TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON BLU-RAY DISC

A technical seminar report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering under BPUT

SUBMITTED BY
AARTI KUMARI
Regd. No. : 0801206061 Year : 2011-2012

AJAY BINAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CUTTACK

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION

Acknowledgement
I am heartily thankful to the Authority of my college and Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department for permitting me to undergo this useful and interesting seminar on the topic of BLU-RAY DISC . This topic mainly deals with the effects of technology in each and every individuals life, society and nation and its consequences. I am grateful to H.O.D Er.K.Ramesh, seminar Co-ordinator Er. Bijayini Biswal & all faculty members of Electronics & Telecommunication who had given valuable guidance throughout the study of this topic. They not only supervised and guided the work but also were instrumental in creating an urge and insight necessary for this seminar.
Rajib Lochan Parida

Regd. No. : 0821206029 Branch : E & TC B.Tech, 7th Semester.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rajib Lochan Parida bearing Regd no: -0821206029, student of 7th semester08, branch:-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ajay Binay Institute Of Technology, Cuttack have submitted Seminar Report on

BLU RAY DISC

This is required for the fulfillment for Bachelors Degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering under Biju Patnaik University of Technology.

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

H.O.D

ABSTRACT
Blu-Ray, also known as Blu-Ray Disc(BD) is the name of next generation optical disc format. The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting & playback of highdefinition video(HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs can hold upto 25GB as a singlelayer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc.Blu-ray Discs are recorded and read with a blue-violet 405 nm laser through a high numerical aperture 0.85 objective lens. The main application of Blu-ray Discs will be high definition television (HDTV) recording. Future demand for a major capacity increase within the Blu-ray Disc family is anticipated by development of multi-layer technology.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY HISTORY OF CD HISTORY OF DVD HISTORY OF BD

3. EVOLUTION 4. BLU-RAY OBJECTIVE 5. TECHNOLOGY 6. BUILDING A BLU-RAY DISC 7. HOW BLU-RAY READS DATA 8. BLU-RAY vs DVD CAPACITY 9. PROTECTION SYSTEM 10. ENHANCEMENTS 11. HARD COAT FOR BLU-RAY DISC 12. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 13. CONCLUSION 14. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a next-generation optical disc format jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the world's leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. This extra capacity combined with the use of advanced video and audio codecs will offer consumers an unprecedented HD experience.While current optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVDR, DVDRW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray. Despite the different type of lasers used, Blu-ray products can easily be made backwards compatible with CDs and DVDs through the use of a BD/DVD/CD compatible optical pickup unit. The benefit of using a blue-violet laser (405nm) is that it has a shorter wavelength than a red laser (650nm), which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with even greater precision. This allows data to be packed more tightly and stored in less space, so it's possible to fit more data on the disc even though it's the same size as a CD/DVD. This together with the change of numerical aperture to 0.85 is what enables Blu-ray Discs to hold 25GB/50GB. Blu-ray is currently supported by more than 180 of the world's leading consumer electronics, personal computer, recording media, video game and music companies. The format also has broad support from the major movie studios as a successor to today's DVD format. In fact, seven of the eight major movie studios (Disney, Fox, Warner, Paramount, Sony, Lionsgate and MGM) have released movies in the Blu-ray format and five of them (Disney, Fox, Sony, Lionsgate and MGM) are releasing their movies exclusively in the Blu-ray format. Many studios have also announced that they will begin releasing new feature films on Blu-ray Disc day-anddate with DVD, as a continuous slate of catalog titles every month.

HISTORY
Thats what Blu-ray is! A laser with a smaller wavelength.

figure 1: Blu Ray Disc Drive Blu-ray uses a blue laser. Because it uses a blue laser it can store enormous more amounts of data on it than was ever possible using red laser on the same amount of surface. To have an even greater precision and make sure every part of the laser light actually gets hit on the part that is needed for writing/reading of disc. As perfect as your CD may be the surface is never 100% flat. So it constantly needs to focus to get the information out (Example: You will need binoculars if you want to read the license plate of a car, if that car is at a 10 mile distance of yourself). And even IF the surface was 100% flat, the disc spins. And it spins quite fast! So it can even move up and down a little bit (vibrations) (for example:You will need to refocus your binoculars for that license plate if the car moves away from you or gets closer to you constantly, while you are experiencing an earthquake.The light gathering capacity of the lens is measured in "Numerical Apertures" or NA for short i.e, it can gather more light.

THE HISTORY OF CD
1st GENERATION
The Compact Disc (CD for short) is been here for over 20 years now. With the help of a 780 nanometer (red) laser the data on the single layer gets read. The first CDs were meant for audio, and later on the CD-ROM came into place giving us 650/700 Megs of space per disc.

figure-2: specification of CD

THE HISTORY OF DVD

2nd GENERATION
The development of DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) introduced an enormous upgrade of capacity, giving enough room (4,7 Gigabytes) for high quality sound and multimedia on a single disc. The throughput is much higher and a 650 nanometer laser is used.

Figure-3 : specification of DVD

3rd GENERATION GENERATION OF BLU-RAY DISC

Blu- Ray owes its name from the colour of the 405 nanometer used laser (Blue/Violet) to read and write data on the Blu-ray Discs (BD). Blu-ray can contain 27GB, which can be read at 36MB/s on single speed. Blue lasers arent new. The first blue laser diode was developed in 1996 by Shuji Nakamura, researcher at Nichia Corp.

Figure-4 : specification of BD

EVOLUTION

figure-5 : Evolution

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OBJECTIVE OF BLU-RAY
The standards for 12-cm optical discs, CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray rewritable discs (BDRE Standard) were established in 1982, 1996, and 2002, respectively. The recording capacity required by applications was the important issue when these standards were decided . The requirement for CDs was 74 minutes of recording 2-channel audio signals and a capacity of about 800 MB. For DVDs, the requirement as a video disc was the recording of a movie with a length of two hours and fifteen minutes using the SD (Standard Definition) with MPEG-2 compression. The capacity was determined to be 4.7 GB considering the balance with image quality. In the case of the Blu-ray Disc, abbreviated as BD hereafter, recording of an HDTV digital broadcast greater than two hours is needed since the BS digital broadcast started in 2000 and terrestrial digital broadcast has begun in 2003. It was a big motivation for us to realize the recorder using the optical disc. In a DVD recorder, received and decoded video signals are compressed by an MPEG encoder and then recorded on the disc. To record in the same fashion for an HDTV broadcast, an HDTV MPEG-2 encoder is required. However, such a device for home use has not yet been produced. In the case of BS digital broadcasts, signals are sent as a program stream at a fixed rate, which is 24 Mbps for one HDTV program. In the program stream of BS digital broadcast there is a case that the additional data stream is multiplexed, and it is desirable to record and read the data as is. shows the recording capacity with the data transfer rate and recording time parameters. Two hours of recording requires a recording capacity of 22 GB or more. This capacity is about 5 times that of DVDs, which cannot achieve this capacity by merely increasing their recording density.

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TECHNOLOGY
BLU-RAY LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY
For professional archive systems Blu-ray drives and media are used in an automated system which allows random access to large storage capacities. With the 50GB technology the DISC library family has a capacity range from 1TB to 35TB. Data is stored on standard Blu-ray media written in standard UDF format which is compatible with all major operating systems. DISC Blu-ray libraries are read/write compatible with CD- and DVD media. DISC libraries support offline media management and the smallest footprint per capacity in the industry. Libraries are rack mountable. File systems for DISC libraries support any application and are available with NAS and direct attach (LVD) interface, iSCSI and F/C channel connectivity are further options. The file systems support advanced caching algorithms and media management. DISC libraries provide highly reliable and permanent mass storage. Usage of standardized drive and media technology from major hardware suppliers ensures competitive and long term technology support.

BLU-RAY DRIVE TECHNOLOGY

First generation Blu-ray drives are PC-type and support single- and dual layer media Blu-ray media with 25 and 50GB capacity, they are read/write compatible with CD/DVD technologies. Future drive generations will support 100GB and 200GB Bluray media and still CD/DVD. Writeable Blu-ray media are sector based and apply defect management as well as advanced error correction. Read/Write transfer rate in the first generation Blu-ray drives is 9MB/s (= 2x Blu-ray speed), the road map includes 18MB/s and 36MB/s transfer rates. Media types ROM, R and Re are supported.torage LLC

BBBB

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BUILDING A BLU-RAY DISC

Blu-ray discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive movie features. With Blu-ray, you can:

record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss instantly skip to any spot on the disc record one program while watching another on the disc create playlists edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program access the Web to download subtitles and other extra features

Discs store digitally encoded video and audio information in pits -- spiral grooves that run from the center of the disc to its edges. A laser reads the other side of these pits the bumps-- to play the movie or program that is stored on the DVD. The more data that is contained on a disc, the smaller and more closely packed the pits must be. The smaller the pits (and therefore the bumps), the more precise the reading laser must be. Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue laser (which is where the format gets its name). A blue laser has a shorter wavelength(405 nanometers) than a red laser (650 nanometers). The smaller beam focuses more precisely, enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are only 0.15 microns(m) (1 micron = 10-6 meters) long -- this is more than twice as small as the pits on a DVD. Plus, Blu-ray has reduced track pitch from 0.74 microns to 0.32microns. The smaller pits, smaller beam and shorter track pitch together enable a single-layer Blu-ray disc to hold more than 25 GB of information -- about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD.

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Source: Blu-ray Disc Association

Figure-6 Each Blu-ray disc is about the same thickness (1.2millimeters) as a DVD. But the two types of discs store data differently. In a DVD, the data is sandwiched between two polycarbonate layers, each 0.6-mm thick. Having a polycarbonate layer on top of the data can cause a problem called birefringence, in which the substrate layer refracts the laser light into two separate beams. If the beam is split too widely, the disc cannot be read. Also, if the DVD surface is not exactly flat, and is therefore not exactly perpendicular to the beam, it can lead to a problem known as disc tilt, in which the laser beam is distorted.
+31-076-541-436-0

HOW BLU-RAY READS DATA

The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing the data on the top of a 1.1 mm polycarbonate layer.Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore prevents readability problems. And, with the recording layer sitting closer to the objective lens of the reading mechanism, the problem of disc tilt is virtually eliminated. Because the data is closer to the surface, a hard coating is placed on the outside of the disc to protect it from scratches and fingerprints.

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Figure-7 The design of the Blu-ray discs saves on manufacturing costs. Traditional DVDs are built by injection molding the two 0.6-mm discs between which the recording layer is sandwiched. The process must be done very carefully to prevent birefringence. 1. The two discs are molded. 2. The recording layer is added to one of the discs. 3. The two discs are glued together. Blu-ray discs only do the injection-molding process on a single 1.1-mm disc, which reduces cost. That savings balances out the cost of adding the protective layer, so the end price is no more than the price of a regular DVD.

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BLU-RAY vs DVD CAPACITY

In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry. The industry is set for yet another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD) in 2006. With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray discs can hold and play back large quantities of high definition audio and video, as well as photos, data and other digital content. It is explained here, how the Blu-ray disc works and how it was developed, and we'll see how it stacks up against some other new digital video formats on the horizon. A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7GB (gigabytes) of information. That's about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few extra features. But a high definition movie, which has a much clearer image and takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make the move to high definition, consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.

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Figure-8 Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video disc. It can record, store and play back highdefinition video and digital audio, as well as computer data. The advantage to Blu-ray is the sheer amount of information it can hold: A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data - that's more than two hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video. A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans in the works to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage

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PROTECTION SYSTEM
In the BD contents protection system, DES (Data Encryption Standard) with a key length of 56 bits has been adopted, and Triple DES with a key length of 112 bits has been adopted for the key generating process. In addition, for the exclusion of illegal devices (System Renewability) and for the prevention of illegal copying, RKB (Renewal Key Block) information and a Disc ID unique to the disc are written in ROM area of the disc. Each recorder (player) has a device key, which differs depending on the manufacturer or the machine. An encryption key is generated by combining the device key and RKB. Therefore, illegal devices can be excluded by updating the RKB information. Furthermore, illegal copying is also prevented by using a disc ID unique to the disc to generate the encryption key, because even a bit-by-bit copy cannot generate the encryption key. In addition to such highly-secure coding during recording, by implementing the contents protection technology in the interface to output played-back contents, illegal copying and retransmission to the general public through Internet can be prevented.

figure-9: Protection system

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ENHANCEMENTS

Figure-10: Enhancements

BD suffered scratches and fingerprints

Error rate increased when original BD suffered from scratches and fingerprints.

For protection, prototype BD was enclosed in a case. The case increased the size of the disc drive.

As the size increased, a technique of bare hard coating was developed.

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HARD COAT FOR BARE DISCS

BD is much more sensitive to scratches and fingerprints compared with DVD. Slight scratch or fingerprints will cause deterioration of error rates and/or loss of a tracking servo control. To avoid such problems, the first generation BD-RE (ver1.02) is protected with a cartridge case. A bare disc, however, is desired in order to downsize a disc drive. In addition, it is preferred to reduce the media manufacturing cost by making them cartridge-free.Thus the hard-coat technology for the bare discs has been explored, aiming mainly at scratch- and fingerprint-resistances. Hard-coatings have already been applied to some conventional optical media such as DVD-RW. UV-curable acrylic resin has been used as the hard-coat in such cases. Although they have a moderate scratchresistance, higher hardness will be necessary for some BD applications. Moreover, a problem of fingerprint has not been considered. Therefore many kinds of materials have been investigated for alternative hard-coat. As a result, it was concluded that colloidal silica-dispersed UV-curable resin is one of the most promising candidates, in which scratch-resistance, optical property, and productivity are compatible. The disc structure is shown in the figure below

figure-11: Hard coat for bare disc

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ADVANTAGES OVER DVD

a) b) c) Blu-Ray offers high-definition(HD) which has incredibly sharp pictures and vivid colours. High-Definition offers five times the amount of detail as compared to StandardDefinition. Blu-Ray represents a huge leap forward in DVD viewing experience & will offer consumers an unprecedented HD experience.

DISADVANTAGES
a) b) First demerit is the cost factor. It is very costly. Players priced at $1000. 25 to 50GB is not enough for five hours of High- Definition content. c) d) Movie support so far is very bad. Not many entertainment company support it. Competition in technology provides HD-DVD which is available at half the cost.

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CONCLUSION
The Blu-Ray Disc format for movie distribution offers two profiles for the creation of titles.It was developed to allow for the streamlined development of Blu-Ray Disc (HD) & DVD video(SD) at the same time ,if needed. Basic menus and navigation can be identical.It also offers many new functions that will benefit the author by offering flexible ways of creating disc content and the end-users by offering new functionality compared to DVD video.

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REFERENCES
Blu-ray FAQ Daewoo demos Blu-Ray Disc Denon Debutes Blu-Ray player Blu-ray /DVD combo ROM Disc technology http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 white paper Blu-ray Disc format www.Blu-ray .com Asus w2w with Blu-ray and / or HD DVD. Companies supporting Blu-ray.

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