مراجعه كيمياء 110 دوري الاول

CHAPTER 3:1 MOLE === ATOMIC MASS === AV.
#
Sample problems :1-
How many moles are in 24 g of k ?
2-
How many atoms are in 286 g of k ?
3-
What is the weight of 66 mole of k atoms ?
4 how many moles are in 3x1023atoms of k ?
DR.AZZA ABOSAIF (( 0560267333 ) - REVISION COURCE OF CHEMISTRY 110 (1ST TERM-1ST TEST )
Page 1
1 MOLE === ATOMIC MASS === AV.#

Sample problems :1-
How many moles are in 66 g of CH4?
2-
How many molecules are in 286 g of CH4 ?
3-
What is the weight of 66 mole of CH4 molecules ?
4 how many moles are in 3x1023MOLECULES of H2O ?
Page 2
Part of whole:How many H atoms are in 68 g of H2SO4 ?
How many O atoms are in 66 moles of H3PO4 ?
STCHIOCHEMTRY :H2
12-
O2
H2 O
Balance equation
Describe the chemical equation :
H2
O2
H2O
Moles
#
weight
volume
Page 3
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one

or more new substances is a chemical reaction.
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction.
Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2 CH3OH + 3 O2
2 CO2 + 4 H2O
3.7
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,

what mass of water is produced?
Page 4
LIMITING REAGENT :
..
EXCESS REAGENT :
..
EXAMPEL:- from the text book :-
Page 5
Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a dark-brown gas:
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
In one experiment 0.886 mole of NO is mixed with 0.503 mole of O2. Calculate the number of
moles of NO2 produced (note: first determine which is the limiting reagent).
A)
0.886 mol
B)
0.503 mol
C)
1.01 mol
D) 1.77 mol
Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
% Yield =
Actual Yield
x 100
Theoretical Yield
3.10
Page 6
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C.
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadros number (NA)
M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadros number
3.2
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of

the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S
SO2
2O
SO2
32.07 amu
+ 2 x 16.00 amu
64.07 amu
For any molecule

molecular mass in amu = molar mass in grams
1 molecule of SO2 weighs 64.07 amu
1 mole of SO2 weighs 64.07 g
3.3
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

EX:- 3.1
Page 7
Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound (assume you have 1 mole!).
EX:Calculate the
%composition of
C,H and O in
C2H6O
2 x (12.01 g)
x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H =
x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O =
x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
%C =
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

3.5
Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following percent
composition by mass:
K 24.75%, Mn 34.77%, O 40.51% percent.
Mn
N= Wt./ATmass
EMP.F
HOW CAN YOU FIND THE

MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM THE
EMPRICAL FORMULA
EX:- 3.1
Page 8
Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

___________________________________________________________________________
1. What is the mass, in grams, of one copper atom?
A.
1.055 10-22 g
2.
3.
B.
63.55 g
C.
1 amu
D.
1.66 10-24 g
E.
9.476 1021 g
Determine the number of moles of aluminum in 96.7 g of Al.

A. 0.279 mol
B.
3.58 mol
C.
7.43 mol
D.
4.21 mol
E.
6.02 1023 mol
Which of the following samples contains the greatest number of atoms?

A. 100 g of Pb
B.
2.0 mole of Ar
C.
0.1 mole of Fe
D.
5 g of He
E.
20 million O2 molecules
Page 9
4.
5.
6.
Formaldehyde has the formula CH2O. How many molecules are there in 0.11 g of formaldehyde?
A. 6.1 10-27
B.
3.7 10-3
C.
D.
2.2 1021
E.
6.6 1022
How many sulfur atoms are present in 25.6 g of Al2(S2O3)3?

A.
0.393
B.
C.
3.95 1022
D.
7.90 1022
E.
2.37 1023
The percent composition by mass of a compound is 76.0% C, 12.8% H, and 11.2% O. The molar mass of this
compound is 284.5 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
A. C10H6O
B.
C9H18O
C.
C16H28O4
D.
C20H12O2
E.
C18H36O2
Page 10
7.
What is the coefficient of H2O when the following equation is properly balanced with the smallest set of whole
numbers?
___ Al4C3 + ___ H2O ___ Al(OH)3 + ___ CH4
A.
8.
9.
B.
C.
D.
12
E.
24
When 22.0 g NaCl and 21.0 g H2SO4 are mixed and react according to the equation below, which is the limiting
reagent?
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
A. NaCl
B.
H2SO4
C.
Na2SO4
D.
HCl
E.
No reagent is limiting.
How many grams of Cl2 can be prepared from the reaction of 16.0 g of MnO2 and 30.0 g of HCl according to the
following chemical equation?
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
A. 0.82 g
B.
5.8 g
C.
13.0 g
D.
14.6 g
E.
58.4 g
Page 11
10.
What is the theoretical yield of chromium that can be produced by the reaction of 40.0 g of Cr2O3 with 8.00 g of
aluminum according to the chemical equation below?
2Al + Cr2O3 Al2O3 + 2Cr
A. 7.7 g
B.
15.4 g
C.
27.3 g
D.
30.8 g
E.
49.9 g
Answer Key
1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.E 6.E 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B
Page 12
CHAPTER 4 :-
Solution Stoichiometry:The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given

quantity of solvent or solution
.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution
EX:-
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a 2.80 M KI solution?
Dilution :- is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated solution.
Mi Vi
= MF VF
EX:How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M
HNO3?
DILUTION
Add Solvent
Page 13
Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
1.
2.
What mass of K2CO3 is needed to prepare 200. mL of a solution having a potassium ion concentration of 0.150 M?
A.
4.15 g
B.
10.4 g
C.
13.8 g
D.
2.07 g
E.
1.49 g
A 50.0 mL sample of 0.436 M NH4NO3 is diluted with water to a total volume of 250.0 mL. What is the ammonium
nitrate concentration in the resulting solution?
A.
21.8 M
B.
0.459 M
C.
2.18 10-2 M
D.
8.72 10-2 M
E.
0.109 M
3. How many milliliters would you need to prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
A. 60 mL
B. 240 mL
C. 24 mL
D. 1000 mL
E. 48 mL
Answer Key: 1. D 2. D 3. A
Page 14
CHAPTER 2
Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the nucleus.
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same number of
protons) but have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Mass Number
A
ZX
Atomic Number
12
6
13
6
C
235
92
Element Symbol
14
6
238
92
2.3
ALLOTROPS :-
COMPOUND COMPOSED OF THE SAME ELEMENTS DUT THEY DIFFER IN THEIR

NATURE AND THEIR SHAPS AS ( GRAPHITE & DIAMOND ) ( O2 & O 3 )
COMPLETE THE TABLE :ELEMENT
AT.#
AT.MASS
Page 15
Periodic table
Noble Gases
Halogens
Groups or Families
Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkali Metals
Rows or Periods
2.4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 16
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement
held together by covalent bonds
MOLECULES DEVIDED INTO :-
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
Page 17
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net

positive or negative charge.
Cation: ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
Na
11 protons
11 electrons
Na+
11 protons
10 electrons
Anion: ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
Cl
17 protons
17 electrons
Cl-
17 protons
18 electrons
2.5
A monatomic ion contains only one atom.

Na+, Cl, Ca2+, O2, Al3+, N3
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom.
OH, CN, NH4+, NO3
Page 18
2.6
A molecular formula shows the exact number of

atoms of each element in a molecule of the
substance.
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance.
molecular
empirical
H2O
H2O
C6H12O6
CH2O
O3
N2H4
NH2
2.6
Page 19
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations

and anions.
the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
Na+ to Cl ratio = 1 to 1
The ionic compound NaCl.
2.6
Formula of Ionic Compounds

2 x +3 = +6
Al2O3
Al3+
1 x +2 = +2
Ca2+
2 x +1 = +2
Na+
3 x 2 = 6
O2
2 x 1 = 2
CaBr2
Br
1 x 2 = 2
Na2CO3
CO32
2.6
Page 20
Page 21
PLANE OF NOMENCLATUR
Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
often a metal + nonmetal
BaCl2
barium chloride
K 2O
potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2
magnesium hydroxide
KNO3
potassium nitrate
2.7
Transition metal ionic compounds

Indicate the charge on the metal with Roman
numerals (the Stock naming system).
Common names use the ic and ous endings.
FeCl2
2 Cl = 2 so Fe is +2
iron(II) chloride
(ferrous chloride)
FeCl3
3 Cl = 3 so Fe is +3
iron(III) chloride
(ferric chloride)
Cr2S3
3 S2 = 6 so Cr is +3
chromium(III) sulfide
2.7
Page 22
Molecular compounds
Made of nonmetals or nonmetals +
metalloids.
Use common names for these:
H2O, NH3, CH4
The element further left in periodic table is

first.
The element closest to bottom of group is
first.
If more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use the prefixes to
indicate the number of each kind of atom to
specify the compound.
The last element ends in ide.
2.7
Molecular Compounds
HI
hydrogen iodide
NF3
nitrogen trifluoride
SO2
sulfur dioxide
N2Cl4
dinitrogen tetrachloride
NO2
nitrogen dioxide
N2O
dinitrogen monoxide
2.7
Page 23
COMMONE COMPOUND NAMES :H2O ==== WATER ( SEE YOUR TEXT BOOK )
ANSWERS OF SOME H.W.Q
Page 24
CHAPTER 1
Examples:-
The SI unit of mass is
(a). The pound
(b). The gram
(c). The kilogram (d). The mole.
Page 25
The SI prefixes giga and micro represent, respectively:

A.
10-9 and 10-6.
B.
106 and 10-3.
C.
103 and 10-3.
D.
109 and 10-6.
Which of the following is the smallest distance?

(a) 21 m 21m
(b) 2.1 x 102 cm 2.1m
(c) 21 mm 0.021 m
(d) 2.1 x 104 pm 2.1 x 10-8 m
The diameter of an atom is approximately 1 10-7 mm. What is this diameter
when expressed in nanometers?
A.
1 10-18 nm
B.
1 10-15 nm
C.
1 10-9 nm
D.
1 10-1 nm
Which of these quantities represents the largest mass?

A.
2.0 102 mg
B.
0.0010 kg
C.
1.0 105 g
D.
2.0 102 cg
Page 26
Put all of them in the same unit

A) 0.2 g
B)1 g
C) 0.1 g
D) 2 g
Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object.

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.
SI derived units
are defined in terms of the seven base quantities via a system of quantity
equations.
The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from these
equations and the seven SI base units. For example
Area = width x length
Unit of width = m
Unit of length = m
Unit of Area = m m = m2
Page 27
Volume
Volume = width length hieghst = m m m = m3
SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
Common unit of volume is liter (L) and milliliter (ml)
The relation ship between liter (L) and ml (1L= 1000mL)
The relation ship between liter (L) and metric system
1 L = 1 dm3
The relation ship between milliliter (ml) and metric system
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density :is defined as the amount of matter in a given amount of space.
d = m/V
SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
EX : A piece of Gold metal has a volume of 15.6 cm3, with a mass of 301 g What is its
density
301 g/ 15.6 cm3
= 19.3 g/ cm3
Page 28
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit F F = [ (9/5) C] + 32
Celsius C
C = (5/9) (F - 32)
Kelvin K
K = C + 273.15
EX: Convert 224 0C to degrees Fahrenheit?
F = (9 0F /5 0C) C + 32
[F = (9 0F /5 0C) 224 C] + 32 0C = 435 0F

Convert -452 0F to degrees Celsius.
C = (5 0C /9 0F) (F - 32 0F)
C = (5 0C /9 0F) (-452 F - 32 0F) = -269 0C
Convert -38.9 0C to degrees Kelvin..
K = [-38.9 C + 273.15 C ] 1 K/ 1 0C = 234.3 K
Ammonia boils at -33.4C. What temperature is this in F?
A.
-60.1F
C.
-28.1F
B.
-92.1F
D. +13.5F
Page 29

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CHAPTER 3:1 MOLE === ATOMIC MASS === AV.

How many moles are in 24 g of k ?

How many atoms are in 286 g of k ?

What is the weight of 66 mole of k atoms ?

4 how many moles are in 3x1023atoms of k ?

1 MOLE === ATOMIC MASS === AV.#

How many moles are in 66 g of CH4?

How many molecules are in 286 g of CH4 ?

What is the weight of 66 mole of CH4 molecules ?

4 how many moles are in 3x1023MOLECULES of H2O ?

Part of whole:How many H atoms are in 68 g of H2SO4 ?

How many O atoms are in 66 moles of H3PO4 ?

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

M = molar mass in g/mol

Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of

For any molecule

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

HOW CAN YOU FIND THE

Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Determine the number of moles of aluminum in 96.7 g of Al.

6.02 1023 mol

Which of the following samples contains the greatest number of atoms?

How many sulfur atoms are present in 25.6 g of Al2(S2O3)3?

Solution Stoichiometry:The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a 2.80 M KI solution?

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution

COMPOUND COMPOSED OF THE SAME ELEMENTS DUT THEY DIFFER IN THEIR

COMPLETE THE TABLE :ELEMENT

Alkaline Earth Metals

A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement

held together by covalent bonds

MOLECULES DEVIDED INTO :-

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net

Anion: ion with a negative charge

A monatomic ion contains only one atom.

A molecular formula shows the exact number of

ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations

The ionic compound NaCl.

Formula of Ionic Compounds

Transition metal ionic compounds

The element further left in periodic table is

ANSWERS OF SOME H.W.Q

The SI unit of mass is

(a). The pound

(b). The gram

(c). The kilogram (d). The mole.

The SI prefixes giga and micro represent, respectively:

10-9 and 10-6.

106 and 10-3.

103 and 10-3.

109 and 10-6.

Which of the following is the smallest distance?

Which of these quantities represents the largest mass?

Put all of them in the same unit

Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object.

EX: Convert 224 0C to degrees Fahrenheit?

[F = (9 0F /5 0C) 224 C] + 32 0C = 435 0F