Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Received 15 October 2004; received in revised form 31 May 2005; accepted 22 July 2005
Available online 16 November 2005
Abstract
The decolorization of the levafix orange textile dye in aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum sacrificial anode has been
investigated. The process performance is analyzed in terms of decolorization efficiency and the important cost-related parameters such as electrode
and energy consumptions, as a function of initial pH, conductivity, current density, initial dye concentration and electrolysis time. The present study
proves the effectiveness of electrochemical treatment for the textile dye solution. 95% decolorization efficiency may be obtained at suitable operating
conditions such as; current density 100 A/m2 , operating time 12 min and initial pH 6.4. The corresponding electrode and energy consumptions
during the electrolysis were found to be 1.8 kg Al/kg dye and 35 kWh/kg dye.
© 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
0304-3894/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.084
184 M. Kobya et al. / Journal of Hazardous Materials B132 (2006) 183–188
The metal ions generation takes place at the anode; hydrogen Plexiglas with the dimensions of 65 mm × 65 mm × 110 mm.
gas is released from the cathode. The hydrogen gas would also There were four monopolar electrodes, two anodes and two
help to float the flocculated particles out of the water. The main cathodes of the same dimensions. Both aluminum (99.53%)
reactions occurring at the electrode are as follows: cathode and anode were made from plates with dimensions
of 46 mm × 55 mm × 3 mm. The total effective electrode area
Anode : Al(s) → Al3+ (aq) + 3e− (1) was 78 cm2 and the distance between electrodes was 11 mm.
− − The electrodes were connected to a digital DC power supply
Cathode : 3H2 O(l) + 3e → 3/2H2(g) + 3OH (aq) (2)
(Topward 6306D; 30 V, 6A) equipped with potentiostatic or gal-
Al3+ and OH− ions generated by electrode reactions (1) and vanostatic operational options.
(2) react to form various monomeric species such as Al(OH)2+ ,
Al(OH)2 + , Al2 (OH)2 4+ , Al(OH)4 − , and polymeric species such 3.3. Experimental procedure
as Al6 (OH)15 3+ , Al7 (OH)17 4+ , Al8 (OH)20 4+ , Al13 O4 (OH)24 7+ ,
Al13 (OH)34 5+ , which transform finally into Al(OH)3(s) accord- All the runs were conducted at constant temperature of 25 ◦ C.
ing to complex precipitation kinetics [20–24]. Preliminary experiments showed that the stirring (magnetically)
was beneficial for high removal efficiency, which was held con-
Al(aq) 3+ + 3H2 O(l) → Al(OH)3(s) + 3H(aq) + (3)
stant at optimal value of 200 rpm in subsequent experiments.
Before each run, the aluminum electrodes were washed with ace-
3. Materials and methods tone to remove surface grease. The impurities on the surfaces of
the electrodes were also removed by dipping for 5 min in a solu-
3.1. Materials tion which was prepared by mixing 0.1 L of HCl solution (35%)
and 0.2 L of hexamethylenetetramine (CH2 )6 N4 ) aqueous solu-
Commercially available reactive dye, Levafix Orange E3 GA tion (2.80%) [1]. In each run, 0.25 L of dye solution was placed
was obtained from DyStar and its molecular structure is shown into the electrolytic cell. The current density was adjusted to a
in Fig. 1. Distilled water was used to prepare the desired con- desired value and then the experimental run was started. At the
centration of dyestuff solution. The characteristics of the dye are end of the run, the solution was filtered and the filtrate was cen-
summarized in Table 1. trifuged at 2000 rpm. The electrodes were washed thoroughly
with water to remove any solid residues on the surfaces, dried
3.2. Experimental apparatus and reweighed.
The experimental setup was the same as published previ- 3.4. Analytical method
ously [26]. The thermostated electrocoagulator was made of
A UV-spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Model UV-160)
was employed to measure the maximum wavelength
(λmax = 490 nm), which was used to measure the concen-
tration of the dye. The decolorization efficiency, E, is calculated
as
C i − Cf
E= × 100 (4)
Ci
where Ci is initial dye concentration (mg/L) and Cf is final dye
concentration (mg/L).
Fig. 1. Molecular structure of Levafix Orange E3 GA.
4. Results and discussion
Table 1
Characteristics of Levafix orange E3 GA
Decolorization efficiency, electrode and energy consump-
Parameter Value tions were investigated in terms of initial pH, conductivity,
Color index Reactive Orange 64 current density, dye concentration and electrolysis time in order
CAS number 83763-57-9 to determine the optimum operating conditions for maximum
Molar mass (non-hydrolyzed dye) 768 decolorization efficiency of the reactive dye.
Percentage of pure dye 50–60%
Water solubility at 293 K (g/l) 30
4.1. Effect of initial pH
Biological degradation (%) <10
Thermal degradation (◦ C) 150
Bulk density (kg/m3 ) 470–600 pH is an important operating factor influencing the per-
Acute oral toxicity LD50 (mg/kg) >2000 formance of electrocoagulation process, as observed also by
Fish toxicity LC0 (mg/l) >100 other investigators [20–22,25]. The effect of the initial pH on
pH value (100 g/l water) 6.5–7.5
decolorization efficiency for Al electrode is shown in Fig. 2a;
λmax (nm) 490
the decolorization efficiency decreases slowly with increase in
M. Kobya et al. / Journal of Hazardous Materials B132 (2006) 183–188 185
Fig. 4. Effect of current density (a) on the decolorization efficiency, (b) on the
energy and electrode consumptions for Al electrode. (conditions: Co: 250 mg/L,
Fig. 5. Effect of time (a) on the decolorization efficiency, (b) on the energy and
time: 15 min, initial pH: 6.4, conductivity: 750 S/cm).
electrode consumptions for Al electrode material (conditions: current density:
100 A/m2; Co: 250 mg/L, initial pH: 6.4, conductivity: 750 S/cm).
References
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