PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore

(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belgaum)

TE 302

IN SEMESTER EXAMINATION (ISE) B. E. 5
TH
SEMESTER OCT. 2009

TEST 1
TE 302 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
Time: 1 Hrs Answer All Questions Max Marks: 50

1. a) What happens when a line is terminated with a load impedance which is not equal to the characteristic impedance?
Explain with the relevant equations and phasor diagram for the general case of a lossy line.

(6)
b) A lossless line with Z
o
= 60 is 400m long. It is terminated with a load 40+j80 and operated at a frequency of 1GHz.
The velocity of the wave on the line is equal to the velocity of light. Find i) Reflection Coefficient, . ii) SWR iii) input
impedance.
(4)

2. a) If a line is terminated with a load which is twice its characteristic impedance, what is the standing wave ratio? (2)
b) Two parallel wires are connected to a radio frequency source at one end and a load of 1000 ohm at the other end. The
current supplied by the source was calculated by simply applying Ohms law and it was found to be 10% more than
the magnitude of the actual current supplied by the source. Find the minimum possible length of the line in terms of the
wavelength. You may assume the wires to be lossless. The characteristic impedance of this transmission line is 1100
ohm.

(8)

3. a) For a low loss, high frequency transmission line it is given that R = 0.0002 /m, C = 3.65 pF/m, L = 3 H/m, G =
0.0002 mho/m. Find after how much distance will the field intensities be reduced by 10%.
(4)
b) A lossless line is 7.25 long. The current at the source end is
o
0 10
A. The current at the load end is
o
90 5 A. What is the
current at the mid point of the line?

(6)

4. a) Is TEM mode of propagation possible in a rectangular waveguide? Explain. (2)
b)

















Figure shows a propagating wave ABCD between two parallel plates separated by distance a. The direction of
propagation of this wave is confined to the plane of this paper. AD is a line perpendicular to the propagating wave. is
the angle between the propagating wave and the propagation axis as shown.
(i) How is the length ABCD related to the wavelength? Justify your answer.
(ii) Express in terms of the wavelength, plate separation a and any other parameter you feel appropriate. (You
may assume > 45, if that eases your analysis)












(2)

(6)

5. a) A waveguide has dimensions ab. TE
mn
mode of propagation takes place. Applying appropriate boundary conditions,
derive the expression for the axial component of the magnetic field.
(6)
b) A waveguide has dimensions 21 cm. A signal of frequency 40 GHz is passing through it. Assuming TM mode of
propagation, find : (i) The number of modes that will propagate, (ii) Cutoff frequency of each mode.

(4)
C
B
a
D
A






PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore
(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belgaum)
TE 302

IN SEMESTER EXAMINATION (ISE) B. E. 5
TH
SEMESTER OCT. 2009

TEST 1

TE 302 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES


Scheme and Solution
(1)(a) A fraction of the incident power is reflected back towards the source. The power reflected back is
proportional to the square of the reflection coefficient, where the reflection coefficient is given by

inc
ref
inc
ref
I
I
V
V
= =
=
0 1
0 1
Z Z
Z Z
+

(2)
If the load impedance and/or characteristic impedance are complex quantities, reflection coefficient is
generally a complex quantity.
=
l j
e

Note that is the phase angle between the incident and reflected voltages at the receiving end. It is
usually called the phase angle of the reflection coefficient.
Let z = (l-d), the reflection coefficient at any point located at a distanced from the receiving end is,

d
l
l
d l
d l
d
e
e V
e V
e V
e V

2
) (
) (

+
+

= =
d
=
d j d
e e

2 2

(2)
This determines the reflection coefficient at any point along the line. For a lossy line, both magnitude and
phase of the reflection coefficient are changing in an inward spiral way.

(2)

1b) i) =
r

0 1
0 1
Z Z
Z Z
+

=
60 80 40
60 80 40
+ +
+
j
j
= 0.64465.38 = 0.268+j0.585 (1)
ii) S=

+
=
1
1
min
max
V
V
= 4.618 (1)
iii) Vp = 310
8
m/sec
.


Vp = = =

f 2
20.94 rads/sec
For a length z=l, input impedance of lossless line,

Zs =
o
58 . 11 29 . 13
1
1
2
2
0
=

l
l
e
e
Z

(2)


(2)(a) 2 /
0
= = Z Z SWR
L
(2)

(2)(b) We know
( )
( ) l jZ Z
l jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
in

tan
tan
0
0
0
+
+
= , So, current supplied =
in
Z
V
(1)
Since current calculated from Ohms law is 10% more than the magnitude of the actual current,
in L
Z
V
Z
V
= 1 . 1 or
in L
Z Z = 1 . 1 or
( )
( ) l Z Z
l Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L

2 2 2
0
2 2
0
2
0
tan
tan
1 . 1
+
+
= (1)

Or
( )
( ) l
Z
Z
l
Z
Z
Z
Z
L
L
L

2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
tan 1
tan
1 . 1
+
+
= or
( )
( ) l
Z
Z
l
Z
Z
Z
Z
L
L
L

2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
tan 1
tan
21 . 1
+
+
=

or
( )
( )
( )
( ) l
l
l
Z
Z
l
Z
Z
L
L

2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
tan
21 . 1
1
1
tan 21 . 1 1
tan 1
tan 1
21 . 1
+
+
=
+
+
= (4)

or ( ) ( ) l l
2 2
tan 21 . 1 1 tan 21 . 1 + = + or ( ) 1 tan
2
= l or 4 = l or 8 = l (2)


(3)(a) For a low loss, high frequency transmission line

0906 . 0
2
1
=
|
|

\
|
+ =
C
L
G
L
C
R (2)
9 . 0 ) 1 . 1 ( = =
z
e


Therefore m z 163 . 1
0906 . 0
) 9 . 0 ln(
=

= (2)

(b) ( ) ( ) z
Z
v
j z i z i
R
R
sin cos ) (
0
+ = , where 5 j i
R
= (1)
( ) ( ) 10 5 . 14 sin 5 . 14 cos 5 ) 25 . 7 (
0
= + =
Z
v
j j i
R
, so 10
0
j
Z
v
R
= (1)
so ( ) ( ) z z j z i sin 10 cos 5 ) ( + = (2)

Therefore current at midpoint = ( )
o
56 . 206 9 . 7 2
2
5
) 625 . 3 ( = +

= j i A (2)


(4) (a) No. TEM mode implies m,n = 0. In that case no fields are set up. (2)
(4)(b) (i) The length ABCD = m, m is an integer. A and D are points on the same wavefront. So, the
phase at A and phase at B should differ by 2m. That is possible only if the path length is an integral
multiple of the wavelength. (2)
(ii) BC = a/sin (1)
Let E be the point of intersection between BC and AD
So, BE = AB/cos(180-2)= AB/cos(2) (1)
So EC = BC BE = a/sin AB/cos(2) = a/sin +AB/cos(2)
So CD = ECcos(180-2) = EC cos(2) = a cos(2)/sin AB (1)
So path length ABCD = AB + BC + CD = AB + a/sin a cos(2)/sin AB
= (1 cos(2))a/sin = 2a sin (1)
Again ABCD = m
So 2a sin = m,
Or sin = m/(2a) Therefore = sin
1
(m/(2a)) (2)



5)(a) Let ( )( )
( ) z t j y jk y jk x jk x jk
z
mn
y y
x x
e De Ce Be Ae H

+ + = (1)
Using Maxwells equation: ) 1 (
0
K
r r
E j H = ,
equating components,
), 1 ( ), 1 (
0 0
b E j
x
H
z
H
a E j
z
H
y
H
y
z x
x
y
z
K K =

(1)
(1a) can be written as :

x y mn
z
E j H j
y
H
0
= +

At y = 0 and y = b,
y
H &
x
E vanish.
So 0 =

y
H
z
at y = 0 and y = b
So ( )( )
( )
0 = +
z t j y jk y jk x jk x jk
y
mn
y y
x x
e De Ce Be Ae jk

at y = 0 and y = b
Implying 0 = D C and ( ) 0 =
b jk b jk
y y
De Ce
Therefore
n j
b k j
e e
y 2
2
= or b n k
y
/ = (2)

(1b) can be written as :
y
z
x mn
E j
x
H
H j
0
=

At x = 0 and x = a,
x
H &
y
E vanish.
So 0 =

x
H
z
at x = 0 and x = a
So ( )( )
( )
0 = +
z t j y jk y jk x jk x jk
x
mn
y y
x x
e De Ce Be Ae jk

at x = 0 and x = a
Implying 0 = B A and ( ) 0 =
a jk a jk
x x
Be Ae
Therefore
m j a k j
e e
x
2 2
= or a m k
x
/ = (1)
So
( )( )
( ) ( ) z t j z t j y jk y jk x jk x jk
z
mn mn
y y
x x
e y
b
n
x
a
m
BD e e e e e BD H



|

\
|
|

\
|
= + + = cos cos 4
Clubbing all constants together,
( ) z t j
z
mn
e y
b
n
x
a
m
C H



|

\
|
|

\
|
= cos cos where

\
|
+ |

\
|
|

\
|
=
2 2 2
2
b
n
a
m
mn

(1)


(5)(b)
2
2
2 2
4
15
2
n
m
b
n
a
m c
f
c
+ = |

\
|
+ |

\
|
= GHz (1)

c
f for TM
11
= 16.77 GHz
c
f for TM
21
= 21.21 GHz
c
f for TM
12
= 30.93 GHz
c
f for TM
22
=
33.54 GHz
c
f for TM
32
= 37.5 GHz
c
f for TM
23
= 47.4 GHz (> 40 GHz) (2)
(i) No. of propagating modes = 5 (11, 21, 12, 22, 32)
(ii)
c
f for TM
11
= 16.77 GHz
c
f for TM
21
= 21.21 GHz
c
f for TM
31
= 27.04 GHz

c
f for TM
12
= 30.93 GHz
c
f for TM
22
= 33.54 GHz
c
f for TM
32
= 37.5 GHz

c
f for TM
41
= 33.54 GHz (1)


******************************************************************************




PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore
(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belgaum)
TE 302

IN SEMESTER EXAMINATION (ISE) B. E. 5
TH
SEMESTER NOV. 2009

TEST II

TE 302 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
Time: 1 Hrs Answer All Questions Max Marks: 50
Use Smith Chart to Answer Q. No. 5. Do not use Smith Chart to answer any other question.
Additional Smith charts will NOT be provided.

1. a)





Figure above shows a resistance of 12 connected to a lossless transmission line T having characteristic impedance
18.75 , through another lossless transmission line section AB which has length 3 cm and characteristic impedance
15. If the supply frequency is 2.5 GHz, calculate
(i) Input impedance at A,
(ii) Reflection coefficient at A.
(iii) What would you call this line?
(3+2
+2)
b) A short circuited section of a line of length 0.15 and an open circuited section of a line of length 0.2 are
connected in series. What is the resultant input impedance? Assume lossless lines. Both lines have characteristic
impedance of unity.
(3)

2. A cylindrical waveguide whose radius is 20 cm is excited at a frequency of 1 GHz. Use the following information
((I) & (II)) to answer (a) and (b):
(I) J
0
(X) = 0 for X = 2.4, 5.52, 8.65 , J
1
(X) = 0 for X = 3.83, 7.02, 10.17 , J
2
(X) = 0 for X = 5.14, 8.42

(II) ) (
0
X J = 0 for X = 3.83, 7.02, 10.17, ) (
1
X J =0 for X = 1.84, 5.33, 8.54 , ) (
2
X J = 0 for X = 3.05,
6.71


a)


b)
For TM mode of excitation, find the number of modes that will be excited and find the corresponding cutoff
frequencies and phase velocities.
(4)


(6)
For TE mode of excitation, find the number of modes that will be excited and find the corresponding cutoff
frequencies and phase velocities.

3. a) A rectangular cavity has dimensions 1 1 1 m. TM
110
mode is excited at a frequency of 21.21 MHz. The surface
resistance is 1.212 10
-3
. The z component of the electric field is ( ) ( ) y x sin sin 500 V/m, where x and y are in m.
Assuming the cavity is NOT filled with any material, find the power dissipated.
(7)
b) If the cavity is filled with a lossy dielectric 10 j0.02, what is the additional power dissipated ? (3)

4. a) In a quarter wave transformer a maximum reflection coefficient of 0.05 can be tolerated. Derive and find the
fractional bandwidth, if the load impedance is twice the characteristic impedance.
(5)
12

T
A B
b) A lossless line has normalized admittance of 0.6+j0. Impedance matching has to be carried out using a single,
parallel short circuited stub. Without using Smith chart, find the length (in terms of ) of the stub and the distance
(in terms of ) from the load end where the stub should be put.

(5)

5. A lossless line has normalized admittance of 0.6+j0.6. Impedance matching has to be carried out using two short
circuited stubs in parallel with the transmission line. One stub is at the load end and the other stub is 3/8 distance
away from the first. Using Smith chart, determine the lengths in wavelength of the two stubs when a match is
achieved.
(10)








































PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore
(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belgaum)
TE 302

IN SEMESTER EXAMINATION (ISE) B. E. 5
TH
SEMESTER NOV. 2009

TEST II

TE 302 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES


Scheme and Solution
1(a)

) tan(
) tan(
) (
0
) (
0 ) (
0
l jZ Z
l jZ Z
Z Z
L
AB
AB
L AB
in

+
+
=


2 /
, 03 . 0 3
3
50 2
, 15
, 12
) (
0

=
= =
= =
=
=
l
m cm l
c
f
Z
Z
AB
L
(2)

(i)
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= 75 . 18
12 0
15 0
15
12 ) 2 / tan( / 15
15 ) 2 / tan( / 12
15
) 2 / tan( 12 15
) 2 / tan( 15 12
15
j
j
j
j
j
j
Z
in

(1)


(ii) Reflection coefficient at A
0
75 . 18 75 . 18
75 . 18 75 . 18
) (
0
) (
0
=
+

=
+

T
in
T
in
Z Z
Z Z
(2)

(iii) Quarter wave transformer (2)



(b) ( )
( )
051 . 1
4 . 0 tan
1
3 . 0 tan
2 . 0
2
tan
15 . 0
2
tan j j
j
j Z
in
=
|
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

(1) (1) (1)




(2)(a) Cut off frequency: GHz r
a
r
c
f
n m
n m
c ,
,
238 . 0
2
= =

1 , 0 GHz f
c
571 . 0 = , 2 , 0 GHz f
c
31376 . 1 =

1 , 1 GHz f
c
912 . 0 = , 2 , 1 GHz f
c
671 . 1 =

1 , 2 GHz f
c
2233 . 1 = ,

So the modes that are possible are 0,1 and 1,1 (2)
Phase velocity :
2
,
18 16 2
,
2
10 633 . 0 10 1111 . 0
1
n m
n m
p
r
a
r
c
v


=
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
= =

m/s
So,
1 , 0
8
10 66 . 3 =
p
v m/s , 1 , 1
8
10 4 . 7 =
p
v m/s (2)


(b) Cut off frequency: GHz r
a
r
c
f
n m
n m
c ,
,
238 . 0
2
=

1 , 0 GHz f
c
912 . 0 = , 2 , 0 GHz f
c
671 . 1 =

1 , 1 GHz f
c
4379 . 0 = , 2 , 1 GHz f
c
2685 . 1 =

1 , 2 GHz f
c
7259 . 0 = , 2 , 2 GHz f
c
6 . 1 =

So the modes that are possible are 0,1 and 1,1 and 2,1 (3)

Phase velocity :
2
,
18 16 2
,
2
' 10 633 . 0 10 1111 . 0
1
'
n m
n m
p
r
a
r
c
v


=
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
= =

So, 1 , 0
8
10 4 . 7 =
p
v m/s , 1 , 1
8
10 34 . 3 =
p
v m/s, 1 , 2
8
10 38 . 4 =
p
v m/s (3)













3) (a) Given ( ) ( ) y x E
z
sin sin 500 =
For 1,1,0 mode,
0 = = =
x y z
E E H


Let ( ) ( ) y x B H
x
cos sin = ,
( ) ( ) y x C H
y
sin cos =
(2)

Power dissipated in the cavity walls

( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + + + + = =

dzdx H H dzdy H H dxdy H H
R
da H
R
P
z x z y y x
s
area
t
s
d
1
0
1
0
2 2
1
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
2
2
2
2 2

Or




( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + + =

dx H dy H dxdy H H R
x y y x s
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
2


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
0
2 2
1
0
2 2
1
0
1
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
75 . 0 5 . 0 25 . 0
sin sin sin cos cos sin
C B R C B C B R
dx x B dy y C dxdy y x C y x B R
s s
s
+ = + + + =
(

+ + + =



(2)

Now, from Amperes law:


x
y
z
H j
z
E
y
E
0
=

and
y
z x
H j
x
E
z
E
0
=

(1+1)
So, B j
0
500 = and C j
0
500 =
So
0
500

j
B = and
0
500

j
C

= so 98 . 87
500
2
0
2 2
=
|
|

\
|
= =

C B

Therefore ( ) W C B R P
s d
16 . 0 75 . 0
2 2
= + = (1)


(b) Power dissipated in the dielectric material in the cavity:

( ) ( )


=

= = =

1
0
1
0
1
0
2 2 2 0
2
0
sin sin 500
2 2 2 2
1
dxdydz y x dv E dv E E dv E J P
r
vol
r
vol vol
d


r r r r r
(2)
So,
( ) ( ) 736 . 0
8
250000
sin sin
2
250000
0
1
0
1
0
2 2 0
=

=

r r
d
dxdy y x P



W (1)




( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + + =

dzdx H dzdy H dxdy H H R P
x y y x s d
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
2
4(a)

-



( )
( ) l jZ Z
l Z j Z
Z Z
L
L
in

tan
tan
0
0
0
+
+
= , reflection coeff.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) l Z Z j Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
l Z jZ Z Z l Z j Z Z
l Z jZ Z Z l Z j Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
L L L
L L
L L
L L
in
in


tan 2 tan tan
tan tan
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
2
0 0
0 0 0
2
0 0
0
0
+ +

=
+ + +
+
=
+

=

(1)
(since
L
Z Z Z
0 0
= )
Or
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
tan 2
1
tan 2
Z Z
Z Z j
Z Z
Z Z l Z Z j Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L
L L L
L

+
=
+ +

=

(1)
where l =
So
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
05 . 0
tan 4 4
1
1
tan 4
1
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
=

+
+
=

+
=
Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
L
m L L
L
m L
L
L

(1)

Or
( )
( )
05 . 0
sec 4
1
1
2
0
2
0
=

+
Z Z
Z Z
L
m L

or
( ) ( )
400
cos
4
2 2
0
0
=

m L
L
Z Z
Z Z

or
( )
( )
1414 . 0
10
2
10
cos
0
0
=

=
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
m
(1)
Since
r
m
f
f
=
2 2

, 1414 . 0
2
sin =
|
|

\
|
r
f
f
, so,

045 . 0
2
=

r
f
f

Therefore fractional bandwidth 18 . 0
2
=

r
f
f
(1)










4(b) Let l
1
be the distance from the load end and l
2
be the length of the stub.
Z
0 Z
L
Z
0
Just before the stub:

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
2
1 1
2
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
tan 36 . 0 1
tan 64 . 0 tan 1 6 . 0
tan 1
tan 1 tan 1
tan 1
tan
l
l j l
l y
l y j l y
l jy
l j y
y
l
l l
l
l
in

+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
=

( ) 1 Re =
in
y , so
( ) ( )
( )
1
tan 36 . 0 1
tan 1 6 . 0
1
2
1
2
=
+
+
l
l

, therefore ( ) 291 . 1 tan

1
= l (2)
Total ( ) 0 Im =
in
y , so
( )
( ) ( )
0
tan
1
tan 36 . 0 1
tan 64 . 0
2 1
2
1
= +
+ l j l
l j

or
( )
( )
( )
516 . 0
tan 36 . 0 1
tan 64 . 0
tan
1
1
2
1
2
=
+
=
l
l
l

(2)
Therefore 145 . 0
1
= l , 174 . 0
2
= l (1)



(5) , 06 . 0
1
= l , 06 . 0
2
= l
Alternatively,
, 152 . 0
1
= l , 33 . 0
2
= l
Refer to the Smith chart, the steps are:

(i) Mark the admittance point 6 . 0 6 . 0 j y
l
+ = (1)
(ii) Draw the constant vswr circle and the image circle for 8 / 3 spacing (2)
(iii) Move along the constant conductance circle to cut the image circle at y
11
(2)
(iv) Calculate the susceptance to be offered by the first stub (1)
(v) Measure the distance from short circuit point to extended reactance circle in the outer periphery. (l
1
)
(1)
(vi) Move 270 clockwise on the constant VSWR circle to cut the g = 1 circle. (1)
(vii) Calculate the susceptance to be offered by the second stub (1)
(viii) Measure the distance from short circuit point to extended reactance circle in the outer periphery. (l
2
)
(1)

















TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE
GUIDES

These notes are prepared by my students Raviteja Kamath and Ramachandra Pai under my
guidance

Impedance in general is of two types,
1) Lumped impedance: The impedance of component is
lumped at some point in the component.eg: choke in tube light.
2) Distributed impedance: the impedance is distributed over
the whole component. Eg: line impedance in RF theory.

Transmission line equation and solutions:
Consider two parallel wires connecting source to load

Where,
l=Length of wire
d=separation between wires
a=diameter of the wires.

Cross section of transmission lines


By equation of continuity,
.

[Since

]
(1)
Assume a small charge on two electric lines, which causes an
electric field around the wire and hence a magnetic field is also
created. This magnet field gives rise to inductance and electric
field gives rise to capacitance.

(2)

(3)

External flux linked to conductor 1,

2
1

ln/ (4)
Inside the wire the flux linked is,

1

Hence the internal flux linked

(5)

Total flux linked=

(6)

1
4
ln

Hence total flux linked for both the wires is,

ln/)
Therefore inductance of the parallel wires,

/I
Therefore inductance per unit length of the parallel wires,

/

Consider wire of 1m length,

Cross section of wire

Displacement is,

1 [Surface area=2

(7)
From eq 7 the Electric field is,

V12 due to conductor 1,

ln

V21 due to conductor 2,

ln

The potential difference created due to both the wires,

ln

/ (8)

Consider the line between the source and load be divided into
infinitely many inductances in series arm and infinitely many
capacitors in shunt arms.
[Note: this circuit approximation is more approximate when
0]





i(x+)-i(x) =

Applying limit as 0

Applying KVL,
V(x+)-V(x) = =

Differentiating both the equations partially w.r.to x,

Substituting in the above equation,

Solving the above differential equation,
,

Similarly,
,

i.e.
,

(9)
,

(10)

In both the equations, the first half represents an equation
travelling in +ve direction and second half is equation of a wave
travelling in ve direction
[Since the time dependence of the wave is sinusoidal.]
Since v and I vary sinusoidal w.r.t. time,

Note : a wavefront is a flat surface on which phase is constant.
t
d dt
0

[Because is constant

(11)


ln

The term is ignored due to skin effect in the above equation .

1
ln

(12)

Phase constant ,

(13)


1

Depicts EM energy flowing in +ve direction.

2

depicts EM energy flowing in -ve direction.

Characteristic impedance ,

(13)
Input impedance,

(x) =V(x)/I(x) (14)

From equation no 8 and 9 ,we have,

Substituting from equation 14,

/0

/0

(15)

Consider equivalent circuit of 2 wire lines with R and G Where
R=resistance / unit length
G=conductance/unit length


Where Z=x.
At microwave frequencies,

R<<L and G<<C

Consider,





By binomial expansion,

If =+j
Then,

1
2

(16)
At x=l Zin(x)=Zl

By substitution and simplification we get,

When Zo=Zl

0
i.e. no reflection.
Hence reflection coefficient at load end =

in general reflection coefficient at x=

This implies that,

(17)
Substituting in equation 16, we get,

(18)

Multiply and divide by

, and substituting l-x=z

We get,

(19)


For lossless case, we have,




By simplification we get,

(20)

reflection coefficient at load end =

we know that ,reflection coefficient at z =

0


By simplification,

1 tanh
1 tanh

(21)
For lossless case ,

0

(22)


We observe that in loseless case only phase changes whereas
magnitude remains constant.
In lossy case both magnitude and phase are changed.
Consider,





Consider infinitely long transmission lines,

At source end, i.e z=l,


tanh
tanh


Substituting

and Simplifying we get,

Zin(l)=Zo





Zo=(Zo+Zl)||Zc+Zl






By simplification we get,
Zo=2

x
2


1


Substituting in equation(1),we get,





For lossless line,

ln

The term is ignored due to skin effect.

1
ln

This implies,
120ln

(23)

From equation 9,

Similarly for current equation,
0

_
/

24

Hence the equation becomes,

24
This equation can be rearranged as,

25

Then the impedance at any given point at a distance x from
the source,

Substituting eq 25 in above equation,

26

If a line is infinitely long, then the reflection will come back
after a delay of infinity. Hence there is no reflection.
From the above equation as l tends to infinity,

We have talked of input impedance,

tanh

tanh

Hence input impedance,

tanh

tanh

27
TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT-

Here

is the voltage waveform associated with EM energy

transmitted to the load.
1

Substituting from previous equation,
1

28
Is called the transmission co-efficient.
We know that,
Power incident-power reflection power transmitted

1
2

Divide throughout by

,
1
2

1
2

Substituting from previous equations,
1

Now we know that
1
1

29
O OO OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS PEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS PEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS PEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:
We know that,

tanh

tanh

If we short the terminals,

tanh 30
Hence by opening the terminals the input impedance doesnt
become 0 as in our normal circuit theory. The input
impedance depends upon the point at which we check the
input impedance.
For open circuit case

coth
31
Hence we can write that,

32
Consider,

At x=l
V(x)=V
R
And I(x)=I
R
,
VR
IR



VR V

VR V

2V

Zl


This implies,
V

2e

Zl


V

VR
IR

2e

VR
IR

2


Similarly,

2


Vx V

Vx

2
e

2
e

i.e.

I
2

V
2

cosh sinh (31)

cosh

sinh (32)


For short circuit VR=0

sinh

cosh
At Z=l
sinh

sinh

This implies,

cosh (33)

For open circuit
IR=0

cosh

sinh (34)

At Z=l
cosh
This implies,

cosh
0
sinh



Standing wave:

Consider equations 31 and 32,
cosh sinh

cosh

0
sinh

Supposing that the electric current varies at different points on
the line, there will be a charge distribution along the line
associated with this current. This charge distribution is related to
the current (density) by the equation of continuity:
.

cosh

sinh (35)
,

|| |

cos

cos |
|| |cos

|
|| cos

^1/2

||

cos2
/
(36)

For lossless case: 0
Hence,
||

(37)
||

(38)



Voltage Standing wave Ratio (VSWR): it is the ratio of the maximum voltage
value to the minimum voltage value. It is also called standing wave ratio.
For a lossy transmission line:
||

||

||

||

At receiving end, i.e. x=l,

But we know that,
||

||
||
(39)

Let us consider a standing wave equation in a lossy line,

We want the measurements to be done from load end, hence substitute

Taking only magnitude,
|| |

|

|| |

||

|

||
|

|
|

|
|

cos

cos
|

||
|

|
|

|
|cos

|

||
|

|
|

/


||
|

|
|

/



||
|

|
|

cos2
/

We find that,
||

|
|

||

|
|

(40)

2
(41)
We know that, ||

2



1 ||
1 ||

Conclusion: for a lossless case the reflection coefficient is constant
throughout the circuit as 0
0
2

For a lossless line,
0
Hence vswr is a constant,
Hence for lossless case,

(42)
Standing waves in transmission lines:
Case 1: lossless case ,

cosh sinh

cosh

0
sinh
i.e.

cos sin

|| ||

cos

sin

/

Hence, we observe that maxima/minima occur for voltage/current at load
end.
(I) case 1:

Voltage maxima and current minima at load end.
(ii) Case 2:

Voltage minima and current maxima at load end.

2) For a lossy wire:
There are no maxima and minima at load end. But they occur between source
end and load end.

NOTE:

2

3) For purely reactive

cos sin

|

cos sin
|| |

|

cos sin |
|| |||

|

cos sin |
By differentiating we find that,
||

||

|

sin cos
||

0
tan

|

Hence,
sin

cos

||

||

||

||

||

0


Impedance in terms of reflection coefficient and SWR:
Assume a lossless line:

We know that,

1 0
1 0

Hence,

1 0
1 0

1
1 0
1 0

1 0
1 0 1 0

0
0 1 0

Rearranging,

1 0

1 0

If 0 |0|

1 |0|

1 |0|

Let
||
||
, |0|

Then,

1 1

1 1