in these areas. How?
Ion strengthening (using salt paste) Thermal strengthening

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Porcelain shade
Metal oxides are added to create different shades The lab. Technician selects the porcelain powder according to shade selected by dentist Each powder is mixed with distilled water to form a paste

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Alumina inserts and aluminous porcelain

Methods used to strengthen porcelain and prevent crack propagation:
Use an alumina core, on which crown is constructed Pure alumina inserts in the form of sheets placed palatally (its opaque) Adding powdered alumina to porcelain. Alumina particles act as crack stoppers

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Crack stoppers.

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Sintered alumina core ceramics

Inceram Duplicate die is made from special plaster Mixture from alumina powder and water is painted on the die (alumina slip). Thickness 0.5mm Sintering for 2 hours at 1120 C

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Continue,
Slurry of lanthanum aluminosilicate glass is painted on the slip and fired at 1100 C to fill voids between alumina particles. Microblasting to remove excess then refiring 960 C Dentine and enamel porcelain layers are added as usual

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In-Ceram
Alumina, 400-500 MPa flexural strength

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Continue,
Spinell, MgAl2O4 , offers better esthetic than alumina but a slightly lower flexural strength. recommended for inlays (350 MPa flexural strength)

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Zirconia, based on inceram alumina with 33% Zirconia (800 MPa flexural strength)

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Injection moulded and pressed ceramics

Early system:
Cerestore. Crown cores were produced by injection moulding which improved adaptation. Shrinkage reduced by incorporating magnesium oxide (reacts with alumina expansion Technique:
Crowns made through using a wax pattern on an epoxy resin die. Aluminous porcelain is injected under pressure then fired at 1300 C. veneers of porcelain are added for appearance
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Continue,
Empress systems:
Empress I: Based on Leucite-reinforced feldspar glass ceramics. Constructed in a manner similar to the lost wax technique. The porcelain is injected under pressure. Empress II: based on lithium Disilicate & Apatite glass ceramics. Flexural strength 300-400 MPa. Recommended for 3 unit bridges and to replace anterior or premolar teeth
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3.a) lithium disilicate and 3.b) apatite glass-ceramic

lithium disilicate gc apatite gc

II

IPS Empress 2, IPS Eris

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II

2. Leucite glass-ceramics
lost wax technique

molding

pressure unit

furnace chamber

pressing plunger (1.8 - 2.0 MPa) Al2O3 plunger

investment cylinder

glass-ceramic ingot specimen

mold

IPS Empress

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Cast glass and polycrystalline ceramics

Used for making single crowns Crowns constructed in a manner similar to lost wax technique but non metal is involved Molten ceramic is cast centrifugally into the mould at 1350C. Transparent glass crown result Heat treatment (ceramming) at 1075C for 10 hours Color matching is achieved by adding layers of porcelain and refiring Further color matching by using proper shade for luting agent
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II. Dental glass-ceramics as restorative BIOMATERIALS

1 2

II

glass-ceramic on a metal framework

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glass-ceramic as single units (metal-free)

glass-ceramic as multi-unit bridge (metal-free)

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Used to make inlays, onlays, veneers An image of the preparation is captured Restoration is fabricated by a milling machine Design is done within 10-25 minutes Milling process takes 5-10 minutes Try in Cementation by etching with hydrofluoric acid, silane agent, then cementation with dual cure resin
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Computer aided design/computer aided manufacturer (CAD/CAM) porcelain restorations

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CAD/CAM disadvantages
Disadvantages:
Not as accurate, so the fit may not be as good The margins will have greater resin cement lines that may wear down and leak and irritate gingival tissue.

Clinical consideration:
Preparation should be smooth and no undercut Surface should be coated with reflective powder (thin and uniform)

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Materials used
Conventional feldspathic porcelain Glass ceramics In-ceram like porcelain

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Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)

Combines strength (metal) and esthetics (porcelain). Made form low fusing porcelain that binds to the metal through an oxide layer covering the metal. Thickness of metal where it binds to porcelain is 0.3-0.5 mm

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Continue,
Materials used are feldspathic porcelain reinforced with leucite. Leucite:
Adds strength Increases CTE closer to the metal CTE

Requirements of the alloy:

Be able to withstand porcelain firing temperature Rigid enough for porcelain support Be able to bond with porcelain CTE similar to that of porcelain
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Types of alloys used

High gold alloys:
High palladium/platinum
Raises melting temperature Decrease CTE of metal

Trace amounts of tin and indium to promote bonding with porcelain

Disadvantages:
Melting range is still low Modulus of elasticity is low
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Ceramo-metal restorations

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Continue,
Low-gold alloys:
50% gold 30% palladium 10% silver 10% indium

Advantages:
Cost effective Higher stiffness Higher melting range
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Continue,
Silver-palladium alloys:
60% palladium 30% silver 10% indium or tin

Same advantages as low gold alloys

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Continue,
Nickel-chromium alloys:
70-80% nickel 10-25% chromium Molybdenum, tungsten, beryllium Bonding is through ceramic oxide layer

Advantages: high melting range, rigid. Disadvantages:

High casting shrinkage Voids in casting Lower bond strength to porcelain
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PFM construction

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Porcelain failures
Problems related to the chemical bond between metal and porcelain:
Oxide layer too thick or inadequate or at interface cracks propagate Fracture of porcelain. cracks near

Incompatibility of CTE between metal and porcelain (porcelain should have slightly less thermal expansion to prevent cracking at interface)
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Porcelain repair
Can be done if fracture is not too expensive Can be done in vivo with composite:
Mentioned in previous lectures

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All ceramic restorations

Mainly used for anterior teeth were esthetics is an important factor and stress is not high. Termed porcelain jackets Made from low fusing porcelain New ceramics were fabricated, stronger than older porcelain, can be used for posterior teeth but fracture rate was high The newer ceramics are less abrasive to natural teeth and easier to finish and polish after adjustment Materials used were mentioned previously (reinforced ceramics)
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All ceramic crowns

Appear more vital compared to PFM because they do not need an opaque layer of porcelain to cove the metal part. Characterized by:
Appear similar to natural teeth because they are fluorescent (they emit light when hit with UV light) They are opalescent ( because they will have a bluish tinge when light reflects on them, and an orangeyellowish tinge when light passes through

Inceram, aluminous porcelain, Empress

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Porcelain veneers
A reduction of 0.5mm from the labial surface is required Materials used:
Feldspathic porcelain Glass ceramics Pressed ceramics

Bonded with resin. Enamel surface and porcelain surface treatment? Trial cementation with water soluble cement maybe done
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Why are ceramic veneers better than composite veneers

Better esthetics Color stability Better surface finish Abrasion resistance is higher Better tissue compatibility CTE similar to that of tooth structure

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Capillary technology
Used for producing PFM. Procedure:
Metal substructure is produced in two stages:
Wax strip loaded with powdered palladium is adapted to cast This is fired to burn of wax and leave a capillary network of metal Second strip loaded with gold (95%) is added then fired again so gold infiltrates the network and forms the metal crown Porcelain veneers are added for shade (35m)

Bond between porcelain and metal is mechanical

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Bonded platinum foil

Instead of having a metal substructure, porcelain will be bonded to platinum foil. Technique involves laying down two layers of platinum foil. The outer foil is tin plated to aid in porcelain bonding The inner foil is removed before cementation This restoration is not as strong as traditional PFM
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Applied dental materials

References

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