This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

282 Print Reading for Industry

I
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN DATE CHECK DESIGN

5
TOP LAND

TOLERANCES ON DECIMALS

UNIT 24

TOOTH PROFILE ROOT (TOOTH) FILLET GEAR

STRESS

A
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING

MATERIALS PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR

GEARS, SPLINES, AND SERRATIONS

PINION

PRES

LINEOFACTION

SUR

E AN

GLE

After completing this unit, you will be able to: Identify spur gears and their representations and specifications. Identify bevel gears and their representations and specifications.
C

CLEARANCE ROOT DIAMETER PITCH BASE DIAMETER CIRCLE OUTSIDE DIAMETER (OD) CIRCULAR TOOTH THICKNESS (T) CIRCULAR PITCH (Pc) WHOLE DEPTH CHORDAL TOOTH THICKNESS DEDENDUM ADDENDUM WORKING DEPTH BASE CIRCLE PITCH CIRCLE

Identify worm gears and their representations and specifications. Identify splines and serrations, and their representations and specifications.
Figure 24-1. Gears have many applications. These worm gears are used in a supercharger for funny car dragsters. (Holroyd)

The purpose of this unit is to acquaint you with gears, terminology associated with gears, and how gears are represented and specified on prints. There are many types and sizes of gears used in industry today. See Figure 24-1. In this unit, three basic types of gears are discussed spur, bevel, and worm gear.

Figure 24-2. The geometry and identification of spur gear parts.

Spur Gears
E

Diametral pitch (Pd ) is the number of teeth in a gear per inch of pitch diameter. For example, a gear having 48 teeth and a pitch diameter of 3 has a diametral pitch of 16 (483=16). Mating gears must have identical diametral pitches. The pitch circle is an imaginary circle located approximately halfway between the roots and tops of the gear teeth. A gears pitch circle will be tangent to the pitch circle of any mating gear. See Figure 24-3. The pitch diameter (D) is the diameter of the pitch circle. Pitch diameters of mating gears are compared to determine the gear ratio. Circular pitch (Pc) is the length of the arc along the pitch circle between the midpoint of one tooth to the midpoint of the next tooth. This value can be calculated by dividing the circumference of the pitch circle (D) by the number of teeth on the gear.

A spur gear resembles a wheel with a number of equally spaced teeth cut parallel to the axis. See Figure 24-2. It is the most commonly used type of gear. Spur gears are used for drives on mechanisms such as machine lathes and mills where the axes of the gears are parallel and the gears are in the same plane with each other. The reverse gear in a manual automotive transmission is a spur gear.

The addendum (a) is the radial distance between the pitch circle and the top of the tooth. This distance is usually 1/Pd (1 divided by the diametral pitch). For example, the addendum for a gear with a diametral pitch of 16 is typically 1/16 of an inch. The addendum circle diameter is equal to the pitch circle diameter plus twice the addendum (D +2a). The addendum circle diameter is equivalent to the outside diameter of the gear. The dedendum (b) is the radial distance between the pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth. This distance is usually 1.25/Pd (1.25 divided by the diametral pitch). For example, the dedendum for a gear with a diametral pitch of 16 is typically 5/64 of an inch. The dedendum circle diameter is equal to the pitch circle minus twice the dedendum (D-2b). The dedendum

circle diameter is equivalent to the root diameter of the gear. Clearance is the radial distance between the top of a tooth on one gear and the bottom of the mating tooth space on a mating gear. See Figure 24-2. Clearance is expressed as the dedendum minus the addendum (b-a). The tooth face is the curved surface of the tooth which lies outside the pitch circle. The tooth flank is the curved surface of a tooth which lies inside the pitch circle. Tooth space is the distance at the pitch circle between two adjacent teeth. In general, the tooth space is the circular pitch divided by two (Pc/2), plus a calculated amount allowing for clearance between the tooth and the tooth space.

Spur Gear Terminology

There are many terms associated with spur gears. The terms explained in this section are commonly used and should be understood.

281

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

283

284

Print Reading for Industry

GEAR RATIO: 2.5:1

DIAMETER 1.0

The outside diameter is the diameter of a circle coinciding with the tops of the teeth of an external gear. This is the same as the addendum circle. The internal diameter is the diameter of a circle coinciding with the tops of the teeth of an internal gear. The center distance is the distance between the center axes of mating gears. Base circle is the diameter from which an involute tooth curve is generated or developed. Pin diameter is the diameter of the measuring pin or ball. Pin measurement is the dimension of the measurement; over pins for an external gear and between pins for an internal gear.

SYMBOLS Pitch Diameter = D Circular Pitch = Pc Diametral Pitch = Pd Outside Diameter = Do Number of teeth = N

FORMULAS D= Pc = Pd = Do = N Pc D N N D N + 2 Pd

DIAMETER 2.5

Spur Gear Representation and Specification

Rather than draw all tooth profiles of a gear, most industries represent spur gears by showing the addendum circle (outside diameter) and the dedendum circle (root diameter) as a phantom line or a long-dash line. This practice developed primarily to save pencil drafters from much tedious work tracing involute shapes of intricate gear teeth. CAD systems can easily create all teeth on a gear. However, phantom lines are still often used as the conventional standard practice. For drawings which do not show all teeth, a centerline is used to show the pitch diameter. Some prints show a few teeth in the circle for clarity. The specifications required to machine a gear are usually given in a data block or table located on the drawing. This eliminates the need for calculations to be done in the shop, thus reducing possible errors. However, it may be necessary at times to calculate gear data. When the diametral pitch and number of teeth are known, most remaining data can be calculated with the aid of one of the following formulas. Other formulas can be found in a machinists text or handbook. The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) has established quality class standards for gears. First, gears can be classified as coarse pitch or fine pitch. For coarse pitch gears, the quality class can range from 3 (least precise) to 15 (most precise). For fine pitch

gears, the quality class can range from 5 (least precise) through 16 (most precise).

Bevel Gears
The bevel gear resembles a cone with teeth on its conical side. Like all gears, bevel gears transmit motion and power to a mating gear. See Figure 24-5. Bevel gears are commonly used in industry. Most mating bevel gears have their shafts at right angles. However, the shaft angle can be other than 90. The geometry and identification of bevel gear parts are shown in Figure 24-6. The specifications necessary for cutting a bevel gear are usually given in the gear data block on the drawing. Formulas for cutting bevel gears vary with the type of gear and are too numerous to list in this print reading text. If a certain formula is needed, it may be found in a machinists handbook.

Figure 24-3. The pitch circle is an imaginary circle located approximately halfway between the roots and tops of the gear teeth.

The circular tooth thickness is the length of the arc along the pitch circle between the two sides of the tooth. This thickness is approximately the circular pitch divided by two. The chordal tooth thickness is the length of the chord between the intersection of the pitch circle and the two sides of the tooth. The chordal tooth thickness is the distance measured when a gear-tooth caliper is used to measure the tooth thickness at the pitch circle. See Figure 24-4. The chordal addendum is the distance from the top of the tooth to the pitch circle. It is the height dimension used in setting gear-tooth calipers to measure tooth thickness. The working depth of two mating gears is the sum of their addendums (2b). The whole depth is the total depth of a tooth space, or addendum + dedendum (a+b). The pressure angle is the angle between the tooth profile and a radial line at their intersection on the pitch circle. Backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles.

CIRCULAR TOOTH THICKNESS CHORDAL ADDENDUM

CHORDAL TOOTH THICKNESS

Worm Gears
A worm gear is a cylindrical gear, similar to a spur gear, with teeth cut on an angle. The worm gear is driven by a worm. The worm is similar to a screw. See Figure 24-7. Worms and worm gears are used to connect nonparallel, nonintersecting shafts. Usually, worms and worm gears are used for transmitting motion and power at a 90 angle. The worm and worm gear are also used for speed reduction. This is because one revolution of a single-thread worm is required to advance one tooth on the worm gear.

Figure 24-4. The chordal tooth thickness is the distance measured when a gear-tooth caliper is used to measure the tooth thickness at the pitch circle.

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

285

286

Print Reading for Industry

The specifications for cutting a worm gear and worm are usually given in the drawing data block. If additional data are needed, check the required formula in a machinists handbook. The terminology for worm gearing is much the same as for spur and bevel gearing. See Figure 24-8. However, there are some additional terms associated with worms and gears. These terms are discussed below. Linear pitch is the distance from a given point on one worm thread to the next. This distance is equal to the circular pitch of the worm gear. Lead is the distance a single thread advances in one revolution. For a singlethreaded worm, the linear pitch and the lead are the same. For a doublethreaded worm, the lead is twice the linear pitch; for a four-threaded worm, the lead is four times the linear pitch; and so on. Lead angle is the angle the lead makes with a perpendicular line to the worm axis.

Worm gear

Throat diameter is the diameter of a circle coinciding with the tops of the worm gear teeth at their center plane.

Splines and Serrations

Splines and serrations are like multiple keys on a shaft which prevent rotation between the shaft and its related member. Splines and serrations appear similar to wide, small-diameter spur gears. Traditionally, splines have teeth with parallel sides. However, splines with involute teeth are increasing in popularity. See Figure 24-9. Involute splines are produced with the same technique and equipment as is used for gears.
Worm

Figure 24-5. A bevel gear resembles a cone with teeth on its conical side. (Boston Gear)

Figure 24-7. A worm gear is a cylindrical gear, similar to a spur gear, with teeth cut on an angle and driven by a worm. (Cleveland Gear)

There are two types of fits for splines. The first type relates to the major diameter. The second type relates to the sides of the teeth. For each type, there are three classes of fit. A class 1 side fit is a sliding fit. A class 2 side fit is a close fit. A class 3 fit is a press fit.

To increase the length-of-action, the worm gear is made of a throated (concave) shape. This allows the worm gear to partially wraparound the worm. On double-enveloping worms, the worm is an hourglass shape.

LEAD LINEAR PITCH D' 2 ADDENDUM DEDENDUM

CROWN HEIGHT

CROWN BACKING
CENTER DISTANCE

FACE

PITCH ANGLE
FACE WIDTH CORNER RADIUS THROAT RADIUS

ADDENDUM DEDENDUM

FACE ANGLE ROOT ANGLE

WHOLE DEPTH

PITCH DIAMETER OUTSIDE DIAMETER

Figure 24-8. The terminology for worm gearing is much the same as for spur and bevel gearing.

Figure 24-6. The geometry and identification of bevel gear parts.

PITCH DIAMETER

ADDENDUM ANGLE DEDENDUM ANGLE

OUTSIDE DIAMETER

THROAT DIAMETER

CONE DISTANCE

PITCH APEX

OUTSIDE DIA PITCH DIA ROOT DIA

DOUBLE THREADED WORM

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

287

288

Print Reading for Industry

Print Reading Activity 24-1 Spur Gear

Refer to the print PR24-1 and answer the following questions. Note: BO. stands for bore and SO.GR. stands for soft grind. 1. What is the name of the part? 2. List the material to be used. 3. What heat treatment is the part to receive? 4. The finished hardness test? gear must meet what 1. 2. 3. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

4.

______________________________________

5. How many teeth does the gear have? 6. List the pressure angle. 7. What is the number of the mating gear and how many teeth does it have? 8. List the measurement over pins for the gear after hobbing (HOB). 9. What are the limits for the hole after the finish grinding operation (FIN GR)? 10. List the chamfer called for on the hole diameter.

5. 6. 7.

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

8.

______________________________________

9.

______________________________________

Figure 24-9. Splines and serrations are like multiple keys on a shaft which prevent rotation between the shaft and its related member.

10.

______________________________________

Serrations are primarily intended for parts permanently fitted together. They have different tooth proportions and higher pressure angles than splines. Serrations are well adapted for use on thin wall tubing. Terminology associated with involute splines and serrations are the same as for spur gears. Usually, data for producing splines or serrations are given on the print. When a formula is needed, check a machinists handbook.

Print Reading Activities

The following activities relate to gears, splines, and serrations. For additional activities relating to gears, splines, and serrations, refer to the prints APR24-1, APR24-2, APR24-3, and APR24-4 in the advanced print reading section of this text.

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

289

290

Print Reading for Industry

PR24-2. Print supplied by Skil Corporation. PR24-1. Print supplied by Gleason Works.

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

291

292

Print Reading for Industry

Print Reading Activity 24-2 Bevel Gears

Refer to the print PR24-2 and answer the following questions. 1. What is the part name and drawing number? 2. What is the material specification? 3. How is the gear to be finished? 4. List the hardness specification. 5. What is the diameter of the center hole? 6. How many teeth are in the bevel gear? 7. What is the pressure angle of the bevel gear? 8. What is the mounting distance of the bevel gear? 9. What is the diametral pitch of the bevel gear? 10. List the part number of the mating gear, as given in Table A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

Print Reading Activity 24-3 Worm Gears

Refer to the print PR24-3 and answer the following questions. 1. List the name of the part and the drawing number. 2. What material is specified? 3. List the general surface finish. 4. How many different gears are represented by this drawing? For Gear No. W5-1OS: 5. How many teeth does the gear have? 6. What is the pitch diameter? 7. What is the outside diameter? 9. ______________________________________ 8. What is the diameter of its center bore, not including tolerances? 9. What surface texture is specified for this hole? 10. What is the lead angle? 1. ______________________________________

2. 3. 4.

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

5. 6. 7. 8.

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

10.

______________________________________

9.

______________________________________

10.

______________________________________

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

293

294

Print Reading for Industry

PR24-3. Print supplied by Sterling Precision Corporation.

PR24-4. Print supplied by Marathon LeTourneau Company.

Unit 24 Gears, Splines, and Serrations

295

296

Print Reading for Industry

Print Reading Activity 24-4 Splines

Refer to the print PR24-4 and answer the following questions. 1. List the name and drawing number of the part. 2. What material is specified? 3. Has a change order been issued against this print? 4. What surface texture is noted for all shaft OD surfaces? 5. List the geometric tolerances applied to the part. 6. What type of spline is to be machined? 7. Provide the following data on the spline. a) Number of teeth b) Normal diametral pitch c) Normal pressure angle d) Pitch diameter e) Base circle diameter f) Pin diameter 8. List the heat treatment specified. 9. What quality control is required? 10. What does REF mean related to the outside diameter? 1. ______________________________________

2. 3.

______________________________________ ______________________________________

4.

______________________________________

5.

______________________________________

6. 7.

______________________________________

a) b) c) d) e) f) 8. 9. 10.

____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

Numerical control documents are needed for the parts produced using this digitally-controlled, high-speed welding system. (The Lincoln Electric Company)