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Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics

Volume 11, 2010 http://asa.aip.org








160th Meeting
Acoustical Society of America
Cancun, Mexico
15 - 19 November 2010
Session 3aSP: Signal Processing in Acoustics
3aSP8. Active Noise Reduction in Ventilation Ducts
Oliver Gaab*, Delf Sachau and Oliver Pabst
*Corresponding authors address: Mechatronics, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, Hamburg,
22043, Hamburg, Germany, gaab@hsu-hh.de
ANC is commonly used in several noise exposed areas. The basic Idea has been extensively analyzed in literature, espe-
cially for cancellation of sinusoidal noise in ducts. Here, the challenge for an ANC-System is the attenuation of undesired
broadband noise in a ventilation duct with high air flow. In this case special consideration must be given towards the
performance of the acoustic sensors while exposed to turbulent flow. The concept of a Swinbanks-source in combination
with an adaptive filter appears to fit well for the given problem. Furthermore, causality constraints concerning the feed
forward adaptive controller are analyzed with respect to sensor- and actuator placement. In an experimental setup with a
duct of 8 m length and a diameter of 350 mm, noise attenuation of 14 dB in a frequency range from 50<f<450 Hertz can
be achieved downstream of the control source.
Published by the Acoustical Society of America through the American Institute of Physics
Gaab et al.
2010 Acoustical Society of America [DOI: 10.1121/1.3543875]
Received 9 Nov 2010; published 30 Dec 2010
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 1
INTRODUCTION
One-dimensional active noise cancellation in ducts is often the first contact people have with the field of active
noise control. Though often associated simplifications, there are however several practical problems, which can be
solved with a one-dimensional approach. In contrast to noise control problems in three-dimensional space, one-
dimensional noise propagation can be treated with manageable effort in terms of hardware and controller
complexity. Hence this paper shows an approach to solve noise problems in ducts with the help of a boat air
conditioning system. The noise caused by a large fan is of random nature in a frequency range between 50 Hz and
300 Hz. The boat fan is arranged in an acoustically isolated engine room. The ventilation system is placed at the fan
output and disperses the air via a duct with a diameter of 350 mm throughout the boat cabins. Due to the rotating fan
there is a noise level of about 100 dB in the duct at the fan outlet. The air velocity is about 15 m/s.
To achieve an eligible broadband sound attenuation in the duct, an ANC system as shown in FIGURE 1 is
designed.
FIGURE 1. ANC-System consisting of sound source, reference and error microphone, adaptive filter and Swinbanks source.
Disturbance is detected in front of the noise source which is assumed to emit noise with an unknown spectrum.
The error signal is measured downstream of the antinoise source. The delay between the correlated signals ( ) x n and
( ) e n allows an adaptive filter to compute a speaker output for the anti noise-source to minimize the sound pressure
level. In addition to that, feedback to the reference microphone can be avoided by a Swinbanks source configuration
of the secondary loudspeakers [7]. The challenge when using this method is on the one hand to design a fast and
exact controller. On the other hand it is important to find proper sensor and actuator hardware and positions which
can cope with the high air flow inside the duct.
delay
AF
2 m
error
mic
reference
mic
( ) x n ( ) e n ( ) y n
sound
source
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 2
MOCK-UP
Hardware
The ventilation system will be represented in a mock-up made of PVC duct segments. It has a total length of
eight meters and a diameter of 250 millimeters. The sound pressure sensors are 1/2 class-1 B&K microphones, type
4188. To reduce noise due to air flow turbulence at the sensor, the microphones must be geometrically adapted. This
was done by using a nose cone and a turbulence screen (see FIGURE 2 and FIGURE 3).
FIGURE 2. Nose cone at B&K 4188 mic
FIGURE 3. Turbulence screen for B&K 4188 mic
The primary noise is generated by a B&K Omnisource. The secondary speakers are typical 6 mid range
woofers. The hardware providing controller unit is a dSPACE rapid prototyping system. This system consists of a
Power-PC and several I/O channels. The advantage of the dSPACE platform is the easy implementation of
MATLAB/SIMULINK control designs for real time applications. Signal conditioning is provided by analogue low
pass filters and amplifiers.
Controller
A feed forward controller concept was chosen for this application because a reference is available with
Swinbanks source. This is done by an adaptive feed forward controller concept. It has the advantage of self-adjusting
the transfer function on a weak stationary reference signal. Here a FIR-filter, whose coefficients are updated by a
filtered reference signal least mean square algorithm (FxLMS), is used for stability and robustness reasons [1].
According to that the FIR-filter structure delivers required stability and robustness.
Parameter
The resulting system size is 1x1x1 (reference x error x secondary source). The secondary Swinbanks sound
source contains two coupled loudspeakers, which act as one unidirectional source. For controller implementation
and imaging the transfer functions a SIMULINK model is developed. All additional parameters are shown below.
Sampling rate: 4 kHz; dt = 0.25 ms
Secondary path coefficients: 512
Controller filter coefficients: 1024
Modeling, controlling and primary source with band-limited white noise, 0 1 kHz, ca. 90 dB
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 3
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The mock-up was constructed as shown in FIGURE 4. The left border of the mock-up is moulded with an
anechoic boundary. The right border is reverberant. The distance between primary and secondary source is about 2
meters. REFMIC is a microphone delivering the reference signal and ERRMIC is a microphone delivering the error
signal.
FIGURE 4. ANC-System layout
The general approach for all following considerations can be separated into the following two steps:
1. Plant modeling and ANC of the feedback speaker
FIGURE 4 is a schematic illustration of the concept with the introduced Swinbanks source. It is used to avoid
feedback of the secondary source to the reference microphone. Therefore the secondary path (path
between FB and REFMIC) has to be modeled. The LMS controller sets the coefficients of to delete sound
propagation of SEC to REFMIC. Hence the unidirectional secondary sound source is created. and are
both implemented in the FILTER-block shown in FIGURE 5, and will be further quoted only as .
FIGURE 5. Plant modeling and feedback suppression
Gain
Lowpass filter
Converter
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 4
2. Plant modeling and comprehensive ANC
As in (1.) the secondary path modeling of is firstly done anyhow. In FIGURE 6 this is the path between
secondary source and ERRMIC. Then the primary source is excited with band-limited white noise. The
reference signal is acquired by REFMIC, the reference sensor. ERRMIC delivers the error signal, which will
be minimized by the FxLMS. The FxLMS-algorithm now sets the filter coefficients of and thus the output
mode of the secondary source. System parameters, especially those of the adaptive controller are for instance
the step size of the adaptive filter. As a result, the sound pressure level beyond ERRMIC is expected to be
strongly attenuated.
FIGURE 6. Plant modeling and complete ANC-system
Performance without flow
The first test bench is done in the mock-up with a pure acoustic sound excitation. Therefore, there is no need for
a special consideration of sensors and actuators in terms of flow. As it can be seen in FIGURE 7, in the current setup
a reduction of the primary noise in a frequency range between 50 Hz and 850 Hz can be accomplished (measured at
the ERRMIC). The grey line is the primary noise field while the solid black line provides the sound field with ANC
on.
100 200 300 +00 S00 600 700 800 900 1k
[Hz|
10
20
30
+0
S0
60
70
80
[dBf20u Pa|
FIGURE 7. Results without air flow and acoustic primary excitement
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 5
As it can be expected, the ANC works best at low frequency < 300 Hz. The bulk of attenuation is performed
there. The frequencies between 300 Hz and 600 Hz show some mock-up inherent resonance effects. As it is common
knowledge, at increasing frequencies passive absorbers are more effective than an ANC-system. After this test
results it is evident to prove the system with flow in the duct. This is focused in the following chapter.
Performance with flow
In this chapter the performance of the ANC-system under influence of stationary flow is investigated. For this
experiment, the mock-up is arranged in an anechoic chamber and supplied with a silent airflow. The plant providing
these parameters is normally used for acoustic research for aircraft ventilation systems. The primary sound source is
still the omnisource, thus a pure acoustic device. The sensors are now customized for the flow conditions inside the
duct. With regard to best coherence of REFMIC and ERRMIC it has been evaluated, that the turbulence screen
introduced previously was the best option for sound pressure measurement. The flow was set to 8 m/s, which is
lower than the conditions in the original requirement but was the maximum of the ventilation drive in the test
chamber. The control performance is shown in FIGURE 8. The grey line is the sound pressure level without ANC
and the black line is with ANC on. In a spectrum 50 600 Hz the sound attenuation amounts ca. 9 dB. That is, as
expected, less than the performance without flow but still well audible. At higher frequencies the performance
collapses and only marginal attenuation above 400 Hz is the result.
0 100 200 300 +00 S00 600 700 800
[Hz|
30
+0
S0
60
70
80
90
100
[dBf20u Pa|
FIGURE 8. Results with silent air flow and acoustic primary excitement
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 6
PERFORMANCE TEST AT REAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
Customizing the hardware
For the performance test with the original fan a completely new mock-up was constructed. The test plant was
positioned in a large production hall with additional sound sources. Due to limited possibilities in the given test
environment, no further optimization for speaker and sensor placement was possible. Nevertheless an engineering
approach for sensor and actor arrangement occurred.
The new mock-up consists of stainless steel duct segments with a diameter of 350 mm. FIGURE 9 shows the
complete test bench.
FIGURE 9. Re-designed mock-up at the test bench
While reprocessing the data from the previous measurement with air flow, further customizations of the sensors
and actuators were required. For better signal coherence the microphones are kept outside of the flow, enclosed in a
small plastic box (FIGURE 10). These devices are connected to the inner sound field of the duct via a small slit along
the length of the microphone box [1]. In order to do further decrease flow influence on the sensors the slit was
closed with a special sound permeable plastic membrane. The speakers were arranged as shown in FIGURE 11.
FIGURE 10. Mock-up details and ANC-System FIGURE 11. Mock-up details and ANC-System
Fan
Intake
Outlet
Speakers
REFMIC
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Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 7
Results
FIGURE 12 illustrates the performance of the ANC with a nominal air flow speed of 15 m/s. At some frequencies
the controller reduces the sound pressure of the duct noise up to 10 dB. Especially at 60, 107, 136 and 220 Hz.
Considering the coherence spectrum below an explanation for the results is given as the coherence of the sensor
signals is high at these frequencies. For better results in a larger bandwidth, the coherence of the signals must be
increased (higher than 0.9 to reach a reduction of sound pressure level by 10 dB).
0 100 200 300 +00 S00 600
[Hz|
60
70
80
90
100
110
[dBf20u Pa|
Autospectrum(ErrNic) - Nark 1 (Real) ) FFT Analyzer
Autospectrum(ErrNic) - Nark 2 (Real) ) FFT Analyzer
0 100 200 300 +00 S00 600
[Hz|
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.+
0.S
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
[|
Coherence(ErrNic,RefNic) - Nark 1 (Real) ) FFT Analyzer
FIGURE 12. ANC with original fan at the test bench
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the initial performance of an ANC system for ducts was shown to be functional in attenuating
broadband disturbances. Future work will be focused on improving system performance and sensor / actor
placement optimization, especially improving signal coherence between reference- and error microphone.
Gaab et al.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 8
REFERENCES
[1] KUO, S.M., MORGAN, D.R. Active Noise Control Systems, Algorithms and DSP
Implementations, Wiley, New York, NY, 1996.
[2] ELLIOTT, S.J. Signal Processing for Active Control, Academic Press, San Diego, CA., 2001.
[3] KUTTRUFF, H. Acoustics Primer, Hirzel Publishing, Stuttgart, Germany, 2004.
[4] HONG, J., BERNSTEIN, D.S. Bode Integral Constraints, Colocation, and Spillover in Active Noise
and Vibration Control, IEEE Transaction on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 6, NO. 1, 1998.
[5] AL BASSYIOUNI, M., BALACHANDRAN, B. Control of enclosed sound fields using spill over
schemes, Journal of Sound and Vibration 292, 2006, pp. 645-660.
[6] GREKOWSKI, J., SACHAU, D. Comparison of active concepts for global noise reduction with
respect to implementation in aircraft cabins, 10
th
International Conference on Recent Advances in
Structural Dynamics, Southampton, UK, 2010.
[7] SWINBANKS, M.A. The active control of sound propagation in long ducts, Journal of Sound and
Vibration 27, 1973, pp. 411-436.
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Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11, 055001 (2010) Page 9

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