STANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

STATIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

WITH ENERGY PRINCIPLE

B.Sc. Thesis by
Mesut KU
(010040010)
Mehmet Engin DUMLU
(010000165)
Lokman SAYIN
(010050137)
Ahmet Faruk DOAN
(010020167)

Date of submission : 11 January 2010

Date of defence examination: 27 January 2010

Supervisor (Chairman) : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nihal ERATLI (ITU)

Members of the Examining Committee : Assis. Prof. Dr. Fethi KADIOLU (ITU)

JANUARY 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... iv
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
2. Energy Methods ..................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Work and Energy ............................................................................................... 2
2.2 Total Potential Energy ........................................................................................ 3
2.3 Equivalent Potential Energy ............................................................................... 5
3. 3D FRAMES ........................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Stiffness Matrix .................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Transformation Matrix ..................................................................................... 11
3.3 Load Vector ...................................................................................................... 15
4. APPLICATION OF ENERGY METHODS ...................................................... 19
4.1 Implementation of the Program ........................................................................ 19
4.1.1 Material description .................................................................................. 19
4.1.2 Section description .................................................................................... 20
4.1.3 Drawing the system geometry................................................................... 21
4.1.4 Restraint definitions .................................................................................. 21
4.1.5 Node load definitions ................................................................................ 22
4.1.6 Element load definitions ........................................................................... 22
4.2 Numerical Analyses ......................................................................................... 23
4.2.1 Numerical Analysis 1 ................................................................................ 23
4.2.2 Numerical Analysis 2 ................................................................................ 31
4.2.3 Numerical Analysis 3 ................................................................................ 33
4.2.4 Numerical Analysis 4 ................................................................................ 36
5. CONCLUSON..................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 42

iii

STATIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES WITH ENERGY PRINCIPLE

SUMMARY
Structures can be analyzed by using different methods. In this thesis structures are
analyzed by energy principle. Required equations for analyzing structures are
obtained according to equivalent potential energy. After that as an application of
equivalent potential energy principle is developed. By using this software various
structures are analyzed and results of these analyses are compared with SAP2000.

iv

1. INTRODUCTION
We can employee the three fundamental concepts of deformable body mechanics
(equilibrium, geometry of deformation, and constitutive behaviour of materials) to
examine the response of several types of structural members to applied loads and/or
temperature changes. We determine the distribution of normal stress and shear stress
in members and the deformation of the members. We also examine the stability of
members undergoing axial compression. We turn now to the important topic of
energy methods in deformable-body mechanics. Before the advent of the digital
computer, energy methods were the most powerful tools available for solving
deflection problems, especially statically indeterminate problems. And now, energy
methods form a basis of the finiteelement method, the most popular and most
powerful current method for analyzing deformable bodies (machines, structures,
etc.). You will see that the energy methods presented in this searching again
incorporate the three essentials of deformable-body mechanics-equilibrium,
geometry of deformation, and constitutive behaviour of materials.

2. Energy Methods
2.1 Work and Energy
In mechanics the term work refers to a quantity that is basically (force X distance).
When work is done on a deformable body, some or all of the work done on the body
goes into strain energy stored in the body. For example, when you stretch a rubber
band by pulling on it, the work that you do on the rubber band is stored as strain
energy. When you release the applied force, the rubber band releases this energy as it
returns to its undeformed shape.

Now, we will define a number of work-energy terms: work of external forces,

complementary work, strain energy, complementary strain energy, virtual
displacements, virtual forces, and virtual work. The work-energy principle will be
employed to calculate the deflection of members subjected to single static loads. The
more powerful virtual-work principles the principal of virtual displacements and
the principle of virtual forces- will also be introduced and will be used to solve more
complex problems, such as statically intermediate problems for structures with
several loads acting simultaneously. Finally, energy methods will be used to solve
several simple impact-loading problems.
These are processes based on linear elastic behaviour and maintenance of energy.
i.e. the work done by external forces equals the energy accumulated in the structure
under load. Energy equation is defined as;
(2.1)
Where F is the functional force, x is the distance moved in the way of the power at its
point of application and k is the elastic firmness of the piece, again in the direction of
the force at its point of application.
Energy equation can be written for any stress type for a bar. In tension;

(2.2)

In torsion;

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

In bending;

In shear;

If four stress occur same time energy equation can be written as;

(2.6)

2.2 Total Potential Energy

The attitude of minimum total potential energy is a primary idea used in physics,
chemistry, biology, and engineering. It asserts that a structure or body shall collapse
or relocate to a position that minimizes the overall probable energy, with the lost
potential energy being dissipated as heat. For instance, a marble located in a bowl
will shift to the base and rest there, and similarly, a tree branch laden with snow will
curve to a lower position. The lower position is the position for minimum potential
energy: it is the steady arrangement for equilibrium. The principle has many
applications in structural analysis and solid mechanics.

The propensity to minimum total potential energy is due to the second rule of
thermodynamics, which stated that the entropy of a system will make the most of at
equilibrium. Given two possibilities - a low heat content and a high potential energy,
or a high heat content and low potential energy, the concluding will be the condition
with the uppermost entropy, and will therefore be the state in the direction of which
the system goes.

The principle of minimum total potential energy should not be mystified with the
associated principle of minimum energy which declares that for a system that
changes without heat transfer, the total energy will be minimized.

Note that in most compound systems there is one global minimum and many local
minima (smaller dips) in the potential energy. These are called metastable states. A
system might live in a local minimum for a long time yet an effectively infinite
period of time.

The total potential energy is the sum of the elastic strain energy, U, stored in the
deformed body and the potential energy, V, of the applied forces:
(2.7)
This energy is at a motionless position when a minuscule disparity from such
position occupies no change in energy:
(

(2.8)

The principle of minimum total potential energy may be derived as a special case of
the virtual work principle for elastic systems subject to conservative forces. The
equality between external and internal virtual work (due to virtual displacements) is:

(2.9)

where, u= vector of displacements, T= vector of distributed forces acting on the part

St of the surface, f= vector of body forces and = engineering strain.
In the special case of elastic bodies, the right-hand-side of (2.9) can be taken to be
the change, U, of elastic strain energy U due to infinitesimal variations of real
displacements. Additionally, when the external forces are conservative forces, the
left-hand-side of (2.9) can be seen as the change in the potential energy function V of
the forces. The function V is defined as:

(2.10)

where the minus sign implies a loss of potential energy as the force is displaced in its
direction. With these two supplementary conditions, (2.9) becomes:
(2.11)
This directs to (2) as wanted. The distinctional form of (2) is frequently used as the
roots for developing the finite element method in structural mechanics.
2.3 Equivalent Potential Energy
When two endpoint of the bar is connected rigidly, we can use equivalent potential
energy instead of total potential energy, so the calculation of two flush depended bar
is more complicated than reduced system. And the system reactions can estimate by
using this algorithm.

( )

L
( )

Figure 2.1 : A cantilever beam and its equivalent beam.

We can cut down B endpoint and we put into here

moment. For calculate the

systems equivalent potential energy function. From end conditions;

)(

( )
( )

(2.12)

( )
( )

Elastic curve function for unloaded beam is

( )

(2.13)

Equivalent potential energy function that uses this elastic curve;

( )

(2.14)

The derivative of this equation by functional ;

( )

(2.15)

Normally, equal to zero at B endpoint. So easily Mb moment is

( )

(2.16)

obtained by using this way. And we can easily estimate flush moments of every load
type with inserting this equation to computer programs.

3. 3D FRAMES
3.1 Stiffness Matrix
Total Potential Energy of a 3D frame element can be written as;
(

( )

) )
(3.1)

In equation (3.1) the definitions are as follows:

: Elastic displacement function of the element due to the flexure (local axis)
: Elastic displacement function due to the normal forces (local axis)
: Flexure rigidity of the cross section (assumed constant along the element)
: Internal end forces acting in local directions of the element
: Nodal end displacements of the element in the direction of
: Distributed load function in the direction of
: Distributed load function in the direction of

q8
q11

q7

q10
j q
12

1 2 plane
2

q9

q2

3
1 3 plane

q1

q5

q4

q6

q3

Figure 3.1 : Local axis and end forces and moments of 3D frame element.

Q8

Q7

Q12

pv12

pu

Q2

Q1

Q6

Figure 3.2 : Internal end loads and distributed loading in 1-2 plane of the element.

Q9

Q10

Q11

pv13

Q3

Q4

Q5

Figure 3.3 : Internal end loads and distributed loading in 1-3 plane of the element.
The axial displacement function can be interpolated with linear function such that

u ( x) au x bu

(3.2)

where the boundary conditions are

u (0) q1
(3.3)

u ( L) q7
from (3.2) and (3.3) axial displacement function is found to be

u ( x)

q7 q1
x q1
L

(3.4)

and the derivative is

u

du q7 q1

dx
L

(3.5)

A similar procedure can be applied for torsion.

d q10 q4

dx
L

(3.6)

For flexure there is 4 degree of freedoms so displacement functions in 1-2 and 1-3
planes can be described as

v( x) ax3 bx 2 cx d

(3.7)

And the boundary conditions for 1-2 plane are

v12 (0) q2
v12 (0) q6

(3.8)

v12 ( L) q8
v12 ( L) q12

For 1-3 plane

v13 (0) q3
(0) q5
v13

(3.9)

v13 ( L) q9
( L) q11
v13

And the flexure displacement functions are found to be

(3.10)
(

(
(

)
)

All deformation functions from (3.4), (3.6) and (3.10) are substituted into equation
(3.1) to obtain the internal energy function of the element. After calculations
performed

(
(

)
)

(
(

(3.11)

)
)

expression is obtained. The stiffness matrix can be obtained by deriving the internal
energy function with respect to the nodal displacements such that
Kij

2U
qi q j

(3.12)

10

In matrix form, K element stiffness matrix and [q] displacement vector can be
written as;

[
[

(3.13)
3.2 Transformation Matrix
Three-dimensional structure is composed of unification of the different structural
elements at the node points. The nodal point displacement and force vector are
defined in the XYZ global cartesian team. End-displacement vectors and end-force
vectors of the element which is leaded at any direction are defined at local axis of the
element.
Z
z

y
A

B
x

H
X
Figure 3.4 : XYZ and xyz coordinate systems.

11

Any OB element is in vertical plane OHBA. The direction of the element is defined
as angle between this vertical plane and the plane XOZ, and angle between the
element and horizontal plane XOY. For the element, assume that x is defined as the
intersection axis with element axis. Let z is the vertical axis to the x axis in order to
keep within the vertical plane OHBA in which the element located. Let y is the axis
which is vertical to plane xz and directed to create a right-handed-system with plane
xz. Pay attention that y axis stays within the horizontal plane XOY. Let show the
unit vectors of coordinate teams with {I , J , K } for XYZ and {i , j , k } for
xyz. {i , j , k } vector can be written in forms of {I , J , K } by using angles { ,
} and projections.
= cos cos + cos sin + sin
= cos - sin

(3.14)

= - cos sin - sin sin + cos

Now let consider looking to the cross section of element in reverse direction of x axis
of the element and assuming that the principal axes of the cross section are not
intersected with y-z axes.
z

Figure 3.5 : Cross section of an element.

=
= cos - sin

(3.15)

= sin + cos

12

If values of (3.15) are replaced in (3.14)

= cos cos + cos sin + sin
= (-sin cos + cos sin sin) + (cos cos + sin sin sin) sin cos

(3.26)

= (-sin sin - cos sin cos) + (sin cos - cos sin sin) +
cos cos

Transformations have been found. Let write the (3.16) correlation in matrix form.

{ }

){ }

(3.37)

There are two ways to write vectors { , , } in forms of vectors { , , }. First

one is with geometric projection by using figures 1 and 2, and second one is using
inverse of orthogonal matrix which is given at (3.18). As known, inverse of an
orthogonal matrix is just the transpose of this matrix. So, wanted correlation is found
as;
{ }

) { }

13

(3.48)

Table 3.1: Transformation matrix T is given below as 12x12.

0

Where

=
=
=
=
=
=

(3.59)

14

3.3 Load Vector

Load vector is total of node and element load vectors. Node load vector simply
includes external node forces. External forces that are in restrained node
displacement directions are ignored. For an element dimension of load vector is
12x1.

1 2 plane

2
1

3
1 3 plane

Figure 3.6 : Local axis and external node forces of an element.

The load vector for two nodes can be written as;

(3.20)

15

Q8
Q11

Q7
Q10

1 2 plane

j Q
12

Q9

Q2

3
1 3 plane

Q1

Q5

Q4

Q6

Q3

Figure 3.7 : Local axis and flush reactions caused by uniformly distributed load q.
To transform q distributed load to elements local coordinate system following
equation is used.
[ ]
[ ]

[ ][ ]
[

(3.21)

Where T is transformation matrix from global coordinates to local coordinates of the

element. The flush reactions of the bar;

(3.22)

are obtained. Load vector for external forces;

16

(3.23)

Total load vector for the element in global coordinates;

[ ] [

17

(3.24)

Table 3.2: Bar end reactions for general loading types.

Loading
End Moment Reactions

( )

( )

( )

End Shear Reactions

( ( )

( )

( ( )

))

18

( )

( )

)
))

( )

( )

4. APPLICATION OF ENERGY METHODS

Importance of energy methods is that all calculations are programmable. Therefore,
as an application of this method a 3d frame analysis software was developed and
some structures were analyzed with this software.
4.1 Implementation of the Program
miniCAD is a program with a graphical user interface which provides the static
linear elastic solution of frame structures under various boundary conditions.
Material property definitions and cross-sectional information can be defined from the
Define menu easily. Elements and joints can directly be drawn to the screen with
the help of custom grid lines provided by the user. Loads can be applied to either
nodes as concentrated load or to the elements as concentrated or distributed load
both.
4.1.1 Material description
Any number of materials can be created with a unique name given by the user from
the Define->material menu. The only property needed for material description is
the elasticity modulus E. The defined material properties can be assigned to any
cross-section. So every cross-section must have its own material property data.

Figure 4.1 : Material defining dialog.

User can also see the list of materials and edit /delete materials from the Define
menu by selecting material names.

19

4.1.2 Section description

Figure 4.2 : Section defining dialog.

Cross-section dimensions can be defined in two different ways. If desired the user
can enter the section dimensions height (h) and width (b) and the section properties
are calculated automatically by the program, or for the second choice all properties
can separately be given manually independent from the shape of the cross-section.
Also every cross-section has to be assigned a material type from the material library.
Sections are assigned to elements to provide their cross-sectional data.

Figure 4.3 : Grid defining dialog.

20

Grid intersections are used to catch the proper 3D coordinates in the 2D computer
screen. From the Define->Grid menu any uniform grid system can be created. For
this purpose Grid origin, Spacing and grid counts for x, y and z dimensions (total 9
values) must be provided.
4.1.3 Drawing the system geometry
Mouse pointer snaps grid intersection to find the exact coordinate while drawing the
elements. Elements are characterized with yellow lines. Also nodes are created
automatically while drawing elements. Nodes are shown by green dots.
Elements and nodes have their own snap to be selected. After selection of items
(elements or nodes) property assignments or property modification can be performed
with the help of appropriate menus.
4.1.4 Restraint definitions

Figure 4.4 : Restraint defining dialog.

With left mouse click multiple nodes and element can be selected. From the Define>Restraint->Selected Nodes menu, any of the 6 degree of freedoms of the node can
be checked to be zero. Also fast restraint options are available.

21

4.1.5 Node load definitions

Figure 4.5 : Node load defining dialog.

Node loads are concentrated loads defined positive in the direction of the degree of
freedoms. Otherwise node loads must be negative. Following the node selection,
from Define->Loads->Selected Nodes menu, global components of force and
moment vectors can be entered separately.
4.1.6 Element load definitions

Figure 4.6 : Element load defining dialog.

22

Elements can either have concentrated or distributed loads. For the concentrated load
assignment Define->Loads->Selected Elements menu is selected. In the dialog box
appeared Concentrated option must be on. Also concentrated moments can be
applied properly from the same dialog.
Load vector components must be provided in global directions.
For distributed loading the same dialog can be used. Selecting the Distributed
option in the dialog the function definition of the load q(x) must be provided
properly in its text form. So any distributed load can be applied by its function
definition.
4.2 Numerical Analyses
Four different structures are analyzed in this chapter. First and last structures were
also analyzed in SAP2000 14.0 and got same results. Second and third structures
couldnt be analyzed in SAP2000 because of distributed load functions of greater
degree than one are not supported by SAP2000.
4.2.1 Numerical Analysis 1

Figure 4.7 : An one storied and bayed structure.

Elements are numbered by input order. Thus, element 1 is first typed element by
user. Nodes are automatically created while typing elements. Below analyze steps are
shown on tables. For all tables force unit is kN and distance unit is m.
23

Table 4.1: Material information. G is automatically generated by using E.

Name
MAL

E
30000000

Table 4.2: Section information. I1 is torsion constant. I2 and I3 are moment of

inertia about 2 and 3 axes.
Name
KES1
KES2
KES3

Material
MAL
MAL
MAL

A
0,12
0,27
0,16

I1
0,001264
0,006401
0,001797

I2
0,0036
0,018225
0,000533

I3
0,0004
0,002025
0,008533

Table 4.3: Node information. qi symbols are code vector members. Code vector
members are starting with 0 to degrees of freedom minus one and assigned by
using node restraints. Each freedom increases index by one. -1 shows that
node has restraint for the mentioned displacement.
Number
1
2
5
6
3
4
7
8

X
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5

Y
0
0
4
4
0
0
4
4

Z
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3

Px
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Py
0
200
0
0
0
200
0
0

Pz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

My
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

qx
-1
0
-1
6
-1
12
-1
18

qy
-1
1
-1
7
-1
13
-1
19

qz
-1
2
-1
8
-1
14
-1
20

qtetx
-1
3
-1
9
-1
15
-1
21

qtety
-1
4
-1
10
-1
16
-1
22

qtetz
-1
5
-1
11
-1
17
-1
23

Table 4.4: Element information. DLoadF and DMomentF are distributed load
and moment functions on the element. Rf and Rm are direction vectors of
distributed load and moment functions. Pcount and Mcount show point force
and moment counts.
Number Node1 Node2 Section DLoadF DMomentF Rfx Rfy Rfz Rmx Rmy Rmz Pcount Mcount
1

KES1

KES1

KES1

KES1

KES2

20

-1

KES2

20

-1

KES3

20

-1

KES3

30

-1

After creating element and node information K element stiffness matrixes are needed
to create global stiffness matrix. K is generated by using the following equation.
[ ]

[ ]

[ ][ ]

24

(4.1)

Where T is transformation matrix from global coordinates to local coordinates of

element, k is local stiffness matrix of element. Stiffness matrixes of each element are
shown below.
Table 4.5: K stiffness matrix for element 1, 2, 3 and 4. Since section and local
axes of these elements are equal, K stiffness matrixes are equal, too.
48000
0
0
0
72000
0
-48000
0
0
0
72000
0

0
5333,333
0
-8000
0
0
0
-5333,33
0
-8000
0
0

0
0
1200000
0
0
0
0
0
-1200000
0
0
0

0
-8000
0
16000
0
0
0
8000
0
8000
0
0

72000
0
0
0
144000
0
-72000
0
0
0
72000
0

0
0
0
0
0
4861,539
0
0
0
0
0
-4861,54

-48000
0
0
0
-72000
0
48000
0
0
0
-72000
0

0
-5333,33
0
8000
0
0
0
5333,333
0
8000
0
0

0
0
-1200000
0
0
0
0
0
1200000
0
0
0

0
-8000
0
8000
0
0
0
8000
0
16000
0
0

72000
0
0
0
72000
0
-72000
0
0
0
144000
0

0
0
0
0
0
-4861,54
0
0
0
0
0
4861,539

Table 4.6: K stiffness matrix for element 5 and 6.

1620000

-1620000 0

5832

14580

-5832

14580

52488

-131220 0

-52488

-131220

14771,54 0

-14771,5

-131220

437400

131220 0

218700

14580 0

48600

-14580

24300

1620000

-5832 0

-14580

5832

-14580

-52488

131220

52488

131220

-14771,5

14771,54 0

-131220

218700

131220 0

437400

14580 0

24300

-14580

48600

-1620000 0

Table 4.7: K stiffness matrix for element 7 and 8.

47998,13

-95996,3

-47998,1

-95996,3

1200000

-1200000

2998,125

5996,25

-2998,13

5996,25

5996,25

15990

-5996,25

7995

5183,654

-5183,65

-95996,3

255990

95996,25

127995

-47998,1

95996,25 47998,13

95996,25

-1200000

1200000

-2998,13

-5996,25

2998,125

-5996,25

5996,25

7995

-5996,25

15990

-5183,65

5183,654 0

-95996,3

127995

95996,25

25

255990

Global matrix is generated by using code vector and element stiffness matrixes.
Global matrix only contains stiffness matrix members that are free to displace. In
other words restrained displacements that come from two nodes of the element are
ignored when creating global matrix from element stiffness matrixes. Thus, stiffness
matrix members that have -1 displacement index arent added to global matrix and
dimension of global matrix is NxN where N is degrees of freedom.
To explain this more clearly an example will be helpful. From Table 4 nodes of
element 1 are node 1 and 2. Node 1 is restrained for all displacements. Node 2 is
totally free. From the Table 3 code vector for node 1 is (-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1) and code
vector for node 2 is (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Thus, code vector for element 1 is

(4.1)

First six rows of code vector for element 1 is -1. This means that first six
displacements on element 1 is zero. Thus load and displacement equation for element
1 is

[ ]

[ ]

(4.2)

26

In this equation unknowns are

and

. Thus, eliminating

unneeded rows and columns this equation can be written as;

(4.3)
]

Since (

] [

) indexed as (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) in code vector, addition

of element 1 to the global matrix can be written as;

Table 4.8: Addition of element 1. Note that matrix indexes are beginning with 0.
GM[0,0]=K[6,6]

GM[0,1]=K[6,7]

GM[0,2]=K[6,8]

GM[0,3]=K[6,9]

GM[0,4]=K[6,10]

GM[0,5]=K[6,11]

GM[1,0]=K[7,6]

GM[1,1]=K[7,7]

GM[1,2]=K[7,8]

GM[1,3]=K[7,9]

GM[1,4]=K[7,10]

GM[1,5]=K[7,11]

GM[2,0]=K[8,6]

GM[2,1]=K[8,7]

GM[2,2]=K[8,8]

GM[2,3]=K[8,9]

GM[2,4]=K[8,10]

GM[2,5]=K[8,11]

GM[3,0]=K[9,6]

GM[3,1]=K[9,7]

GM[3,2]=K[9,8]

GM[3,3]=K[9,9]

GM[3,4]=K[9,10]

GM[3,5]=K[9,11]

GM[4,0]=K[10,6] GM[4,1]=K[10,7] GM[4,2]=K[10,8]

GM[4,3]=K[10,9]

GM[4,4]=K[10,10]

GM[4,5]=K[10,11]

GM[5,0]=K[11,6] GM[5,1]=K[11,7] GM[5,2]=K[11,8]

GM[5,3]=K[11,9]

GM[5,4]=K[11,10]

GM[5,5]=K[11,11]

Last 6x6 region of stiffness matrix of element 1 is added to first 6x6 region of global
matrix because code vector of element 1 is pointing this region. After addition of all
elements calculated the global matrix is created. Since last code vector member is 23,
dimension of global matrix is 24x24.
Table 4.9: First 12x12 region of Global matrix.
1715998

-72000

-95996,3

-47998,1

-95996,3

1211165

8000

14580

-1200000

1255486

5996,25

-131220

-2998,13

5996,25

8000

5996,25

46761,54 0

-5996,25

7995

-72000

-131220

586583,6

-5183,65

-95996,3

14580

309451,5 95996,25

127995

-47998,1

95996,25 1715998

-72000

95996,25

-1200000

1211165

8000

14580

-2998,13

-5996,25

1255486

-5996,25

-131220

5996,25

7995

8000

-5996,25

46761,54 0

-5183,65

-72000

-131220

586583,6 0

-95996,3

127995

95996,25

14580

309451,5

To calculate displacements following equations are used.

[
[ ]

][ ]
[

[
]

]
[

27

(4.4)

Where u is displacement vector and LV is load vector.

Table 4.10:
Load vector is total of node load vectors and element load
vectors. Dimension of load matrix is 24x1.
0
200
-90
-26,6667
41,66666
0
0
0
-90
26,66667
41,66666
0
0
200
-110
-40
-41,6667
0
0
0
-110
40
-41,6667
0
Table 4.11:
Node
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Node displacements.
q1
2,17E-06
0
7,22E-06
0
2,21E-06
0
7,27E-06
0

q2
0,026778
0
0,026779
0
0,026871
0
0,02687
0

q3
-0,00015
0
-0,00013
0
-3,8E-05
0
-2,2E-05
0

q4
-0,00385
0
-0,0041
0
-0,00691
0
-0,00666
0

q5
-0,00011
0
0,000119
0
-0,00011
0
0,000119
0

q6
-4,3E-08
0
-4,4E-08
0
7,35E-08
0
7,37E-08
0

After all unknowns are found, element local end forces can be calculated. To
calculate end forces following equations are used.

28

[ ]

[ ][ ]

[ ]

[ ]
(4.5)

[ ][ ]

Where [P] is reaction vector which is caused by external forces on the element. [u] is
global displacement vector of two nodes of the element. [q] is local displacement
vector for the element.
M1

M2

N1

N2

T1

T2
Figure 4.8 : Positive directions of element end forces.

Element end forces should be shown in directions which are shown in Figure 4.8. To
obtain Q element end forces following equations are used.
[ ]

( [ ]

[ ])

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

( [ ]

[ ]
[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

( [ ]

[ ]

[ ])

[ ]

[ ])
(4.5)

[ ]

[ ]

( [ ]

[ ])

[ ]

( [ ]

[ ])

[ ]
[

]
[

[ ]

[ ]

( [
]

]
]

29

[
[

])
]

M2

M5

N1

N2

T2

T4

M3

M6

M1

M6

T1

T3

Figure 4.9 : Positive directions of element end forces.

Table 4.12:

Element end forces

Element N1

T1

T2

M1

M2

M3

N2

-111,98

-4,23

100,7

-0,01

-111,98 0

-124,23 0

-156,24 -0,01

-110

-24,23

112,04 -0,01

-110

-104,23 0

-144,9

-0,01

-8,19

50,05

3,68

-16,55

-0,01

-8,19

-49,95

-16,32

0,01

-8,19

50,04

-3,68

-16,54

0,01

-8,19

-49,96

3,68
3,68

-16,32

-0,01

-174,19

-111,99 8,19

-8,24

183,39

-174,19 -111,99

8,19

16,32

-152,56

-154,28

-110

-8,19

8,01

181,41

-154,28 -110

-8,19

-16,55

-148,58

-45,72

-88,02

8,19

-8,24

159,67

-45,72

-88,02

8,19

16,32

-104,38

-25,81

-90

-8,19

8,01

161,66

-25,81

-90

-8,19

-16,54

-108,36

30

T3

T4

M4 M5

M6

4.2.2 Numerical Analysis 2

Figure 4.10 : An one storied and two bayed structure.

Table 4.13:

Material information.
Name
MAL

Table 4.14:

Section information.

Name
B1
C1

Material A
MAT
0,18
MAT
0,25

Table 4.15:
Number
1
2
3
4
9
10
11
12
5
6
7
8

X
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5

E
30000000

I1
I2
I3
0,003708 0,0054
0,00135
0,008802 0,005208 0,005208

Node information.
Y
0
0
4
4
0
0
4
4
0
0
4
4

Z
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3

Px
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Py
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

My
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

31

Mz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

qx
-1
0
-1
6
-1
12
-1
18
-1
24
-1
30

qy
-1
1
-1
7
-1
13
-1
19
-1
25
-1
31

qz
-1
2
-1
8
-1
14
-1
20
-1
26
-1
32

qtetx
-1
3
-1
9
-1
15
-1
21
-1
27
-1
33

qtety
-1
4
-1
10
-1
16
-1
22
-1
28
-1
34

qtetz
-1
5
-1
11
-1
17
-1
23
-1
29
-1
35

Table 4.16:

Element information.

Number Node1 Node2 Section DLoadF

DMomentF Rfx Rfy Rfz Rmx Rmy Rmz Pcount Mcount

C1

C1

C1

C1

10

C1

11

12

C1

10

B1

x^2+3*x+4

-2

B1

x^2+3*x+4

-2

12

B1

x^2+3*x+4

-2

10

B1

x^2+3*x+4

-2

11

B1

12

10

12

B1

13

B1

Table 4.17:
Node
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Node displacements.
q1
7,92E-05
0
7,92E-05
0
0,000102
0
0,000102
0
0,000124
0
0,000124
0

q2
-6,2E-05
0
-5,9E-05
0
-6,2E-05
0
-5,9E-05
0
-6,2E-05
0
-5,9E-05
0

q3
-3,2E-05
0
-2,1E-05
0
-9,6E-05
0
-8,5E-05
0
-5,9E-05
0
-4,8E-05
0

32

q4
7,52E-05
0
5,09E-06
0
7,52E-05
0
5,09E-06
0
7,52E-05
0
5,09E-06
0

q5
-0,00018
0
-0,00018
0
7,36E-05
0
7,36E-05
0
0,000312
0
0,000312
0

q6
-3,7E-11
0
-3,7E-11
0
-2,8E-11
0
-3,5E-11
0
-4E-11
0
-4,2E-11
0

Table 4.18:

Element end forces

Element N1

T1

T2

M1 M2

M3

N2

T3

T4

M4 M5

M6

13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3,56
3,56
-3,56
3,56
-3,56
3,56

-3,55
-3,54
-3,54
73,59
55,96
73,59
55,96
24,46
24,46
-0,6
-0,6
-23,87
-23,87

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,42
-5,6
1,42
-5,6
1,42
-5,6

-3,56
-3,56
-3,56
-23,87
-24,46
-23,87
-24,46
-79,5
-52,41
-239,5
-212,4
-148,3
-121,2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3,56
3,56
-3,56
3,56
-3,56
3,56

-23,55
-23,54
-23,55
-124,74
-142,38
-124,74
-142,38
24,46
24,46
-0,6
-0,6
-23,87
-23,87

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-9,25
5,07
-9,25
5,07
-9,25
5,07

-3,56
-3,56
-3,56
-23,87
-24,46
-23,87
-24,46
-79,5
-52,41
-239,52
-212,43
-148,28
-121,19

-5,07
-5,07
-5,07
-90,84
-46,18
-90,84
-46,18
-27,21
-27,21
-2,94
-2,94
19,57
19,57

-9,25
-9,25
-9,25
-52,04
-95,57
-52,04
-95,57
46,18
46,18
-4,73
-4,73
-52,04
-52,04

4.2.3 Numerical Analysis 3

Figure 4.11 : A two storied and one bayed structure.

Table 4.19:

Material information.
Name
MAL

E
30000000

33

Table 4.20:

Section information.

Name
B1
C1
C2

Material
MAT
MAT
MAT

Table 4.21:
Number
1
2
9
3
4
10
5
6
12
7
8
11

X
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5

Y
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
4
4
4

A
0,18
0,25
0,16

I1
0,003708
0,008802
0,003605

I2
0,0054
0,005208
0,002133

I3
0,00135
0,005208
0,002133

Node information.
Z
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6

Table 4.22:

Px
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Py
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

My
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

qx
-1
0
6
-1
12
18
-1
24
30
-1
36
42

qy
-1
1
7
-1
13
19
-1
25
31
-1
37
43

qz
-1
2
8
-1
14
20
-1
26
32
-1
38
44

qtetx
-1
3
9
-1
15
21
-1
27
33
-1
39
45

qtety
-1
4
10
-1
16
22
-1
28
34
-1
40
46

qtetz
-1
5
11
-1
17
23
-1
29
35
-1
41
47

Element information.

Number Node1 Node2 Section DLoadF DMomentF Rfx Rfy Rfz Rmx Rmy Rmz Pcount Mcount
1

C1

C1

C1

C1

B1

-2

-2

10

B1

-2

11

B1

-3

13

B1

-3

14

C2

15

10

C2

16

11

C2

17

12

C2

18

12

B1

-2

19

11

12

B1

-3

20

11

10

B1

21

10

B1

-3

x^2

x^2
x
x

34

Table 4.23:
Node
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Node displacements.
q1
-0,00019
-0,0016
-0,00162
-0,00018
-0,00069
0
-8,2E-05
0
-0,0007
0
-8,4E-05
0

Table 4.24:

q2
0,000191
0,00019
-0,00136
-0,00135
7,42E-05
0
7,29E-05
0
-0,00059
0
-0,00058
0

q3
-3,6E-05
-1,2E-05
-1,8E-05
-1,7E-05
-6,7E-06
0
-1,8E-05
0
-1,1E-05
0
-1E-05
0

q4
-4,6E-05
9,25E-07
0,000121
2,49E-05
-1,4E-05
0
-3E-05
0
0,00019
0
0,000151
0

q5
-0,00012
-9,1E-05
-9,7E-05
0,00012
-0,00021
0
-6,5E-05
0
-0,00022
0
2,09E-05
0

q6
0,000328
0,000231
0,000271
0,00032
6,79E-05
0
0,000138
0
9,47E-05
0
0,000133
0

Element end forces

Element N1

T1

T2

M1

M2

M3

N2

T3

T4

M4

M5

M6

21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
11
10
8
4
3
2
1

-1,91
2,54
-2,25
0,33
-0,11
-2,76
8,59
14,28
-1,52
-1,25
2,69
0,1
-3,72
-1,93
21,06
24,59

-1,7
-2,34
10,66
14,81
4,7
-13,27
-12,56
-8,87
4,19
27,91
-11,46
13,18
-26,71
1,05
-26,35
-7,99

-2,33
6,97
0,29
-0,61
2,64
2,26
2,44
2,59
-1,51
-2,54
6,26
-1,55
2,3
4,68
3,2
4,51

15,31
22,65
-11,42
-8,47
-5,92
17,46
16,29
11,18
0,28
-46,24
45,31
-9,34
50,78
1,78
50,8
10,89

4,32
-3,23
5,49
-0,88
0,5
3,83
-11,4
-18,7
2,32
2,12
-3,7
-0,28
6,3
4,46
-41,5
-44,7

-13,96
-14,47
-0,22
-6,95
-28,15
-8,32
-10,64
-10,89
1,73
-10,21
-15,04
2,14
-16,67
-45,52
-28,19
-25,62

-1,91
22,54
-2,25
0,33
-0,11
-2,76
8,59
14,28
-1,52
-1,25
22,69
0,1
-3,72
-1,93
21,06
24,59

-25,7
-12,34
-13,34
14,81
4,7
-13,27
-12,56
-8,87
-19,81
3,91
-21,46
13,18
-26,71
1,05
-26,35
-7,99

-2,33
0,97
0,29
-0,61
2,64
2,26
2,44
2,59
-1,51
-2,54
0,26
-1,55
2,3
4,68
3,2
4,51

-23,5
-19,05
-0,78
-17,75
8,19
-22,36
-21,38
-15,43
-14,96
33,39
-42,01
-26,79
-29,36
4,94
-28,25
-13,07

-3,33
1,88
-3,52
0,74
0,18
-4,45
14,34
24,11
-3,74
-2,9
2,13
0,2
-4,87
-1,33
21,71
29,04

-13,96
15,53
-0,22
-6,95
-28,15
-8,32
-10,64
-10,89
1,73
-10,21
14,96
2,14
-16,67
-45,52
-28,19
-25,62

35

4.2.4 Numerical Analysis 4

Figure 4.12 : A two storied and bayed structure.

In this analysis some results will be compared with SAP2000.
Table 4.25:

Material information.
Name
MAL

Table 4.26:
Name
B1
C1
C2

E
30000000

Section information.
Material
MAT
MAT
MAT

A
0,18
0,25
0,16

I1
0,003708
0,008802
0,003605

36

I2
0,0054
0,005208
0,002133

I3
0,00135
0,005208
0,002133

Table 4.27:
Number
1
2
9
3
4
10
13
14
18
15
16
17
5
6
12
7
8
11

X
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5

Y
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
4
4
4

Z
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
3
6

Node information.
Px
0
100
100
0
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Py
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

My
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mz
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

37

qx
-1
0
6
-1
12
18
-1
24
30
-1
36
42
-1
48
54
-1
60
66

qy
-1
1
7
-1
13
19
-1
25
31
-1
37
43
-1
49
55
-1
61
67

qz
-1
2
8
-1
14
20
-1
26
32
-1
38
44
-1
50
56
-1
62
68

qtetx
-1
3
9
-1
15
21
-1
27
33
-1
39
45
-1
51
57
-1
63
69

qtety
-1
4
10
-1
16
22
-1
28
34
-1
40
46
-1
52
58
-1
64
70

qtetz
-1
5
11
-1
17
23
-1
29
35
-1
41
47
-1
53
59
-1
65
71

Table 4.28:

Element information.

Number Node1 Node2 Section DLoadF DMomentF Rfx Rfy Rfz Rmx Rmy Rmz Pcount Mcount
1

C1

C1

C1

C1

B1

-10 0

10

B1

-10 0

11

B1

-20 0

13

B1

-20 0

14

C2

15

10

C2

16

11

C2

17

12

C2

18

12

B1

-10 0

19

11

12

B1

-20 0

20

11

10

B1

-10 0

21

10

B1

-20 0

22

13

14

C1

23

15

16

C1

24

16

17

C2

25

14

18

C2

26

18

17

B1

-20 0

27

14

16

B1

-20 0

28

14

B1

-10 0

29

16

B1

-10 0

30

18

12

B1

-10 0

31

11

17

B1

-10 0

38

Table 4.29:
Node
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Node displacements.

q1
0,003955
0,003955
0,00167
0
0,00167
0
0,003986
0,003986
0,004059
0,004059
0,001696
0
0,001696
0
0,001756
0
0,001756
0

Table 4.30:

q2
3,16E-06
-3,1E-06
1,02E-06
0
-1E-06
0
3,15E-06
-3,1E-06
-3,2E-06
3,14E-06
1,02E-06
0
-1E-06
0
1,01E-06
0
-1E-06
0

q3
-0,00012
-0,00012
-7,1E-05
0
-7,1E-05
0
-0,00014
-0,00014
-5,8E-05
-5,8E-05
-7,6E-05
0
-7,6E-05
0
-2,9E-05
0
-2,9E-05
0

q4
-0,00015
0,000147
5,46E-05
0
-5,5E-05
0
-0,00015
0,000147
0,000147
-0,00015
5,46E-05
0
-5,5E-05
0
5,46E-05
0
-5,5E-05
0

q5
0,000212
0,000212
0,000516
0
0,000516
0
0,00013
0,00013
0,000405
0,000405
0,000356
0
0,000356
0
0,000622
0
0,000622
0

Node displacements for Node 9 in SAP2000.

q1
q2
q3
0,00428 3,1E-06 -6E-05

q4
q5
q6
-0,0002 0,00042 0

39

q6
9E-09
8,82E-09
2,92E-09
0
2,97E-09
0
6,08E-09
6,06E-09
8,97E-09
8,96E-09
1,98E-09
0
2,05E-09
0
2,96E-09
0
2,93E-09
0

Table 4.31:

Element end forces

Element N1

T1

T2

M1 M2

M3

N2

T3

T4

M4 M5

M6

31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
11
10
8
4
3
2
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
8,5
-8,5
-5,76
5,76
0
0
0
0
8,5
-8,5
-8,5
8,5
0
0
0
0
-5,76
5,76
-5,76
5,76

11,44
38,56
58,95
58,96
40
40
33,94
33,94
62,22
62,22
40
44,62
40
44,62
44,4
44,4
21,66
21,66
40
40
62,3
62,3
80,7
80,7
57,08
57,08

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
-10,77
10,77
5,79
-5,79
0
0
0
0
-10,77
10,77
10,77
-10,77
0
0
0
0
5,79
-5,79
5,79
-5,79

-33,94
-33,94
-28,28
-28,28
2,74
-8,5
-78,56
-78,56
-177,52
-177,52
-8,5
-78,34
-8,5
-78,34
-96,05
-96,05
-45,38
-45,38
2,74
2,74
-64,58
-64,58
-189,4
-189,4
-73,08
-73,08

0
0
0
0
0
0
8,5
-8,5
-5,76
5,76
0
0
0
0
8,5
-8,5
-8,5
8,5
0
0
0
0
-5,76
5,76
-5,76
5,76

-38,56
-11,44
8,95
8,96
-40
-40
33,94
33,94
62,22
62,22
-40
-5,38
-40
-5,38
44,4
44,4
21,66
21,66
-40
-40
12,3
12,3
80,7
80,7
57,08
57,08

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
14,73
-14,73
-11,48
11,48
0
0
0
0
14,73
-14,73
-14,73
14,73
0
0
0
0
-11,48
11,48
-11,48
11,48

-33,94
-33,94
-28,28
-28,28
2,74
-8,5
-78,56
-78,56
-177,52
-177,52
-8,5
-78,34
-8,5
-78,34
-96,05
-96,05
-45,38
-45,38
2,74
2,74
-64,58
-64,58
-189,4
-189,4
-73,08
-73,08

Table 4.32:

10,43
-57,39
-110,9
-110,91
-22,24
-14,73
-44,44
-44,44
-120,18
-120,19
-14,73
-60,97
-14,73
-60,97
-61,8
-61,79
-27,86
-27,86
-22,25
-22,25
-105,45
-105,45
-139,58
-139,58
-118,03
-118,03

Element end forces for Element 11 in SAP2000.

N1 T1 T2 M1 M2
M3
2,7 0 40 0 -21,97 0

N2 T3 T4 M4 M5
M6
2,7 0 -40 0 -21,97 0

40

-57,39
10,43
58,87
58,87
-22,25
-14,73
57,39
57,39
66,47
66,47
-14,73
37,12
-14,73
37,12
71,4
71,4
37,12
37,12
-22,25
-22,24
81,07
81,07
102,53
102,53
53,21
53,21

5. CONCLUSON
Compared with other static analysis methods energy principle is more practical. The
main advantage of energy principle is computers can be used for analyses. Thus,
analyzing structures by using energy principle is really fast. Since calculations are
done in computer, human based errors are minimized.

41

REFERENCES
[1] Akz, Y., 2005. Enerji Yntemleri ve Yap Sistemleri, Istanbul Technical
University.
[2] Case, J., Chilver L., and Ross. C. T. F., (1993). Strength of Materials and
Structures, Printed and bound in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury
Press.
[3] Meek, J. L., (1991). Computer Methods in structural Analysis, Printed in
Singapore by Fong & Sons Printers Pte. Ltd.
[4] Energy Methods, Retrieved November 15, 2009, from
http://courses.washington.edu/me354a/Energy%20methods.pdf
[5] Wikimedia Foundation, 2009. Structural Analysis. Retrieved November 20,
2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysis
[6] Wikimedia Foundation, 2009. Minimum Total Potential Energy Principle.
Retrieved November 25, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_total_potential_energy_princip
le

42