Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
¾ Introduction
¾ Acknowledgements
Detailed Device
Models
• e.g. IC Engine, Device Engineering Models and Optimization Tools
Gas Turbine, Boiler
Sub-Model Validation
Detailed Device Sub-Models
Experiments
• e.g. Atomization, Ignition, Soot
Lab-Scale Turbulent
Flames Experiments
Laminar Experiments
and Simulations
Kinetic Experiments
Mechanistic Experiments
DNS: Time-Dependent,
Multi-Dimensional Mechanism Development
Mechanism Reduction
turb/chem
spray
instabilities pressure
scaling
particulates
¾ Conclusion:
• None of the available data sets were appropriate for model validation
• Computational effort to compare methods should not be initiated at that time
¾ Experiments that are not designed for model validation are unlikely to be useful
for that purpose
¾ Essential ingredients:
• Consultation with modelers during experimental design
• Collaborations to apply complementary diagnostics to the same target flames
¾ Figure 1
¾ a, b Simple jet flames
¾ c, d Piloted jet flames
¾ e Bluff-body
¾ f Bluff-body/Swirl
¾ g Lifted flame in vitiated coflow
¾ h Opposed jet flame
¾ i Unconfined swirl flame
¾ j Enclosed swirl flame
¾ k Premixed low-swirl flame
¾ l Premixed swirl, bluff-body
¾ m Enclosed premixed swirl flame
¾ n Premixed jet in vitiated coflow
¾ Swirl/Bluff-Body
¾ Sydney Univ., Sandia
¾ Large-scale instability
¾ Vortex breakdown
¾ CH4, CH4/air, CH4/H2
Mixture fraction:
[
χ = 2Dξ (∇ξ ⋅ ∇ξ ) = 2Dξ (∂ξ / ∂x)2 + (∂ξ / ∂y)2 + (∂ξ / ∂z)2 ]
mixture diffusivity
fuel
~
OH PLIF sequence
~
air
fuel
air
¾ Resolution ~0.75 mm
x/d =7.5
¾ Diagnostic synergy
laser x/d = 2
¾ Similar Raman/Rayleigh/LIF systems at axis
TU Darmstadt and DLR-Stuttgart Reynolds number: Rej = uexit d/ν
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Point Measurements
¾ Current status:
• Flame D – several modeling approaches
yield very good agreement w/ experiments
• Flames E,F (extinction) Æ much smaller list
• Good understanding of model sensitivities
Combined measurement:
¾ T, N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, CO
¾ 200-μm spacing, 6-mm segment
¾ mixture fraction (state of mixing)
¾ scalar dissipation (1D, rate of mixing)
Barlow & Karpetis, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005)
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Line Imaging of Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF
Combined measurement:
¾ T, N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, CO
¾ 200-μm spacing, 6-mm segment
¾ mixture fraction (state of mixing)
¾ scalar dissipation (1D, rate of mixing)
Barlow & Karpetis, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005)
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Line Imaging of Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF
YCO2
Flam
elet
te nt
χ ξ
Combined measurement:
¾ T, N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, CO
¾ 200-μm spacing, 6-mm segment
¾ mixture fraction (state of mixing)
¾ scalar dissipation (1D, rate of mixing)
Barlow & Karpetis, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005)
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Line Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF & Crossed OH PLIF
Image reaction zone in two
intersecting planes
Combined measurement:
¾ T, N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, CO
¾ mixture fraction
¾ local flame orientation
¾ scalar dissipation (3D, estimated)
Karpetis & Barlow, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005)
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Simultaneous Planar Imaging: Scalar Dissipation
¾ Temperature, T
¾ Mixture fraction, ξ
¾ Forward reaction rate, [CO] + [OH] Æ [CO2] + [H]
¾ Scalar dissipation, χ
J.H. Frank, S.A. Kaiser, M.B. Long, Combust. Flame 143 (2005) 507-523.
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Simultaneous Planar Imaging: Lifted Flame Structure
Composite
CH
P.S. Kothnur, M.S. Tsurikov, N.T. Clemens, J.M. Donbar, C.D. Carter, Proc. Combust. Inst. 29 (2002) 1921-1927.
K.A. Watson, K.M. Lyons, C.D. Carter, J.M. Donbar, Proc. Combust. Inst. 29 (2002) 1905-1912.
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Inclined Structures in Experiments and LES
Scalar dissipation in 2D images Scalar dissipation in Large Eddy Simulations
from Andreas Kempf from Heinz Pitsch
Piloted Flame D
¾ Suggests direct coupling of large and small scales (discussion in the paper)
¾ May be important for local extinction and differential diffusion
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
High-Speed Multi-Frame OH PLIF Imaging + Stereo PIV
DLR-B
OH
outline
J. Hult, U. Meier, W. Meier, A. Harvey, C.F. Kaminski, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 701-709.
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Simultaneous PIV and Filtered Rayleigh Scattering
Velocity and T
¾ Velocity and Temperature
¾ Applied in premixed bluff-body flame
¾ Turbulent flux of progress variable
th n g
b a p e ri
photo detector 1
m
te molecular
Nd:Y filter cell Vorticity and T Contours
2ν s AG lase 1
ingle r beam
mod PIV camera
e sampler
optic lens
s
beam
Nd:Y splitter
AG laser light
shee
2ν t
¾ Differential diffusion
laminar
calc.
equal
diffusivity
stoich. line
• Experiment symbols
• Chemkin transport ( )
• Le=1 ( )
measured
x/d=10
1 G.-H. Wang, N.T. Clemens, P.L. Varghese, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005). κ 1 * = κ 1λ Β = 1
2 G.-H. Wang, N.T. Clemens, R.S. Barlow, Proc. Combust. Inst. 31 (2006).
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Experimentally Determined Length Scales
Rejj = 15,200 Rej = 30,000 Rej = 150,000
λB ∝ Reδ−3 / 4
λΒ ~ 0.120 mm (x/d=20)
λΒ ~ 0.056 mm
λΒ ~ 0.092 mm (x/d=10)
λΒ ~ 0.105 mm
Wang et al. (2006) Nyquist Æ ~3λB Clemens et al. Combust. Flame (1997)
OH PLIF images from H2 jet flames
31st Combustion Symposium, 6-11 August 2006, Heidelberg, Germany
Model 1D Energy and Dissipation Spectra
larger smaller
small
Rej = 30,000 Rej = 150,000
κ1 * = κ1 η = 1