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Parasite - Lives tn or oy Ofer Cepia ~tapowort |e + Conovtlage ~ Profeekive colaratisn f Detonposer ~ rein genic compere fe arg 4. Minter —sesenbie ober gprs 1) Ecosystem, — totes both te Woe Co te 4 Bateson — potsoncus | ) tre clone by themedhes Eee eat b Muledan~ Gpeaies receathe ech der fee Aisetortie md curve 4 “th rerbens 4) fmencaling- nea heh one snipe | ©) Biosphore - Ente portion of ne ear fat i titel hharme others, ag Dry ~ fader oF sabes by ate 5) Allelpaty - Preto peves fafa gringo j=! Cain — taser fod ery frm tnefy 6) Narain thar peng i ake Onather r , . ; 4) Troteetoperattea -olh goplation beret by thelr | Types of ed ie c seattle Wk laine ih) gt “Predator Chain~ Smaller larger otguasm Tararite Chain - When erganism onthe boat other Tenperaire ~ cently Fitor 1 eencytem 5 a Chai . anes cons 4. Gath faygen pedeck of “he thf syntions bodies OF planks md catia. 3. Biosphere - sake pi af Fre tarth~ life uy = re, sel Byte = Speutte Community Fall agantomc {tng Fond web —pverapying case snp [cd rea H4 te ea pe Bee BicticTador— living orjonisny do nt he lie Themmoehres «hbiohc Fachor4 : et a Sli © feasted, duahe Ryoranhny, BON dork‘© Asystematic body of knowledge. through i led 5 nen oloaY: atl for truth and knowledge. rechnoog) rechnolog) ‘the practical application ‘of scientific knowledge Three Main Branches of Science 4. Life Science - the stuxiyof ving organisms » 2. Earth Sclence - the study of fEathand! space 3. Physical Science - the study ofimatter;ang ‘energy/ chemistry & physics Life Science Areas of Study 1. Biology - The Weor alll its forms 2. Anatomy- The study of the structure”of plants ‘study ofplants” The study of /felations and interactions between ‘organisms /and their environment, a = The science that covers animals andvanimal life. Physical Science Areas of Study 4. Chemistry - The science that deals with the ‘composition, properties, reactions, and thé sucure of matey 2 1e study of ffiatter and energy / the interactions between then, Earth Science Areas of Study 4. Geology - The study ofthe origin, history, and structure:of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has ior ie rperiencnn, study of the atmosphere’ Phenomena, euch Arr sie ‘ ss Methoe o Tht Scientific Method involves a series of steps ate used to investigate 2 ral Sccurrence, ‘Steps or te Scientific Method ” 1. Problem/auestion: Develop a question or Problem that can be solved through xperimentation. 2. Observation/Research: Make observations ‘and research your topic of interest. s lic aliveatoe Predicta possible ~ Answer to the problem or question. ‘Hypothesis - An educated guess about the Telationship Between the independent and dependent variables, IfIV then pv. a q that is intentionally ‘or changed in an ent. ‘* Valid experiments have only one independent variable. ». Dependent Variable 2 the factorthat may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable. + The dependent variable must be measurable. Develop and follow a procedure/ The outcomes must be measurable (quantifiable) 3 + Modify the procedure if needed. ‘© Confirm the results by retesting. ‘« Include tables, graphs, and photographs. 6 Concuplonas » Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. ‘+ Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedur 7, Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience,* Ascientitic measurement requires: (1) the definition of the physical quantity (2) the units. : + The value of a physical quantity is. actually the product of a number and a unit. Physical Quantities that ‘© Anattribute or property of a substance can be. expressed. in 2 mathematica equation © Ismade up of a value and a ‘» Aunit of measurement refers physical quantity ‘Types Of Physical Quantities us ‘© quantities that do not depend on any other physical quantity for their measurement 2. Derived Quantities” * products and/or ratios of fundamental quantities Fundamental Quantities / FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS pi ae sea ny E sc a to a particular fempertve —Degre Coe eer Scientist use significant figures to determine OW precise a measurement is Significant digits in a measurement include fee the known digits plus one estimated Rules for si Rei, jgnificant figures 3 Allnon zero digits are ALWAYS significant How many significant digits are in the following numbers? Rule #2 * All zeros between significant digits are ALWAYS significant * How many significant digits are in the following numbers? Rule #3 * AI FINAL zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant * How many significant digits are in the following numbers? Rule #4 ‘All zeros that act as place holders are NOT. significant © Another way to say this is: zeros are only significant if they are between significant digits OR are the very final thing at the end of a decimal ic Notation «Scientific notation is used to express very large or very small numbers © It consists of a number between 1 & 10 followed by x 10 to an exponent ‘« The exponent can be determined by the number of decimal places you have to move to got only 1 number in front of the decimal Large Numbers Ifthe number you start with is greater than 4, the exponent will be positive ‘Small Numbers If the number you start with is less than 1, the exponent will be negative= quantities of = temperature lave density afqude moisture content or Jevation, OF ject with respect to ind analysing’ the ‘clence that describes matter — its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the efiergy changes that —accompany those processes Matter ‘* Anything that ltas mass and occupies space, There are three fundamental laws of matter 1. Law of conservation of mass 2. Law of constant/definite composition Came . servation Of Mass - in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, it is transformed into something else. Compot ‘hways containe the same, fixed .._ [3ti of elements. Law Of Multiple Proportions - Elements an combine in different ratios to form different compounds ‘inte Molecular Theory * Tiny, constantly moving particles. make up all matter. * The kinetic en Particles increases. as increases, Four States Of Matter 1. Somids * low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around * definite shape & volume ‘* crystalline - repeating geometric pattem ‘+ amorphous - no patter (e.g. glass, wax) temperature igher KE - particles can move around but are still close together * indefinite shape © definite volume 3. © high KE - particles can separate and ‘move throughout container * indefinite shape & volume 4 ‘* very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) + gas-like, indefinite shape & volume + stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes ee reat seers =)temperature? Ree acne density ofiquids moisture content or the elevation, oF ect with respect to ~ lintensity"and origin of shocks Angulardistance between two jects 15. Speedometer - speed of the'vehiicie"Y 1 -used for reproducing sound: / ‘cience that describes matter — its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that — accompany those processes Anything that Has Miass and occupies space. Fundamental Laws of Matter ‘There are three fundamental laws of matter 4. Law of conservation of mass 2. Law of constantidefinite composition Gave) onservation Of Mass - In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, it is transformed into something else. - A given omy always contains the same, fixed Fatio of elements. Law OF Multiple Proportions - Elements an combine in different ratios to form different compounds ‘netic Molecular Theory * Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter. * The kinetic en jon) these Particles increases as temperature increases, Fou 5 Of Matter 1. Solids: low KE - particles vibrate but can't move around * definite shape & volume * qrystalline - repeating geometric pattem * amorphous - no pattem (e.g. glass, wax) 2 Liquids «higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together * indefinite shape ‘* definite volume 3 high KE - particles can separate and ‘move throughout container © indefinite shape & volume 4 * very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) « gas-lke, indefinite shape & volume «stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes (Soe Sz Sc1 : ; : properties that ca" ee without changln® ‘chemical nature of the substance ~ ee tee Se A Pure type matter which cannot be separated Physically -homogenous~ 1.) Elements * matter composed of identical atoms * EX copper the chemical composition of the substance. * Metals are I it heat and electricity 5, They are mostly solids atroom temperature. ee . ie combustion under specific © They are (dull;;brittie;=nonconductorsy formation ff “conifens (insulators). * Some are Solid, butmany-aregasés radioactivity © Bromine is a liquid 3. = Semimetals: They have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals Changes of Matter = They are shiny but brittle. 1. Physical «= ~they are semiconductors~” * Changes in the physical properties of matter ‘Soe rete and takes place ‘bine a tes » oo $ ‘Sh a a oa 2. Chemical a . a = * Changes inthe: om . Sas, N * Chemical composition is altered producing ee a fees new substance eal Ge platinum n + Ex. fron Rusting, Wood Burning, Banana Shee a ae = Rotting nme G nim = oo © en 5 sipsieed ee as r io x : ee & cme y Changes in the nuclear properties of matter a a ae £ © Changes in the (@Gie_popsiss oy tee i i & ile te — Ma + Ex. Fusion (combine) and Fission (divide) oe e on =Aa hyarontum’ Tons (H:0") I" + MoLtsourPOG HEY a . Ga or ionize to form tydFexide ions (OH) in water NaOH, KOH 7 ‘Substance that changes color in an acid oF . eS ium-sized particles * particles never settle 1400 B.C.) ed tt matter Was composed cy * Not based on experimental ‘data “Greek: atomos % (1807) oe Schoolteacher - based his }eory on others’ experimental data * Bitliare' Ball Model - afom is a uniform, Solid sphere\ - Herr Becqueret (1608) " Discoveredsradicactivity:'=y spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus Three type: * alpha (a) - positive * beta (f)-negative "gamma (7) — neutral 03) (Cathode Ray Tube Experiments - beam of negative particles * Discovered iElectronsy - Particles within the atom = Plum-pudding Mode! 5. 1 ee sphere (pudding) with Negative electrons (plums) dispersed throughout © Hepes eres (1911) * Gold Foil Experiment. * Discovered the ucleus=dense, positive charge in the center of the atom * Nuclear Model 7. Niels Bohr (1913) = |Bright-Line Spectrum - tried to explain presence of specific colors in hydrogen’s spectrum + Energy Levels’- electrons can only exist in specific energy states tan Model 4. Endn senodnger (1926) ‘Quantum: mechani¢s! - electrons can ‘only exist in specified energy states * Electron cloud model! - orbital: region around the nucleus where € are likely to be found 9. J 1932) . red neutrons - neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom ¥ + Joliot-Curle Experiments - based theory on thelr experimental evidence negative(1869, Russiap) ~ fements by increasing Predicted the _existen a increasing Fixed problems i ‘arrangement, > Strong atiractive force between atoms oF ions in a molecule or ‘compound. + Formed by: * transferring e (losing or gaining) = sharing e- + Octet Rule *_Most-atoms-form bonds in order to have —_B.valence e- = full outer energy level like the Noble Gases! Chemical Reactions = Represented by chemical equations: * Reactants ~> Products + AFe+302— 2Fe20; o Reactants: starting materials © Products: new compounds formed Balancing Chemical Reactions (Lawof Conservation of Massy * The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms can be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, = So the number of atoms that are present in the reactants has to balance the number of ‘atoms that are present in the products, Traditional method: 1. White down your given equation —— 2 Wiite down the numberof atoms per element 3. Save hydrogen and N for last, as: | offen on both sides, ne {Natural and violent motion © Cements garth water a (1564 AD) * Fatherof the: method (along with the Englishman Erancis 4500's). * Studied motion, * Asreed with the Greek Aristarchos and Polish Copemicus (1473-1543) on heliocentric view point. This lead to his house ar inglish (1642-1727) and motion and studied ic effect (Light is quantized) (Nobel Prize) Related mass and energy (E = mc”) ‘SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES 1 Quantities signifying “(maanituae ‘only’ Examples Mass, charge, length, temperature, ‘speed. X Mector_quanties: a, (magnitude and direction Examples: Weight, displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum antiies signifying DIST SPI Rammiee (d) - how far an object travels / Does 7iot depend on direction. (4x) = difference between an object's final position and its starting position./ Does depend on direction, ‘= Displacement = final position — initial 3osition