Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By Mohamed Said Abdulla Student Reg. NO: 00113 A report submitted at the end of year Two and representing Exam II in the second semester
Dedication
Dedicated to my mother who is my best friend kept me honest and enthused and makes it all worthwhile.
Acknowledgment
I am overwhelmed with pleasure and proud to express my deep sense of gratitude to my field supervisors; Dr. Hassan Isak, Dr Yusuf Adam Jama and Ahmed Ismail ,Veterinary doctors in Wajaale , Hargiesa and Berbera respectively for their guidance, constructive criticism, valuable suggestions and continuous encouragement during my field work. Especial thanks to Mr. Saeed Aw Abdi and Mr.Martinde Thomas for their support and encouragement, their comments and insights greatly assisted in the development of this report. I record my cordial thanks to Dr.Nuh Hajji Abdi, STVS head of department of basic veterinary science, for encouragement and input into my Report preparation.
I express my heartily thanks to all veterinary doctors in Wajaale district, Wajaale cattle owners and all community in Wajaale district for their cooperation and assistance during vaccinating and medicating animals.
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Introduction Background information Objectives Methodologies Field outputs SECTION II: presentation and Discussion of Field activities
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2.0 2.1. 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.4 2.2 2.21 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1
Introduction Wajaale livestock market Main features in Wajaale Livestock Market Price of animals in Wajaale livestock market Livestock demand and supply Challenges facing Wajaale livestock market FMD vaccination Program in Somaliland Vaccinating cattle from FMD in Wajaale livestock market Animal certification in Wajaale Treatment of animals in Wajaale Hargiesa Livestock Market
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2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.7
Price of different animals and factor determine Market infrastructure Price of different animals and factor determine Inspection of animals ) Market actors and Market structure Milk handling in the market Hargiesa milk Market (Gobanimo Sources of milk in Hargiesa milk Market (Gobanimo Hargiesa milk market actors Milk supply and price Role of women In Hargiesa milk market Opportunities of milk and milk marketing Challenges facing by Hargiesa milk market Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House Set up of the Slaughter House Slaughter House Capacity Slaughtering Process Transportation and meat distribution Hygiene and Sanitation of the Slaughter House Inspection Procedures in the Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House Animal welfare concern Berbera Livestock Quarantine and Inspection Centre
Infrastructure of Berbera Livestock Quarantine Facility Laboratory Department of Serology Department of Bacteriology SECTION III: Conclusions ,Recommendations and Lessons learnt
List of Tables and Figures TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 TITLE Price of Cattle in Wajaale Livestock market Vaccination of animals in Wajaale Animals treated in Wajaale Price of Camels in Hargiesa Livestock market Types of Milk and their Price PAGE 6 8 10 12 15
FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6
TITLE Map of the study areas Price of sheep and goat in Hargiesa livestock market Price of cattle in Hargiesa Livestock market Hargiesa Livestock market structures Hargiesa Milk market Structure Slaughtering prices in Maandeeq Slaughter House
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GDP NGOs STVS LEISOM AU-IBAR EU Sh/SL FMD SAHSP Kg Elisa PPR
Gross Domestic product Non Governmental organizations Sheikh Technical Veterinary School Livestock Emergency Intervention to Mitigate Food Crisis in Somalia African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources European Union Shilling Somaliland Foot and Mouth Disease Somali Animal Health Service Program Kilogram Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Peste des Petits Ruminants
Somaliland government with the collaboration of international livestock NGOs and organizations has put an effort to solve some of these problems so as to promote livestock production and encourage investment on sector. Some of important areas or tasks in which government with the collaboration of international donors and NGOs has done a successful work include rehabilitation of Somaliland veterinary board , building
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new slaughter houses at urban areas , Berbera quarantine station and certification procedure , vaccination campaigns, rehabilitation Hargiesa and Tog-Wajaale livestock markets . of big livestock markets like
A regional training veterinary school, Sheikh Technical Veterinary School and Reference Centre (STVS), was established in the year 2005. It is the only medical or veterinary training institution in the region. The aim is to train a new generation of veterinary personnel on a curriculum that is well-suited to address the specific livestock production issues of the arid and semi-arid lands of the Horn of Africa and support the sustainable development of the livestock industry in the region. STVS is an institution based on learning by doing and practical activities therefore at the end of each academic year, second year students are assigned to a field work after finishing two years of clinical studies to apply the learned skills as well as to improve skills in collecting and processing data in livestock sector as well as reporting. On 29/05/2011 STVS second year students composed of thirty one members have entertained the fulfillment of this accumulated activity, the learners were equipped with protective aprons, long boots, gloves, disinfectants, first aid and post mortem kits and drugs like Albendazole and antibiotic injections. The attached areas were Hargiesa, Berbera and Wajaale. The activities were concluded on 13/06/2011 by operating about a week in each study area. Background of the study areas The three areas of study have a strong livestock resource base consisting thousands of animals as well as different facilities on operation.
Berbera
Hargiesa Wajaale
Wajaale district
Tog Wajaale (also known as Tog-Wajaale) is a hub city situated on the border between Ethiopia and Somaliland. The district is not so large it has an area of 4km2 with population above 20,000 persons. It lies in the valley of Oogo high land which receives large amount of rain and characterized by cold and windy climate, the temperature ranges between 11and 300C. It is very busy city that links the two countries. All imports destined to Ethiopia from major port of Berbera go through this strategic border city. The custom offices located here collect tax revenue for the National government through the central bank of the district in Gabiley, which is now becoming the largest source of revenue for the Somaliland government.
The district has a suitable soil for the agriculture; several types of food are produced like maize, sorghum, beans, onion and watermelon. Although there is available electricity unfortunately there is no suitable water supply, the water is taken from large pools and shallows which are uncovered and exposed for contamination. In Wajaale the most species reared are cattle but it is subsistence for families lives instead of commercial purpose. The exporting cattle from the region (Gebilay) and its neighbors are inspected and vaccinated in wajaale district.
Hargiesa
Is a city in the northwestern region of Somaliland and it is the capital city of Somaliland. Hargiesa is the largest city in the Somaliland region and the second largest city in Somalia after Mogadishu. Hargiesa is located in a valley in the western section of the country; the city is in a mountain area because it is situated in an enclosed valley of the Galgodan (OGO) highlands at the elevation of 1,334 meter (4377 ft) above the sea level.
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This attitude gave Hargiesa and the surrounding area a milder climate than the Gulf of Aden costal area (one of the hottest areas on the earth) .the Hargiesa region has a fairly equable climate. The temperature ranges between 13 and 32 degree Celsius (55 and 89 Fahrenheit).
Berbera:
Berbera is the main port of Somaliland and the center of Sahil region, it is situated the northern direction of the country and it is along the red sea of Gulf of Aden. The coastal belt is usually cold between the months of October and January while may to September is normally hot and windy weather condition, in the summertime (June - September) temperature rises up ward 45oC which causes residents to move during that season. The coastal belt around Berbera (Guban) is desert or semi-desert which receives rain ones or twice in the year. The economic sources of Berbera depend on the port activities which is the largest which is the largest income generation for the whole of the country. Thousands of livestock are exported every week from Berbera port to the Arabian countries like SaudiArabia, Qatar, Kuweit, Bahrein and Egypt.
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1.3 Methodologies
1. Key informants interview: information was gathered from key informants including livestock producers, livestock traders, inspector personals, regional veterinary doctors and other pertinent persons who have deep knowledge about livestock sector. II. Observation /Examination: observation over different livestock facilities in the attached areas. III. Document Review and Secondary Data Collection: this includes reviewing of relevant materials such as reports available at ministry of livestock and other non-governmental organizations. Information and data pertinent to the objectives of the study will be collated from Published and unpublished sources
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cattle crush are constructed under LEISOM project, implemented by Terra nova and funded by AU-IBAR with the collaboration with EU. Metallic shades: in the market there are two shades or cottages for keeping animals before they are vaccinated. The municipality provides sanitary and security to the market. It also carries out taxation of animals. It takes 5000 sh/sl for each cattle and 2000 sh/sl for small ruminants.
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condition of animals during droughts is not generally good and the susceptibility of diseases is high.
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bulls of cattle were vaccinated during two days visit t in Wajaale Livestock market. The recommended dose was 3ml for each cattle.
Table 2: Vaccination of animals in Wajaale
Date
Species
Sex
No animals
of Dosage rate
Route administration
of
30/05/2011 31/06/2011
Cattle Cattle
Male Male
45 55
3ml/animal 3ml/animal
Subcutaneous Subcutaneous
Apart from Albendazole, ox tetracycline injections were used with animals that show nasal discharge, emaciation and coughing. Ox tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic and its recommended dosage is 1ml/10kg of body weight.
Table (3): Animals treated in Wajaale
Date Species Number animals 2/06/2011 Cattle 10 of Drug used Rate(ml/kg) Route
Albendazole
14ml/50kg
Cattle
intramuscular Respectively
Cattle
Ox tetracycline
14ml/50kg 1ml/25kg
and
Intramuscular
animals are mainly two categories: animals for local consumption, locally known as DABAAX. The other category is animals for export, locally known as AHMI. Marketing each of the above specie occurs at specific site in the market. Animals in the market originate from different places including Gabiley, Sallaxlay, Balligubadle, Allaybaday and certain places in Ethiopia like Babili. 2.2.1.1 Market Infrastructure More than one thousand seven hundred animals are brought to the market every day which is too many to be accommodated by the market. The livestock marketing activities start from 6:00am and end around 5:00pm. Hargiesa livestock market has number of facilities including: Twelve shades made up of metallic roof. They are used for assembling animals, act as livestock selling points and provide shade for people in the market as well. Two loading rumps used for loading and unloading animals for trucks especially cattle. Veterinary office this office belongs to ministry of livestock. There are veterinary doctors and assistants in the office. The doctors inspect animals in the market. Through inspection they determine whether animals are fit for human consumption. They also determine whether animals for export are fit to be transported to the outside the country Veterinary officers also give warnings to livestock producers in the market for not to bring pregnant animals in the market. Municipality office the market has one municipal office which performs different activities including taxation of animals, collection of rubbish and security guard. In sheep and goats are taxed with 1000 sh/sl, the cattle are taxed with 4000 sh/sl per animal and the camel are taxed with5000 sh/sl.
The price of animals is determined by many factors including body condition, demand and the season. When the demand is high like during Holly Ramadan and Hajj seasons, the price will increase
Fig 2: Price of Sheep and Goat Fig 3: Price of Cattle
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Producers
Brokers
Local consumption
Interregional traders
Exporter traders
Butchers
Individual
Carcass
Live animals
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Hargiesa has many milk markets but the most important and largest market is GBONIMO milk market. GOBONIMO milk market is located on the northern side of the city. The market is highly crowded where hundreds of buyers and sellers meet each day. The main milk sold in the market is Camel and Cattle milk.
Wholesaler Milk vendors those buy and collect milk from producers at trading points than transport milk to Market. Depending on the involvement of the market intermediaries in the marketing of milk from producer to the consumer, the following channels were observed in the GOBONIMO Milk Market
Poducers
Retailers
Consumers
Fig5: the structure of Hargiesa main milk market 2.2.2.4 Milk Supply and Prices
The supply of milk in the market is influenced by certain factors such season and cultural beliefs. During summer time, an average of 700 liters of milk is sold by each seller in Hargiesa milk market. The quantity sold can increase seasons like spring where there are rains and animals are lactating. Traditionally Somalis didnt mainly consume milk from Sheep and this explains why it is less traded in the Main Hargiesa Milk Market. In Hargiesa Milk Market, milk is priced according to the demand of the consumers and supply of milk in the market. Cattle and Camel are highly consumed in Hargiesa and this makes their prices to be higher than others.
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Milk is transported with plastic cans which are difficult to sterilize .after milk arrives at market it is stored in uncovered vessels; exposing milk to environmental contaminants.
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Roofs are made of corrugated iron. The roofs protect and allow the slaughter process to be independent of the weather. It also provides shade and keeps down the internal temperature. Sanitary Facilities The Slaughter House has a number of sanitary facilities including Water Points (one tank), hoses, sterilizers for hand tools and other processing facilities. There are 10 toilets and one room for clothing exchange in the Slaughter house. Processing Tables and Hooks Only department of Sheep and Goats have thirty tables and Hooks. The tables are made of concrete while Hooks are made of iron. Camel and Cattle departments are open and they havent necessary facilities.
2.2.3.2 Slaughter House Capacity One thousand ant two hundred of Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels are splayed in the Slaughter House for only local consumption. The total number of permanent
personnel for the slaughterhouse is 95 and the other non-permanent personnel including Inspectors from ministry of livestock and officers from Hargiesa Municipality is 350, all these workers have different roles.
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Fig 6. Flow-diagram showing the principles in a slaughtering process in Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House. The sub processes are divided in dirty and clean operations.
Sterilization of slaying equipments Maintaining a conductive environment of bathrooms, dry washing and dressing rooms for workers.
Removing and transportation of both liquids and solid wastages such as blood,
dirty used water , animal fluids, animal abdominal remainders and bones to a designated dump site an bores with special Trucks of both liquid and solid wastages. These dump site are dug for every three months where the full ones are covered. The carcass is carried on plastic containers which have especial symbols for their owners. The fresh meat is transported with covered van vehicles to protect it from dirty and environmental Hazards. Improved training and awareness on animal Hygiene and Sanitation and safety of meat to animal operators such as slaughtering techniques and meat distribution By the end of all activities the slaughter house is cleaned with water and detergents.
condition of the carcass. They observe the condition of all visceral organs including lungs, liver, kidney, stomachs and intestines.
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2.3.1.2 Laboratory
The laboratory located inside the quarantine station. It is composed of two main departments, Serology and Bacteriology department, which carry out different tests. The type of test performed depends on the disease conditions of animals in the region and the request from livestock importing countries. The laboratory is well equipped and has ten permanent workers; six laboratory technicians and four assistants. 2.3.1.2.1 Department of Serology This department works with Serum and detects presence of antibodies against microorganisms. The common diseases diagnosed in this department, FMD using Direct ELISA and PPR and Rinderpest using Competitive ELISA. In Berbera laboratory FMD is mainly diagnosed for animals which are exported to Yemen, because Yemen requested this test. 2.3.1.2.2 Department of Bacteriology This is the busiest department in the laboratory and it involves identification, classification and characterization of the bacterial species. The most common and routinely diagnosed disease in this department is Brucellosis. It is diagnosed by using two simple techniques namely Rose Bengal Test (refer to annexes) and Milk Ring Test. In Rose Bengal Test also called agglutination test blood is used to detect the presence of infection while in Milk Ringer Test as name implies Milk is used for the identification of disease presence.
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SECTION III
3.0 Introduction This section entails Conclusions, recommendations and Lessons learnt during field study.
3.1. Conclusions
In all three attached areas livestock is an important source of food and income to all people. Wajaale and Hargiesa are important sources of animals especially cattle which are exported to Arabian countries through Berbera port. Somaliland government with collaboration of International Communities has fulfilled number of developing projects for livestock sector. For example, a new loading ramps and Cattle crushes were built in both Hargiesa and Wajaale livestock markets. Privatization in livestock sector is increasing in Somaliland, for example, Maandeeq enterprise has sponsored Hargiesa main Slaughter House and it has improved health status in the Hargiesa Slaughter House. Berbera is the centre of veterinary activities in Somaliland; thousands of animals are diagnosed and transported every week from Berbera port to Arabian Peninsula. Sanitary standards in export livestock trade in Somaliland are based on a three point certification process. This involves an initial clinical inspection and individual animal identification at the point of livestock origin. A second clinical inspection and screening of communication diseases in 14 days time at Berbera livestock quarantine and inspection centre, and final inspection and certification is conducted at the port of Berbera. In all three attached areas number of skilled workers are limited this is because skilled personnel get old or they are reluctant to work in the existing veterinary institutions because of low seller.
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3.2 Recommendations
For future development of livestock sector and existing veterinary infrastructures in the studied areas and as far as livestock stakeholders are concerned, the following are recommended: both Wajaale and Hargiesa livestock Markets need new Shading facilities and Cattle crushes because already existing facilities are not sufficient. both Governments and NGOs have to play active role in supporting and promoting milk marketing as well as providing necessary facilities including Aluminum milk cans (easier to keep clean and can even be sterilized in the sun) and cleaning detergents to Hargiesa Milk Market .Hargiesa Milk Market vendors need Training programs on milk hygiene and milk processing in which milk vendors are educated in issues of milk hygiene, milk processing, and marketing and basic business skills. Maandeeq enterprise and other involved government institutions have to provide training programs on meat hygiene and animal welfare to Hargiesa Slaughter House slayers. Government has to develop acts in which marketing and slaughtering pregnant and lactating animals are prohibited.
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REFERENCES http://somalilandpress.com/somaliland-foundation-stone-laid-for-new-livestockquarantine-station-10765 FSAU, Market data, 2007 www:/fsausomalia.org FSAU (Berbera port livestock exports, 1994 current) Somaliland times, Issue 283 / 23rd June 2007 World Bank (Jan 2006), Somalia, from resilience towards recovery and development http://www.au-ibar.org/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/28356275/Abdurrahman-Saed-Abdurrahman http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6557e/x6557e00.htm
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ANNEXES
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