2 2008 NJC prelim Ih this article Johann Hari writes about UBERAL EUGENICS

1 A decade after the creation of Dolly the sheep, we are living in a glorious age of liberation biology. New technologies are. unveiled by doctors almost every week that make it possible to reduce the sum of human suffering in ways that would have seemed like Star Trek science-fICtion when Dolly first came into our world. Pre-i'nplantation Genetic Diagnosis makes it possible for couples with terrible hereditary diseases to have children 5 without condemning them to a life of suffering. Stem cell research makes it possible for people with ruined spines to have some hope that they may walk again. Genetic screening has ensured hundreds of children are alive today because 'saviour siblings' were created as a match. Some time soon, infertile couples may be able to rproduce clones to pass on their genes. Human life is being extended and enhanced in ways that spread joy and harm 10 nobody. 2 Leon Kass, the chairman of George Bush's Council of Bioethics, recently summarised - some of the greatest biological advances of our time: "The Pill. In-vitro fertilisation. Bottled embryos. Surrogate wombs. Cloning. Genetic screening. Genetic manipulation. Organ harvesting. Mechanical spare parts. Brain implants. Ritalin1for the young, Vl3gra for the 15 old, Pmzac for everyone. And, to leave this vale of tears, a little extra Morphine accompanied by Muza~.. But Kass was not offering this as a joyous hymn of praise. Nohe was offering it as a condemnation. He is not alone. There is a large constituency of people scattered across the wortd who treat the doctors pioneering these treatments as moral criminals. Amazing though it might Seem, they want to stop aU human beings from 20 using technologies that will make our children healthier, cleverer and less likely to be disabled. This movement of bio-Luddites stretches from the White House to radical disability activists to the Vatican, and if the decent pro-science majority do not fight back, the bio-Ludddites will win. To understand what this will mean, we need to look at what would have happened if the bio-conservatives had prevailed a generation ago. The very same people described doctors who performed the first organ -transplants as 'body snatchers' and 'grave robbers'. They predicted that the sickly would swiftlybe bumped off in their hospital beds to harvest their hearts and livers and lungs. If they had won, tens of thousands of the people reading this article would be dead. When in-vitrofertilisation went mainstream, people like Kass said it was 'playing God' to conceive a child in a test tube, and that the relationship between children and parents would be "irreparably damaged'. Kass stiI says we should heed the 'urgh!" factor, and trust 'the wisdom of our own repugnance'- l'Pfe-rational repugnance quickly fades once we see the life-enhanc:ing benefits at new t~ So are there any more set .sible objections to these life-extending therapies. and how can they be answered?

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Some of these criticisms are simply based on misconceptio.as. Some peop1e believe human clones win be carbon-copies of their originals, or 'robots' and 'automatons', Scaremongers like Francis Fukuyama have even conjured hilarious visions of 'armies of doned Hitlers""But clones, once they can be safely created, some years from now, wiDnot 40 be replicas, with the same personality and memories as their originals. There are, after an, already hundreds of thousands of human clones in Britain. They are called identical twins, and we have no difficulty understanding that although they share a genetic profile, they are very different people. Does anybody believe they are robots? A clone of Hitler would look a
Ritalin:

a drug used to treat attention defICitdisorders.

JUNIOR COLLEGE 2008

Muzak:a tenn for any type of bland. monotonous background music.

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3 bit like him, but would have none of his views, experiences or beliefs. Genes do not 45 exclusively maketh the man. A. string of dystopian fictions, like Kazuo Ishiguro's 'Never Let Me Go' or the Ewan MacGregor movie 'The Island', haye imagined clones to have horrendous lives. But they are based on a flawed premise, that we would treat cloneS as lesser beings, not deserving of the basic rights of the rest of us. Why should that happen? We do not treat in-vitro fertilisation babies as sub-human, the way some people predicted 50 . we would. Once we grant clones full human rights. these nightmares melt away. 5 The criticism that deserves more careful consideration comes from disability rights activists like Adrienne Asch. They argue that. this attempt to eradicate disability is an assault on disabled people. By trying to eradiqite disabilities, we are saying disabled people are worth less, 'errors in the gene pool', aM clearing the way for them to be treated even more badly. But is this true? By making sure that no more mothers take thalidomide during pregnancy, are we implicitly saying that thalidomide people have worthless lives and should be killed? Of course not. We are simply saying that people are more likely to be able to live the kind of life they want to with fully formed arms and legs. By ensuring that the number of able-bodied babies is maximised, we are simply acknowledging that, however harsh it might seem to say it, lacking an ability to hear or see or walk is not simply a difference. It is a disability nobody would voluntarily choose, and that you are better off without. Nor does the evidence suggest greater screening and 'treatment will lead to the remaining disabled people being treated worse. Since amniocentesis3 was introduced, people with Down syndrome are, if anything, treated better.

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6 The only criticism that really lingers in the mind comes from egalitarian critics. They warn that human biotechnology may create a worfd divided between the rich, with their 'Genetically Modified Babies', and the poor, who are lumbered with the random flaws of nature. The idea of human equality will, they say, melt in the biotech labs. But there is an answer to this. There are already inequalities thrown up by nature. I am nowhere near as 70 clever as Amartya Sen, nor as good-looking as, say, Tom Cruise. Does that mean human equality is nonsense? No-my belief in it is strong enough to cope with smarter, better looking people. The solution to unequal access to biotech cannot be the Stalin-style levelling down proposed by the biotech-banners. We did not react to the invention of medicine, which similarly benefited only the rich at first, by banning it. In England, we 75 reacted by creating the National Health Service so everyone could access it. 7 These worries do not outweigh the obvious, incalculable benefits of biotechnology. And we should be honest enough to call this attempt to improve the genetic lot of humanity by its name, liberal eugenics. It has nothing to do with the evil' of Nazi eugenics, which was imposed by the state and concerned not with producing healthier babies but with deranged race-theories. No, this new brand is voluntarily entered into by parents, and it is motivated cures for a by love, not hate. The risk of not following this path, and faiflOg to W1COVeI" thousand curses on humanity, is far' greater than the risk of acting. Tnose who want to stop these natural, beautiful acts of love should be shunned and shamed.

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defects.

Amniocentesis: a procedure i1 which fluidis removed from the womb of a pregnant woman to check the unborn babyfor
JUNIOR COLLEGE 2008

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NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 GENERAL PAPER ANSWERSCHEME

1) What point is the author making when he refers to 'Star Trek science fiction' (lines 3-4)? (1) Lift New technologies are unveiled by doctor.>almost every week that make it possible to reduce the sum of human suffering in ways that would have seemed like Star Trek science-tlcrion when Dolly first came into our world. Suggested Answer [We now have access to technologies! means! medical advances that can relievel alleviate pain! misery/ agony/ human ills in ways]
I

that would have seemed like fantasy / been deemed unbelievable!unreallunimaginablel unachievable in the past.

I ..

2) In what ways has liberal eugenics 'extended and enhanced' human life (line 10)? Use your own words as far
as possible.. . . (3)

Note: any 3 for I mark each

Lifts I) [Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis] makes it possible for couples with temole hereditary diseases to have children without condemning them to a life of suffering. 2) [Stem cell research] makes it possible for people with ruined spines to have some hope that they may walk again. -

Suggested Answer It is feasible fur those who are predisposed to illnesses to have children who will not have the samelidentical predispositionlillness -.

increases the likelihood/chance tht those with physical defects/disabilities can be curedllook forward to a cure OR look forward to

means that people with spinal injuries c being cured/get better

3) [Genetic screening] has ensured hundreds 0 f children are alive today because "saviour siblings" were created as a match. 4) [Cloning] Some time soon, infertile couples may be able to produce clones to pass on their genes.

Children with tenninal illnesses can be given a new lease on life tbroughlby means_ofdonations from a compatible donor / brother/sister conceived! born for at pUIpose

Couples who are unable to conceivelhave children! offspring will be able to create duplicates of themselves

~ ; ~

3) The author comments on Leon J(ass' summary of the greatest biological advances of our time (lines 13-17) by saying Kass 'was not offering f!l~ as ajoyous hymn of praise. No - he was offering it as a condemnation.' (lines 17-l8). Select two pieces of evidence from Kass' quote to show that he was condemning the biological advances of our time. Justify your choices. (4) 2 b h I I kfi b" . 1 arkfo Explanation Pieces of Evidence from the Passage 1) [links between] musak and morphine: The tone is mocking - Kass makes/ gives or death; bioteclmologies and drugs inappropriate links/ combinations (that are reductive! belittle) the advances N
#

Numbers 2-5 overall: all that the answers need is to capture the idea that the word or detail is negative I dehumanising when applied to people ; 2) Bottled embryos Putting humans in bottles makes them sound like products/subjects of an experiment Word has negative connotations when applied to humans / makes humans sound like things/objects Word is nonnally used for crops inappropriate fur humans/ makes humans sound like objects! things In this comparisonhuman" are seen as machines which'des people

3) Manipulation

4) Harvesting

5) Mechanical spare parts

Numbers 6-10 overaD: all answers need is to capture the idea of escapism or misuse! inappropriate use We misuse/abuse drugsl we think drugs! 6) Ritalin fur the young science can solve/ fix everything / we are teaching young people! next generation to rely on drugs (instead of their own resources) 7) Viagra fur the old We use the miracles of technology inappropriately/ we are UD\\.-illing face to the natural process of ageing We are unwilling to face difficulties in 8) Prozac for everyone .. life/ we expect pel'lll3Dmthappiness without aoy efi>rt on our parts (just pop a ,
pillY we use chugs as

a cru1eb

9) a little extra motphine

10) (accompanied by) muzak

We refuse to accept pam as a part oflifel we expect everything'1(}be made easy for us (even deam) Muzak! music is used to fill silence, acts as a distraction! prevents us from facing our fears/ prevents us from thinking! makes even death seem unimportant! not serious

4) What does the author's use of'decenf

imply about his opponents (line 23)1

(1)

He implies that they are immoral/unethical

5) Explain what Kass means when he says "we should heed the 'urgh!' factor, and trust 'the wisdom of our own repugnance'" (lines 32-33)1 Use your O~"1l words as far as possible. (2)

Lif~ We shouldtrust I heed.

The 'urgh factor' 1 the 'wisdom of our own reoumance Suggested Answer We should follow/listen w/ believe in! be guided by our [own instinctive/ innate/ gut] feelings of disgust! abholTence/aversion / repulsion

6) Using matcriallrOln pllragraphs 4 and 5, suml11arisethe criticisms oflibcral eugenics and the writet's arguJilenl~ in response 10them. Write your summary in not more than J50 wm'ds, lIot counting the opening words which arc given bdow. Use your own words <ISfar :ISpossible. (7) ~ne of the criticisms of liberal c~gcnics is that
Lifts from dlc passage Argument I: I .human c1rnes will be C3r11on-cu"ies of tltc:ir origiuals, or" robots" and "3utllnl:ltonS".
\Vriter's r~pollse: ~. The uTiter hO\\oe'oer feels that th is is a f:rllacy/ misunderstandin35 clones may be ph)-~ically alike but nO! memany/psycho!ogically. I 3. Also the e<>nccpl naturdlly C1Cistsin the form of identical twins.

:--:
Transposition

I :The clones will be exaCtly like/ replicas! duplicates were cloned from. "'-./

of the humans they

2.lTIisconceplion - clones , will DOt be replicL... with the same personality aDd memories as their original! although they share a genetie profile, the)' are Va)' different pcoplcl would look a bit like him, but \\"(1U1d have noneaf his \iews, experiences or beliefs. 3. There arc, alier all. :llre,ldyhundreds Britain. They are called id~nticall\\"ins oftholLS:ulds ,,("human clones in

OR
Environmatt/ nunuTC is an impqnant faclor Iplays a key role

OR
genes do nOolexclusi\"eI}' maket" the man

Argument 2: 4. clones [will] h",'e horrendous lives.

4. Another arb'Umc:nt b'3mStliberal eugenics i:.that cloncs will h"'"e a a dreadfullawfullmiscrablclappalling existence S:The writer however feels d1at this is a dcfectivcl CfTweusfmistaken as~"Umptionl fl..rument/supposition that they v.ill be dealt with/ a considered as sub-humanJ only panially human rmfericr OR

Writer's response:
5. flawed premise - that we would treat clones as lesscrbeings

OR
nCltdeserving aftbe basic rights of the rest of us 6. we [c,m] grant clones full human righrs

fundamenral hWTIan

It is not trUe that clones do not merit/warrant liberties. 6. In fuCt, cIoncs e<m be given/provided ,n'ilegesl1iberties.

complete human

Allow lifting of'human' Argument 3: 7. disability right~ activists argue dr.-abilitics with the attempt to er.\dicate in the groc poor'

7 .Those: who cbampionJpush for the rights of the handicapped feci that the effort! endeavour to annihilate! eliminate! remove! obliterate! fix the handicap suggesr.;/inferslcli.lims tbe handicapped reduced! lower value/Stature in sociely are inferior! have diminished!

we are saying they are worth lessrerrors OR dcuint: people

OR tile way fa them.tO be t!"Catro more badly/assault on disabled

&

Allowing/enabling/making it possible for Ib<m 1'0toe h:sxBc:d'Jc:alt \.\"M in a poorer/more abject/abominable manna 8.lndeed those without handicaps life/more choices should ha,..e increased chance of 3 bt:ncr

Writer"s r~
I'.pcr>pk: :m: mor-e likdy to be able t"lhe funy fonned anns and legs the kind of life the)' waut to with

OR

OR
tacking an Itbilit). to ke"" lacaror walk ... is a diS3bility oobody ..."OU1d "oluntaril)" choose and that you are better off "';thont

9. nor docs evidence suggest greatcr screening and tre:ltment \,illicad to the relJ11\iningdisabled people being treated wor.;l' if nnythhrg [they are being) rreated better

9aJ-Jo proof exists that with more mediC3tionitherapy a..ailable 110 rcdu(:e number ofhandicappcd people] those not yet cured' fixed will be seen as more infaiorlsubjected to more prejudice (IP-) 9b.1n fact/acrually tllcit- position has impT()ve::dlin~1eaJ smaller numbers mean more resources/more attention (112) .

7) What do the egalitarian critics mean by '~e idea of human equality will...melt in the biotech labs" (line 69). Use your own words as far as possible. (I) Lifts [Egalitarian critics warn that human bioteclmology may create a world divided between the rich, with their 'Genetically Modined Babies', and the poor who are lumbered with the random flaws of nature] ---! idea of human equality Melt in the biotech labs

Suggested Answer The concept of there being no differences between people! that people are more similar than different! that everyone should get! have the same chances

will disappear/ vanish! cease to exist when access ro! availability of teclmo10gy creates differences! allows some to be better than others/to have more options in life

2 out of 3 points get ~ mark.

8) IdentifYtwo words or phrases fiom lines 81 to 84.th.atth~ author uses to reinforce his argument that the new technologies are 'motivated by love, not hate' (line 81-82). Explain each of your choices. (2) Note:
Y2for choice Y2for explanation
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I)Voluntarily [entered into by parents]

These technologies are developed -ely!willingly and supported by parents' conviction! belief that they are beneficial (underlying assumption is that parents want the best for their childrent

2) Risk of not following this path! risk of When parents choose to take a risk or acting chance, it is outoflovel caring for their children because with no risk taken! no action, there may be a negative outcome 3)Uncover cures Cures help humanity! are positive! tryiQgto find them is largely motivated by carel concern/love They are part 0 f normal progressi improvement in human condition! evolution Beautiful things are associated with goodness! positive word
I

4)Natural

5)Beautiful

..

9) Give the meaning of the following words as they are used in the passage. You may write your answer in one word or a short phrase. . . . (5) 1 mark Made public Revealed Uncovered Introduced Trail blazing I Y2mark 0

par 2, line 19

Vocabulary (5 marks) New technologies are unveiled by doctors par 1, line 2 (verb) Doctors pioneerinl!: these treatments . 1
.

Initiating
Triumphed Succeeded

(verb) If the bioconservatives had prevailed par 3, line 26 (verb) Relationship between children and parents. .. irreparablv damaged par 3, line 32 (adverb) Who are lumbered with the random flaws of nature par 6, line 68 (adjective)

Permanently Irreversibly Inevocably In a way that cannO! be fixed Arbitrary Inconsistent Unpredictable

Application

Question.

10) Johann Hari takes a strong stand in support ofliberal eugenics. How convincing do you find his arguments in light of your own experience and knowledge?
Band C (1-3)

(9)

Requirement (I) (8) Candidates have }> Taken a ta-od on how convincing Hari's arguments are }> Identified at least one point from the relevant passage to kick start the discussion

Tends to merely be a reference to tbe views of the writer by way of summarising or restating the text.. . Misinterpretation of the ideas raised in the question or passage.is present B (4-6) In a<lditionto the above. candidates have: }> Provided eva1uationby .wayof explaining and providing examples for their views, although it may be unconvincing, simplistic, superficial or parochial
.. A

(7-9)

Scripts with the following descriptors would warrant the highest grade: }> Very clear evaluation of each of the writers' views, developing ideas to logical conclusions with ample elaboration, personal insight and apt Dlustratioo. }> Balanced response provided. Balance = when student shows awareness of other views. Must look at how some parts are not criticized. }> Good range (greater sophistication in the evaluation ofpoints and the treatment of the content)

..

'I\..ssiblc ---:0-

points nom passage

Ideas for evaluation / examples

Paragrap h I

I)Humanlife is beingextendedand er.hancIj in waysthat spread joy and

h3nn nobody

Criticise I)'Hann nobody' - The use of an absoluteweakensargumentas

.
.

2)Exampleof 'savioursiblings
i

I
i j

, I j ! f
,
I

, ! i ,

there are examples ofpeople being harmed 1)Exarnple - a mother in the US is suing both doctor and hospital for hastening her brain dead son's death. When life support was cut off: he did not die, and after waiting for close to 20 hours, the doctor decided to hasten his death as the organs were deteriorating. Attending nurses testified that he was moaning and seemed to be suffering as they kept giving him

.
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more andmore drugs in an attempt to kill him

1)Exploitation of the poor/
disadvantaged as organ donors is a growing problem in poverty

I
I i
I I

i
I \

! I i
I

!
,
i
;

. ..
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stricken areas of India, for example 2)'saviour siblings' - What is needed (like bone marrow) for the stricken sibling is usually harvested when the donor ('saviour sibling') is still too young to understand; the procedures are often extremely painful Whole concept of having a child . solely so it can serve as a dODOrs i
very questionable ethically

Example- again in a UScase. a

tc:c:n who bad been fighting caoca

,
j !

br years (and was considered terminalby doctors) got tiredof seeing his sister used repeatedly
fur pain donor procedures and tried to take his parents to court to

I Paragraph2
!

prevent them&omextendingboth his own andhis sister's suffering Criticise

3)K.ass'examplescan be critiquedas to theirabilityto 'spreadjoy and hanu

I nobody' - ie - do you agree with Kassor

Mention of drugs such as IUtalin or Viagra can be used to critique Hari as people do over-use/abuse 10

writer- are these goodor bad

them
Hari assumes we will use these

.
-

<glorious'discoverieswisely,or at least properly

Exmples

- children

who are

difficult or are discipline problems may be prescribed Ritalin (incorrectly) because it will make them less active, even lethargic (and hence easier to control). This is it growing

concern; fake Viagra sold by unauthorized dealen; has led to

Support
Thepositivechoices,such as IVF,
.sUJTogate wombs, genetic screening can be used to agree

healthproblms and evendeaths

4)Amazingas it might seem theywantto stop aUhumanbeingsfromusing technologiesthatwill make our children healthier,clevererandless likelyto be disabled 5)Thismovementofbio-Luddites stretchesfromthe WhiteHouse,to radicaldisabilityactivists,to the Vatican, and if the decent pro-sciencemajoritydo not fightback. they willwin
Paragraph 3 6)To undeIStand what this wiD mean, we

with writerthat,yes,we do benefit Criticise

4)Use of absolutes [stop <all'

hum beings] 4&5)Inappropriate languagefor a calm,reasonedargument

['amazing as it might seem' -

impliesopponents'argumentsare beyondreason;by callinghis own side <decent'he impliesotherside is not; <Luddites' s insulting] i Support Pointaboutchangebeinggreeted with suspicionis generallya valid one Manycountries,like Singapore have lawslsafeguatdsin placeto pitvent abusesof organdonation,

needto lookat whatwouldhave. happenedif the bio-c.onservatives ad h p1'CV3ilcd a . ago. The -ery
same people described docfOtSwho

.
.

ped>nncd the fim organ transplantsas .body snatchers'and 'grave robbers'. ... If theyhad won,tens of thousandsof the people,readingthis articlewouldbe dead

. .

There are examples of resistance

tQbeneficialchanges;religious mostwell known Criticise

objections to stem ceUresearch is

Writer chooses only examples that fit his arguments and ignores instances when science was destructivel mistakes were madel problems have arisen II

7)Pre-rational repugnance quickly fades once we see the life-enhancing benefits of new technologies 8)So are there any more sensible
objections1 "
. '

Examples - there is .aproblem with poor, uneducated people being exploited for their organs Statement that without the technology tens of thousands of readers would be dead is deliberately meant to shock! joltanother propaganda technique . Criticise 7)Logicl fuulty argument -doesn't address/answer the underlying point. Instead he argues for practicality over morality, telling us to ignore our ~pugnance, rather than giving us reasons why our instincts are wrong 8)Insults those who disagree with him by inferring that their arguments are not sensible/rational

.
.

. . .
.

Paragraph 8 Opponents .misconceptions' about cloning 9)Clones will be .robots or automatons' .annies of cloned Hitlers' clones ... have horrendous lives

Support 9)Identical twin point is one most can recognize as appropriate and acceptable IO)Studies clearly show that environment does playa key role in how a person turns out (studies His answers done on identical twins separated IO)There are after all .,. human clones.. . at birth) Criticise they are called identical twins Genes do not exclusively maketh the man . 9)Ignores idea that clones may be created for spare parts (ignores . genuine concerns) 9)Focuses on extremes. the mre cases (Hitler) Piob~~h S , Support 11)Disability rightS activists. critX:isms 12)11seems logical that we want By trying to eradicate disabilities. we are to minimize physical and saying disabled people are worthless ... emotional suffering if possible clearing the way for them to be treated 12)Example - Implants exist to even more badly correct certain types of deafuess; most parents welcome the chance His answers for their child to fit into the 12)By ensuring that the number of ablehearing world but there are bodied babies is maximized, we are parents (usually deaf themselves) simply acknowledging that, however who refuse the procedure because harsh it might seem to say it, lacking an it indicates that hearing is

. .
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ability to hear or see or walk is not simply a difference. It isa disability nobody would voluntarily choose, and that you are better off without. Paragraph 6 Egalitarian critics 13)They warn that human bio-technology may create a world divided between the rich, with their 'genetically modified babies', and the poor 14)Stalin-style leveling down proposed by the bio-tech banner.;
His 8!1swer.; 15)We reacted by creating the National Health Service so everyone could access it

preferred to deafness)

Support Medisave scheme 16)There is no denying that people are not all born the same {some defects, like severe mental retardati~n, CaMot be fixed Criticise 14)With use of Stalin's name, he picks his opponents most extreme

.
.

15) Example

- Singapore's

and inappropriateargumentto

16)There are already inequalities thrown up by nature

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Paragraph 7 17)Liberal eugenics... has nothing to do with the evil of Nazi eugenics, wbicb was imposed by the St3te and coocemed not 'Miabproducing be2JdUer babies but with de:l3nged race thc:ories

discredit them 13&15)NHS example is a convincing one, showing that in a largely egalitarian/democratic society, it is possible to make provisions for all; however, he fails to take into account that there will likely be a divide between rich and poor countries 13&15)Example - Today the poor in undeveloped countries do not have access to drugs, medical technology available to all in developed countries with socialized medicine (such as UK. Canada) Support 18)ClearIy, in the past, the benefits ~ve outweigl}cllifte risks Criticism

.
.

11)Opponents (ie. those who \ig'e

18)The risk of not following this path, and tailing to uncover cures for a thousand Ctpses on humanity, is far greater than the risk of acting 19)This new brand is ... motivated by love not hate 20)Those who want to stop these natural, beautiful acts oflove should be shunned .

. .

the Nazis as an example of the dangers of eugenics) are linked with insanity, 'deranged' 17)lgnores the fact tbat Hitler's actions had support and not just in Germany (Russia, Poland); history teaches us that there are people who will use technology to remove those they consider 'inferior' 19)1tis motivated by the almighty dollar; it is capitalism, with 13

... ..~

and shamed

.
.
f
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companies racing to come up with the newest wonder drug! procedure to rake in billions (to use author's type oflanguage!) 20)'biotechnology'(Iine 77)'natural' - contradicts himself 20)Shammg and shunning those who disagree with you typifies writer's intolerant attitude towards any who disagree with him (makes it sound like an oldfashioned witch hunt)

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