GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

HISTORY
I. Primary Sources Livy Bks. 31-33 (commentary by Briscoe) Polybius Bk. 6 (commentary by Walbank) Cassius Dio, Roman History Bks. 53-55 (commentary by Rich) Augustus, Res Gestae (commentary by Volkmann, Brunt & Moore, and/or Scheid) Velleius Paterculus (commentary by Woodman) Pliny, Epistulae Bk. 10 (commentary by Sherwin-White, but cf. also W. Williams) Tacitus, Histories Bk. 1 (commentary by Chilver and/or Heubner) or Germania (commentary by Anderson, or Lund, or Rives) Suetonius, Claudius (commentary by Hurley) Historia Augusta, Hadrian (commentary by Benario) II. Secondary Readings A. This first group of readings is designed to provide a basic understanding of some of the more important issues in the

history of Rome, again, through the early imperial period.

T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome. Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge 1995. pp. 1 118 [The early history of Rome, what can be known, and what not.] H.I. Flower (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004. Esp. parts 1, 2, and 3. [Some of the main issues in the history of the Republic.] William V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327-70 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1979. esp. pp. 1-175. [The classic, and still best, account of how Romes empire was created.] Andrew Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1999. pp. 1- 146 & 163-232. [An overview of the essential governmental structures of the Republic.] Robert Morestein-Marx, Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004. [Was the Republic most essentially a democracy, or some form of aristocracy?] Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1939. [The classic account of Augustus.] Werner Eck, The Age of Augustus. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell 2007. [The best, brief, up-to-date account of Augustus.] F.G.B. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1977. pp. 1-549 [The most essential account of the imperial system of government.] Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Civilis princeps: Between Citizen and King JRS 72 (1982) 32-48. [An absolutely crucial portrayal of what it took to be a good emperor.] J.E. Lendon, Empire of Honour. The Art of Government in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997. pp. 1-175. [Probably the most important element in what made the imperial system of government/society work.] Matthew Roller, Constructing Authority. Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001. pp. 127287. [An account of how people shaped for themselves an understanding of their new system of government.] Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press 2000. pp. 206-412 [An attempt to see why the Roman Empire was stable, and did not collapse much sooner than it might have.] Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998. [What did it mean to be Roman? Who were the Romans?] W. Scheidel, I. Morris, and R. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007. Introduction. [A basic understanding of the workings of the Roman economy.] M. Peachin (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World. New York: Oxford University Press 2011. Introduction. [A general grasp of the chief issues in social history, as well as the development of this field.] B. This next group of readings contains valuable research tools that you should familiarize yourself with. Any exam questions

on these things would attempt to ascertain that you could employ these works in your research. Sources: Papyri and Inscriptions:

Roger S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. New York: Oxford University Press 2009. H.-A. Ruprecht, Kleine Einfhrung in die Papyruskunde. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1994. L. Keppie, Understanding Roman Inscriptions. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1991. J. Bodel (ed.), Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient History from Inscriptions. London: Routledge 2001.

Some Basic Reference Tools:

T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. 3 vols. Cleveland: Case Western 1951-86. Dietmar Kienast, Rmische Kaisertabelle. Grundzge einer rmischen Kaiserchronologie . 2nd ed. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1996.

Darmstadt:

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

Prosopographia Imperii Romani. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1933-. The second edition of this work has now
gone as far as Press 1971-92 1929. Press 2000.

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire [AD 260-641]. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University
S.B. Platner & T. Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press E. M. Steinby (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae 6 vols. Rome: Edizioni Quasar 1993-. R.J.A. Talbert (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University

gentilicia beginning with the letter T. Otherwise, there is the first edition.

II. Modern Scholarship It is not essential to read every word of each of the following books, though I recommend all of Alfldi, Brunt, and Scullard if youve never had a proper survey of the history of the central period of Roman history. Especially in the more specialized studies of particular periods or topics, I expect you to get an overview of these debates and approaches, not to know everything about them in great detail. That is, what is/are the issue/issues that these scholars are debating about, and why? What kinds of evidence do they have at hand? What kinds of intellectual or theoretical frameworks do they apply to the problems they investigate, and to what end? Overviews: Alfldi, Geza. The Social History of Rome (1985, or reprinted 1988), or if you prefer, read the original German: Rmische Sozialgeschichte, 1975). A good overview of the shape of Roman social history as a discipline, and the kinds of questions social historians ask. Brunt, P. A. 1971. Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic, or, read the later remake of this project, the long chapter in Brunts The fall of the Roman Republic and related essays, 1988) A groundbreaking analysis of the interrelation of the following aspects of Roman society: agrarian economics, slaveholding, warfare, the demographics of the army, elite values, and the rise of dominant warlords in the late republic. (This account, widely accepted for a generation, is now being challenged: see Rosenstein and Scheidel below.) Garnsey, Peter, and Richard Saller. 1987. The Roman Empire : economy, society, and culture. A series of essays offering overviews of particular problems in (as the title suggests) the economy, society, and culture of the early empire. Well worth looking at, especially if you are interested in one of the particular topics on which they write. Scullard, H. H. From the Gracchi to Nero. 3rd edn, 1970. This book provides a good overview of What Happened between about B.C. 140 and A.D. 70, and the notes in the 3rd edition do an excellent job of indicating the sources for each period and question. But beware: Scullards historical interpretations are extremely oldfashioned (in fact, completely obsolete in many respects), and one should read Brunt and Alfldi for more modern framings and analyses of key questions. Specific periods: Brown, Peter. 1978. The Making of Late Antiquity. A fundamental (and blessedly brief) analysis of the end of the classical world and its metamorphosis into something else. Cornell, T. J. 1995. The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the bronze age to the Punic Wars, c. 1000-263 B.C. Read at least a few chapters, especially at the beginning of the book, to get a sense of the problems historians face, and the nature of the evidence they have, in dealing with early Rome. Specific topics or approaches: Bradley, Keith R. look at EITHER Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: a study in Social Control (1987) OR Slavery and society at Rome (1994). Fundamental surveys of slavery as a social, economic, and ideological institution in the Roman world. Both are short books, and highly readable. Flower, Harriet. 1996. Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture. Already something of a classic, this book exemplifies the emerging cultural approach to Roman history: the investigation of cultural systems, i.e. social practices and beliefs/values/ideologies as they are interlinked and as they mutually affect one another. Gardner, J. F. 1986. Women in Roman Law and Society. The title is perfectly descriptive: this is an overview of the actualities of womens existence in Rome, and also of the corpus of law expressly dealing with women. This book, besides being interesting and useful, exemplifies the products of the womens history movement of the 1970s and 1980s, which in turn emerged from the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In recent years, this movement has broadened and moved on to investigate larger issues of gender and sexuality in the ancient world (see on Williams below). Hopkins, Keith. 1983. Death and Renewal. Look especially at the middle two chapters, a groundbreaking and extremely influential application of statistical and demographic methods to certain historical problems. Kraus, C. S., and A. Woodman. 1997. Latin Historians. A brief overview of recent approaches to Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus as historical sources and literary artists, with a few other prose historians also getting brief mention. Millar, Fergus. 1998. The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Millars latest book has stirred up a huge debate about the degree to which the Republican system, especially in the late republic, was democratic. In so doing, he has

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

revivified the whole field of Roman constitutional history, which had almost completely withered away for lack of new ideas. See also Mouritsen below. Mouritsen, Henrik. 2001. Plebs and politics in the late Roman republic. A response, and a corrective, to Millars work on Roman democracy. Rosenstein, Nathan. 2004. Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic. A cogent critique of the consensus represented by Brunts work, and a thorough rethinking of the interrelationships among small freeholding, villa agriculture, military service, and the decline of the republic. See also Scheidel. Scheidel, Walter. 2005. Human Mobility in Roman Italy II: The Slave Population. JRS 95 (2005) 64-79. A different approach from Rosensteins but with conclusions tending in the same general direction. Syme, Ronald. 1939. The Roman Revolution. Look at Chs. 1-3, 11, 25-33. A great classic, this book with its prosopographical approach to Roman elite politics shaped scholarship in Roman history for two generations. While the field has assimilated the fruits of this approach and largely moved on to other questions and methods, it is still important to sample Symes work. See also Wallace-Hadrill below. Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1997. Mutatio morum: the idea of a cultural revolution. In T. Habinek and A. Schiesaro, eds., The Roman Cultural Revolution. Yes, this collection is explicitly in response to Symes book, and seeks to rethink and reassess some of Symes central concerns by way of methods and approaches to Roman history that have emerged since 1939, and especially in light of recent cultural- historical approaches (see on Flower above). Wallace-Hadrills piece is a stimulating part of this effort. (You might also read the editors Introduction to the whole collection, for their discussion of Syme and his reception over the years.) Williams, Craig A. 1999. Roman homosexuality: ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity. A thorough survey and discussion of Roman practices and ideologies of sex, sexuality, and gender. This book exemplifies a slew of recent studies in ancient ideologies of gender, and especially of manhood. Since the mid-1990s the Roman manthe vir and his virtushas been completely rediscovered and reinvented in light of the (re)discovery of the Roman woman over the past 20 years (see on Gardner above). Woolf, Greg. 1998. Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. How and why Romanization occurred in areas of the Roman world outside of Latium proper, and indeed what Romanization itself means, is a hot topic in Roman history just now. This book is just one recent intervention in the debate. ALSO: An emerging subfield of ancient history of the past decade is the history of emotions, which turn out to be historically and culturally determined. To get a sense of how one might do the history of a (Roman) emotion, look at any one of the following three volumes: (1) S. Braund and D. Gill, eds., 1997. The passions in Roman Thought and literature. Cambridge. (2) W. V. Harris. 2001. Restraining rage: the ideology of anger control in classical antiquity. Harvard. (3) R. A. Kaster. 2005. Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome. Oxford.

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

CHRONOLOGICAL A. General (choose one): M. Cary & H. Scullard, A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 3rd ed. New York 1975 Ward, Heichelheim and Yeo, A History of the Roman People (Prentice-Hall, 1999) Thomas Africa, The Immense Majesty (Harlan-Davidson, 1991) Karl Christ, The Romans (University of California, 1984) The area of Roman History is too vast for the student to prepare equally in all fields; therefore those students taking one examination in all of ancient hsitory should select either two areas from the Republic (B) and one from the Empire (C), or one area from the Republic (B) and two from the Empire (C). Students taking Rome as a distinct field must chose two from the Republic and two from the Empire. Selection should be made in consultation with the candidate's advisor. B. The Republic 1. The Early Republic-70 B.C. (5 books): a. The Period before the Lex Hortensia (choose one): 1) E. Gjerstad, Legends and Facts of Early Roman History (Lund: Gleerup, 1961) 2) *Livy, Books I-V (Penguin) 3) T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (Routledge, 1995) 4) Jean-Michel David, Roman Conquest of Italy (Blackwell, 1994) 5) Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (University of California Press, 2005) b. From the Lex Hortensia to 70 B.C. (4 books): 1) M. Gelzer, The Roman Nobility (Blackwell, 1969) 2) E. Badian, Foreign Clientele (Oxford, 1958) OR E. Gruen, Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Cambridge, 1968) OR *E. Badian, Publicans and Sinners (Cornell, 1972) 3) *William Harris, War & Imperialism in Republican Rome: 327-70 B.C. Oxford 1985 OR

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East University of Oklahoma, 1984 4) *Erich Gruen, Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Univ. of California,1996 OR Alan Astin, Cato the Censor (Oxford, 1978) 2. 70 B.C. - A.D. 14 (5 books): Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68. 4th ed. London Josiah Osgood, Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2006) a. *R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1960) b. *L.R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (Berkeley, 1964) c. *Sallust, Catilinarian Conspiracy (Penguin) OR *Cicero, Selected Works (Penguin) d. *E. Badian, Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic (Cornell Univ. Press, 1968) OR Mary Beard, Rome in the Late Republic (Cornell University Press, 1985) OR A.J. Langguth, A Noise of War (Simon and Schuster, 1994) OR Arthur Keaveney, The Army in the Roman Revolution Routledge, 2007 OR Rome & the Unification of Italy Croom Helm, 1987 OR Fergus Millar,The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Michigan 1998 e. Biography (choose one): Thomas Carney, Biography of C. Marius (Proc. African Classical Association, 1981) M.L. Clarke, The Noblest RomanMarcus Brutus (Thames & Hudson, 1981) *Manfred Fuhrman, Cicero and the Roman Republic (Blackwell, 1990) Matthias Gelzer, Caesar (Harvard, 1968) Christian Habicht, Cicero the Politician (Johns Hopkins, 1990) Richard Holland, Augustus (Sutton, 2004) *Arthur Keaveney, Sulla (Croom Helm. 1986) *John Leach, Pompey the Great (Croom Helm, 1986) Christian Meier, Caesar (Basic Books, 1982) Robin Seager, Pompey (California, 1979) Philip Spann, Quintus Sertorius (U. Arkansas, 1987) Jeffrey Tatum, The Patrician Tribune P. Clodius Pulcher (Univ. of N. Carolina, 1999) Allen Ward, Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (Missouri, 1977) *Neal Wood, Cicero's Social and Political Thought (California, 1988)

C. The Empire 1. General (1 book)--all candidates must choose this section: *Richard Alston, Aspects of Roman History (Routledge, 1998) *Peter Garnsey, Richard Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture. Univ. of California 1987 John Wacher, The Roman Empire (Barnes and Noble, 1987) Colin Wells, The Roman Empire (Stanford University Press, 1984) 2. The Julio-Claudian Age (4 books): Zanker, P. Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Trans. A. Shapiro. Ann Arbor Ramsay MacMullan, Romanization in the Time of Augustus (Yale University Press, 2000) OR *Josiah Osgood, Caesar's Legacy (Cambridge, 2006) a. *R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1960) OR *F. Millar & E. Segal, eds., Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1985) OR *Robert Gurval, Actium and Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1998) b. *Tacitus, Annals (Penguin) c. *Petronius, The Satyricon (Mentor) d. Imperial Biography (choose one): Anthony Barrett, Agrippina (Yale University Press, 1996) Caligula (Yale, 1989) Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome (Random House, 2009) Arthur Ferrill, Caligula (Thames & Hudson, 1991) John Grainger, Nerva (Routledge, 2004) Michael Grant, Nero (Dorsett, 1970) Miriam Griffin, Nero (Yale, 1985)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

Barbara Levick, Claudius (Yale, 1990) *Tiberius the Politician (Croom Helm, 1976) Pat Southern, Augustus (Routledge, 1998) Elizabeth Speller, Following Hadrian (Oxford, 2003) 3. The Later Empire (4 books): a. *E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Viking Portable) b. *Pliny, Letters of the Younger Pliny (Penguin) c. *Juvenal, The Satires of Juvenal (Mentor) d. Biography (choose one): Julian Bennett, Trajan Indiana University Press, 1997) Anthony Birley, Hadrian (Routledge, 1997) Marcus Aurelius (Yale, 1987) Septimius Severus (Doubleday, 1972) Michael Grant, The Antonines (Routledge, 1994) The Severans (Routledge, 1996) Barbara Levick, Vespasian (Routledge, 1999) Pat Southern, Domitian (Routledge, 1997)

D. Roman Provinces and Frontiers (2 books): 1. Provinces (1 book): Leonard Curchin, Roman Spain (Barnes and Noble, 1991) S. Keay, Roman Spain (University of California, 1988) Susan Raven, Rome in Africa (Routledge, 1984) 2. Frontiers and Barbarians (1 book): Thomas Burns, Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.-A.D. 400 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) *Stephen Drummond & Lynn Nelson, Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome (Sharpe, 1994) *Stephen Dyson, Creation of the Roman Frontier (Princeton, 1985) Hugh Elton, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Indiana University, 1996) *Benjamin Isaac, The Limits of Empire (Oxford, 1990) Susan Mattern, Rome and the Enemy (University of California Press, 1999) Fergus Millar, Roman Empire and its Neighbors (Holmes and Meier, 1981) C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Johns Hopkins, 1994) Derek Williams, The Reach of Rome (St. Martin's, 1996)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

E. Roman Social and Intellectual Life (3 books):

The Rise of Christianity (choose one): Stephen Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians (Indiana, 1984) G. W. Bowersock, Martyrdom and Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1995) *Pierre Chuvin, A Chronicle of the Last Pagans (Harvard University Press, 1990) R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (Yale, 1984) Marta Sordi, The Christians and the Roman Empire (Oklahoma, 1987) R. Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (Yale, 1984) The Family and Social Relations (choose two): Geza Alfoldi, Social History of Rome (Johns Hopkins, 1988) J.P. V.D. Balsdon, Roman Women (Barnes and Noble, 1983)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

R. H. Barrow, Slavery in the Roman Empire (Methuen, 1968) Carlin Barton, Roman Honor (University of California Press, 2001) Sorrows of the Ancient Romans (Princeton University Press, 1993) Richard Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (Routledge, 1992) Richard Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (Yale University Press, 1999) Stanley Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome (California, 1977) *Keith Bradley, Discovering the Roman Family (Oxford, 1991) Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World (Indiana Univ.Press, 1989) Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987) Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1994) P. A. Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (Norton, 1971) Andrew Dalby, Empire of Pleasures (Routledge, 2000) Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Family (Johns Hopkins, 1992) Florence DuPont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Blackwell, 1989) Alison Futrell, Blood in the Arena (University of Texas Press, 1997) Donald Kyle, Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome (Routledge, 1998) Paul Plass, The Game of Death in Ancient Rome (Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1995) Sarah Pomeroy, The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity (Harvard University Press, 2007) *D. S. Potter, Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. University of Michigan,1999 Beryl Rawson, The Family in Ancient Rome (Cornell, 1986) O. F. Robinson, Ancient Rome: City Planning & Administration (Routledge, 1994) Richard Saller, Patriarchy, Property and death in the Roman Family (Cambridge, 1994) Thomas Weideman, Emperors and Gladiators (Routledge, 1992) Fantham, E., et al., eds. Women in the Classical World. Oxford 1994 Finley, M. I. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley 1973 Hopkins, K., Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge Luttwak, E.N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third. Baltimore and London Nicolet, C., World of the Citizen in Republican Rome. Berkeley. Raaflaub, K. and Toher, M. Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate. Berkeley.

F. Late Antiquity (2 books, one from each category):

The Late Empire (choose one) Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity. Harvard 1978 Thomas Burns, Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome (Indiana University Press, 1994) *Averil Cameron, Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 1993) The Later Roman Empire (Harvard University Press, 1993) Michael Grant, From Rome to Byzantium (Routledge, 1998)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

*John Moorhead, The Roman Empire Divided (Longman, 2001) *David Potter, The Empire at Bay (Routledge, 2004) Derek Williams, Romans and Barbarians (St. Martin's Press, 1998) Late Imperial Biographies (choose one): Timothy Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Harvard, 1981) G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (Harvard, 1978) H.A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000) Maria Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria (Harvard, 1995) Michael Grant, Constantine the Great (Scribner's Sons, 1993) Steven Williams, Diocletian (Methuen, 1985) Theodosius (Yale University Press, 1994)

G. The Fall of the Roman Empire (Choose one):

Arthur Ferrill, Fall of the Roman Empire (Thames & Hudson, 1986) Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford University Press, 2006) Ramsay MacMullen, Corruption and the Decline of Rome (Yale, 1988) Aldo Schiavone, The End of the Past (Harvard University Press, 2000) Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford University Press, 2005) Stephen Williams, The Rome the Did Not Fall (Routledge, 1999)

I. Roman Republic: Political and Military History

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Livy Histories, Books 5, 6, 20, 21, 37, 39 Polybius Histories, Books 1-6 Caesar Civil Wars Appian, Civil Wars Cicero, Verrine Orations Cicero, Catilinarian Orations Sallust, Catiline and Iugurtha Plutarch, Lives of Coriolanus, Fabius Maximus, Marcellus, Cato the Elder, Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus,

Sertorius, Brutus, Mark

Antony

B. Texbook: read chapters 1-8 from the following: M.T. Boatwright, D. Gargola, R. Talbert The Romans: From Village to Empire (Oxford, 2004) C. Secondary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. A.E. Astin et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 8, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1989). E. Badian, Foreign Clientelae (Oxford, 1958). P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic (Oxford 1988). J.A. Crook et al. eds. The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 9, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1994). H. Flower The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (Cambridge, 2004) E. Gruen The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (Berkeley, 1984). A. Lintott The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1999) F. Millar The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Berkeley, 1998) T. Mommsen, The History of Rome, Vol. 1, trans. W. Dickson (Cambridge, 2010). R. Syme The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1939).

II. Roman Empire: Political and Military History

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Tacitus, Annals, Books 1-4 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars

Historia Augusta Dio Cassius, Roman History, Books 50-56 Herodian, History of the Roman Empire
B. Texbook: read chapters 9-13 from the following: M.T. Boatwright, D. Gargola, R. Talbert The Romans: From Village to Empire (Oxford, 2004) C. Secondary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley, 2000) A.K. Bowman et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 10, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995). The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2008). The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 12, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2008). P.A. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford, 1990). E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire chapters 1-16. F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (Ithaca, 1977). D. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395 (New York, 2004) R. Syme, Tacitus (Oxford, 1958).

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

III. Social and Economic History

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Pliny the Younger, Letters, Books 1-9 Cato, On Agriculture and Varro, On Farming P.G. Walsh, M. Tullius Cicero: Correspondence, English Selections (Oxford, 2008). Petronius, Satyricon Apuleius, The Golden Ass Seneca, Letters M. Fant and M. Lefkowitz, Women in Greece and Rome 2nd ed. (London, 1982). B. Secondary: select three of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. R. Duncan Jones The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies (Cambridge, 1974). K.R. Bradley Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge, 1994). S. Dixon, Reading Roman Women: Sources, Genres and Real Life (London, 2001) J. Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society (London, 1986). P. Garnsey and R. Saller The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture (Berkeley, 1987). K. Hopkins Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge, 1977). P. Horden and N. Purcell The Corrupting Sea, A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford, 2000) R. Saller Patriarchy, Property, and Death in the Roman Family (Cambridge, 1994). W. Scheidel et al. eds. The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco Roman World (Cambridge, 2008) S. Treggiari Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991). P. Veyne Bread and Circuses (London, 1990).

IV. Roman Law

A. Primary Gaius Institutes or Justinian Institutes B. Textbook: Read entire: P. DuPlessi Borkowskis Textbook on Roman Law, 4th ed. (Oxford, 2010). C. Secondary: select three of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. E. J. Champlin Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 B.C.-A.D. 250 (Princeton, 1989). J.A. Crook Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (Ithaca, 1995). Law and Life in Republican Rome (Ithaca, 1967). J.F. Gardner Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life (Oxford, 1998) A. Riggsby Crime and Community in Ciceronian Rome (Austin, 1999). A. Watson Roman Slave Law (Baltimore, 1987). International Law in Archaic Rome: War and Religion (Baltimore, 1993).

V. Provinces
A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. N. Lewis and M. Reinhold (eds.), Roman Civilization 3rd ed. (New York, 1990) Vol. II, ch. 4. Josephus, Jewish Wars Pliny the Younger, Letters, Book 10 Aelius Aristides, Oration to Rome Dio Chrysostom, Orations Apuleius, The Golden Ass A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II) (London 1994). J. Reynolds Aphrodisias and Rome (London, 1989). B. Secondary (select three of the following in consultation with your professor)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

S. Alcock, Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece (Cambridge, 1993). A. Bowman, Egypt After the Pharaohs (Berkeley, 1986). A.H.M. Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (Oxford, 1971). M. Kulikowski, Late Roman Spain and its Cities (Baltimore, 2004) F. Millar, The Roman Near East 31 BC - AD 337 (Cambridge, 1993). S. Mitchell, Anatolia (Oxford, 1993). A. Mocsy, Pannonia and Upper Moesia (London, 1974). P. Salway, The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain (Oxford, 1994). M. Sartre, The Middle East Under Rome (Cambridge, MA, 2005) G. Woolf, Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (Cambridge, 1998).

VI. The Roman Army

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Polybius, Histories book 6 Caesar, Gallic Wars Anonymous, De rebus bellicis Frontinus, Stratagemata Vegetius, De re militari B. Secondary (select three of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee) A. Birley, The Roman Army Papers, 1929-1986 (Amsterdam, 1986). A. K Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier (London, 1994). J.B. Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 235 (Oxford, 1984). H. Elton, Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425 (Oxford, 1996). E. Gabba, Republican Rome, the Army, and the Allies (Berkeley, 1976). A. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, 100 BC-AD 200 (Oxford, 1996). L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire (Totowa, 1984). J.E. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity (New Haven, 2005). E. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (Baltimore, 1976). M. Speidel, Roman Army Studies (Amsterdam, 1984). C.R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Baltimore, 1994).

VII. Cultural History and Education

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Cicero, On the Orator Suetonius Lives of the Grammarians and Rhetors Quintilian, The Orators Education Seneca the Elder, Declamations Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists Macrobius, Saturnalia M. Joyal, I. McDougall, J. Yardley Greek and Roman Education: A sourcebook (New York, 2009) B. Secondary: select three of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. S. F. Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome (Berkeley, 1977). G. Bowersock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor, 1990). R. Cribiore, Gymnastics of the Mind (Princeton, 2001). E. Gruen, Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Ithaca, 1992). W.A. Johnson and H.N. Parker, eds. Ancient literacies : the culture of reading in Greece and Rome (Oxford 2009) H.I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity (Madison, 1956). R.A. Kaster, Guardians of Language (Berkeley, 1988). Emotion, restraint, and community in ancient Rome (Oxford, 2005) E. Rawson, Roman Culture and Society (Oxford, 1991) Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (Baltimore, 1985). A. Wallace-Haddrill, Romes Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, 2008).

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

VIII. Late Antiquity

A. Primary: select two of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. Ammianus Marcellinus, Histories Procopius, Secret History Augustine, Confessions Symmachus, Relationes Eusebius, Life of Constantine Socrates Scholasticus, History of the Church A.D. Lee, Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (London, 2000) B. Secondary: select three of the following in consultation with the Chair of the Examination Committee. P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (London, 1981).

The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, 2nd ed. (Malden, MA, 2003) J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (New York, 1958). A. Cameron et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 13, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1998). The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 14, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2008). G. Fowden, From Empire to Commonwealth (Princeton, 1994). W. Goffart, Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (Philadelphia 2006) P. Heather, Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe (Oxford, 2010). J. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus (Baltimore, 1989). B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford, 2005).

IX. Roman Thought (Science, Religion, & Philosophy)

Primary Sources Cicero: De natura deorum 1, Tusculan Disputations Lucretius: De rerum natura 1, 5 Seneca: Brad Inwood, Selected Philosophical Letters (Oxford University Press, 2007) Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome, vol. 2: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998) Secondary Sources Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield, The Cambridge History of Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2000) A. A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics (2nd ed., University of California Press, 1986) John Scarborough, Roman Medicine (Cornell University Press, 1970) Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome, vol. 1: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998) Classic Modern Approaches Bruno Snell, The Discovery of the Mind (trans. Thomas Rosenmeyer, Harpers,

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

1953) E.R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (University of California Press, 1951) Terence Irwin, Classical Thought: A History of Ancient Philosophy vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, 1989)

LITERATURE
H. Bardon, La Litterature latine inconnue (Paris, 1952) M.Fuhrmann, Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft: Romische Literatur (Frankfurt, 1974) E.J. Kenney and W.V. Clausen (edd.), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature II: Latin Literature (Cambridge, 1982) R.E. Fantham, Roman Literary Culture from Cicero to Apuleius (Baltimore, 1996) T. Habinek, The politics of Latin Literature (Princeton, 1998) Gregory Castle, Blackwell Guide to Literary Theory (2007) Gian Biagio Conte, Latin Literature (1994) Terry Eagleton, Introduction to Literary Theory Stephen Harrison, Companion to Latin Literature (2005) History of scholarship L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars (1974) Rudolf Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship vols. 1 and 2 (1968) Secondary Shadi Bartsch, Actors in the Audience (1994) Mary Beard, A complex of times: no more sheep on Romulus' birthday, PCPS 33 (1987) 1-15 Jas Elsner, Ekphrasis and the gaze from Roman poetry to domestic wall painting, in Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text (2007) Denis Feeney, Literature and Religion at Rome (1998) Don Fowler, Postmodernism and Romantic irony,On the shoulders of giants, in Roman Constructions: Readings in Postmodern Latin (2000) Maud Gleason, Making Men (1995) Anthony Grafton, How Guillaume Bud read his Homer, in Commerce with the Classics (1987), 135-83 Stephen Greenblatt, Towards a poetics of culture, in The New Historicism, ed. H. Aram Veeser (1989), 1-14 Erich Gruen, The appeal of Hellas, in Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (1992), 223-271 Thomas Habinek, The invention of Latin literature, in The Politics of Latin Literature (1998), 34-68 Malcolm Heath, Unity in Greek Poetics (1989) Stephen Hinds, Allusion and Intertext (1998) W.R. Johnson, Darkness Visible (1976) Robert Kaster, ch. 1, Guardians of Language (1988) Andrew Laird, ch. 1, Powers of Expression, Expressions of Power (2000) Michele Lowrie, chs 1, 3 and 4 of Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome (2009) John Marincola, Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography (1997) Charles Martindale (ed.), chs 1 and 4 of Latin Poetry and the Judgment of Taste(2005) Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus (1992) Donald Russell, Criticism in Antiquity (1981) Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Mutatio morum: the idea of a cultural revolution, in The Roman Cultural Revolution, ed. Habinek and Schiesaro (1997)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

Gordon Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (1968) John J. Winkler, Actor and Auctor (1985) A. J. Woodman, chs 2 and 4 of Rhetoric in Classical Historiography (1987) Students are encouraged to supplement their knowledge and dig deeper into their areas of interest by consulting the many good Companions, Handbooks, and other collections produced in recent years by Oxford, Cambridge, Brill, and Blackwell. Consult departmental faculty for advice. For quick, brief discussions of individual authors, works, genres, etc., consult Gian Biagio Conte, Latin Literature: a History (Baltimore: JHU press, 1994) and/or Cambridge History of Classical Literature vol.2: Latin Literature, ed. E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). The former is the place to start (its interpretive essays are much better), though the latter may have some information the former doesnt, especially about less prominent figures. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edition, 1996avoid earlier editions) is also a good, if concise, source for factual information about authors and works, and the bibliographies following each entry give (now slightly dated) guidance toward studies of and commentaries on particular authors and works. Theater G.E. Duckworth, The Nature of Roman Comedy; A Study in Popular Entertainment (Princeton, 1952) E. Fraenkel, Elementi plautini in Plauto (Florence, 1960) H.D. Jocelyn, The Tragedies of Ennius (Cambridge, 1967) A.S. Gratwick, CHCL 77-137 A.J. Boyle, ed. Seneca Tragicus: RAMUS Essays on Senecan Drama (Berwick, Victoria, 1983) R.C. Beacham, The Roman Theatre and its Audience (London, 1991) Epic R. Heinze, Virgils epische Technik (Leipzig and Berlin, 1915; repr. Darmstadt, 1957) W.R. Johnson, Darkness Visible (Berkeley, 1976) A.S. Gratwick, CHCL 60-76 O. Stuysch, The Annals of Quintus Ennius (Oxford, 1985) P.R. Hardie, Cosmos and Imperium (Oxford, 1986) J.B. Solodow, The World of Ovid's Metamorphoses (Chapel Hill, 1988) D.C. Freeney, Gods in Epic (Oxford, 1991) A.J.Boyle (ed.), Roman Epic (London, 1993) Didactic F. Klinger, Virgils Georgica (Zurich, 1963) D. West, The Imagery and Poetry of Lucretius (Edinburgh, 1969) Lyric and Elegy L.P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (Cambridge, 1955) E. Fraenkel, Horace (Oxford, 1957) W. Wimmel, Kallimachos in Rom (Wiesbaden, 1960) L.P. Wilkinson, Golden Latin Artistry (Cambridge, 1963) S. Commager, The Odes of Horace (Bloomington, 1967) M. von Albrecht and E. Zinn (edd.), Ovid (Darmstadt, 1968) G. Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (Oxford, 1968) H.P. Syndikus, Die Lyrik des Horaz (Darmstadt, 1972-3) M. Hubbard, Propertius (London, 1974) F.Cairns, Tibullus: A Hellenistic Poet at Rome (Cambridge, 1979) R.O.A.M. Lyne, The Latin Love Poets (Oxford, 1980) H.P. Syndikus, Catull: Eine Interpretation (Darmstadt, 1984-5) D.F. Kennedy, The Arts of Love: Five Studies in the Discourse of Roman Love Elegy (Cambridge, 1993) S.E. Hinds, Allusion and Intertext (Cambridge, 1998) Historiography F.E. Adcock, Caesar as Man of Letters (Cambridge, 1956) P.G. Walsh, Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods (Cambridge, 1961) A.D. Leeman, Orations Ratio (Amsterdam, 1963) R. Syme, Sallust (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964) T.A. Dorey (ed.), Latin Historians (London, 1966) T.J. Luce, Livy: The Composition of his History (Princeton, 1977) R. Martin, Tacitus (Berkeley, 1981)

GENERAL ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

A.J. Woodman, Rhetoric in Classical Historiography: Four Studies (London and Sydney, 1988) J. Marincola, Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography (Cambridge, 1997) Rhetoric D.R. Shackleton Bailey, Cicero (London, 1971) G.A. Kennedy, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300B.C.-300A.D. (Princeton, 1972) S. Bartsch, Actors in the Audience (Harvard, 1994) Satire G. Highet, Juvenal the Satirist (Oxford, 1954) J.P. Sullican (ed.), Satire (London, 1963) N. Rudd, The Satires of Horace (Cambridge, 1966) M. Coffey, Roman Satire (London, 1976) The Novel J.P. Sullican, The Satyricon of Petronius (Ann Arbor, 1968) J. Winkler, Auctor and Actor: A Narratological Reading of Apuleius' "Golden Ass" (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1985) E.J. Kenney (ed.), Cupid and Psyche (Cambridge, 1991)