Case Study Literature Review I. Title: EXPERIENCES AND VIEWS OF DIVORCED MUSLIM WOMEN IN JOLO, SULU II.

Author: JENNIFER SAIPUDIN NANDU III. Copyright: HEALTH SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University IV. Statement of Objectives: V. Method v.1. design: This study, using an exploratory research design, attempts to contribute to the knowledge about divorced Muslim women, the causes of their divorce, and the effects of the divorce on their personal, social and economic life. v.2. participants: The studys 15 key informants were selected through purposive sampling. The following criteria were utilized in choosing participants: a. The key informants should have been divorced in the last three years prior to this study (1997 to 2000) b. They should be residents of Jolo, Sulu; and c. They should be willing to be interviewed. v.3. instruments: An interview guide was used for the indepth face-to-face interview. Since the instrument was an interview guide, probing was necessary during the interview. The research instrument was formulated based on the key concepts and variables in the problem statement and conceptual framework. It is divided into seven blocks, namely: socio-demographic profile of the woman-respondent, socio-demographic profile of the former husband; cultural beliefs and practices regarding marriage; causes of divorce; divorce proceedings; effects of divorce; and prospects of remarriage. v.4. data gathering procedure: Data collection started with document analysis, specifically a review of court records of the Shariah Circuit Court of Jolo for cases of divorce in the past three years. Preference was given to those who had definite address. The KIs were located in their communities. Snowball sampling was also utilized for ten of the cases. Data collection through in-depth face-to-face interview was utilized as the research technique. The interview was conducted in the KIs residence or in other places that were

deemed appropriate and convenient by the KIs. They were informed of the objectives of the study and oral informed consent was sought prior to interview. v.5. data analysis techniques: The interviews were content analyzed and categorized according to common themes. The data obtained through close-ended questions were analyzed according to pre-determined categories. Descriptive statistics were employed in determining the average age, age at marriage, length of marriage, number of children, years of education and other qualitative data. VI. Findings Profile of the KIs and their Husbands The average age of the key informants range from 20 to 58 years old; majority were Tausug who were born in Jolo or in other municipalities within the province of Sulu. All of the women women had received at least two years of college education and were working outside their homes during the marriage, majority of which, were teachers. More than half of the women had resided outside Sulu. Majority claimed that they were single prior to contracting the marriage that ended in divorce. Only two KIs had divorced parents, both of which never knew their biological fathers because they were raised by their mothers. Only one KI had entered into a polygamous marriage and she was the second wife of her ex-husband. Majority claimed that they were the ones who chose their former husbands. The average duration of the marriages that eventually ended in divorce was 10 years. The average age of the womens former husbands was 40.5 years. Majority of the ex-husbands had formal education, as well and had sources of livelihood during their marriage. Most of the KIs knew where their ex-husbands were residing at the time of the interview. And most of the men were single before they married the KIs. Generally, the men were older than their wives by an average of 6 years. Cultural Beliefs and Practices Regarding Marriage Generally, the KIs held traditional views on gender roles and division of household responsibilities, with the husband responsible for the economic needs of the family and the wife, responsible for the performance of the household tasks. Causes of Divorce The major cause of the divorce is the husbands taking of

another wife and his negligence of the responsibilities to the first family. Divorce Proceedings Majority were granted divorce by the court in less than a year after they have filed the petitions. Effects of Divorce Majority of the KIs sought their parents as the primary support system after the divorce. Almost half believed that the children understood the divorce and were aware of the different factors leading to the situation. Prospect of Remarriage Most of the KI had no plans to remarry, while those who had only did so because of their parents desire. VII. Conclusions Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. women who married in their teens are likely to have their marriage end in divorce 2. the womens employment outside the home increases the likelihood that she will initiate action for divorce 3. better-educated women are likely to initiate divorce proceedings 4. women in polygamous marriages are likely to divorce their husbands 5. the husbands negligence of his financial and other familial responsibilities increases the likelihood of divorce 6. women who are likely to receive parental support tend to divorce their negligent husbands VIII. Recommendations The author recommends that further studies be conducted on divorce using a wider coverage and sample size, including studies on the experiences of children involved in divorced marriages. The study was drawn generally on female-initiated divorce, the author recommends that studies also be conducted on the experiences and views by the husbands. Also, studies should be conducted among other Muslim tribes, such as the Maranaos, Maguindanaos and Samals. The study was conducted from 1997 to 2000 and only those who have been granted decision by the court during

the said period were included in the study. Further, a longitudinal study of women who filed their cases of divorce at the Shariah court must be taken into consideration and a documented analysis of court records on divorce be included. IX. Learning Insights ix.1. agreement: The adverse effects of divorce particularly on the children becomes intense and creates a large impact, hence the consequence of living in an incomplete family. Also, the stigma of being divorced may well arise from the cultural norms as much as from its religious perspective, especially in a Muslim community. ix.2. disagreement: Ethnographic Study Literature Review I. Title: EXPERIENCES AND VIEWS OF DIVORCED MUSLIM WOMEN IN JOLO, SULU II. Author: JENNIFER SAIPUDIN NANDU III. Copyright: HEALTH SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University IV. Statement of Objectives: V. Method v.1. design: This study, using an exploratory research design, attempts to contribute to the knowledge about divorced Muslim women, the causes of their divorce, and the effects of the divorce on their personal, social and economic life. v.2. participants: A total of 15 women with diverse backgrounds were selected as informants including: v.3. instruments: An interview guide was used for the indepth face-to-face interview. Since the instrument was an interview guide, probing may be necessary during the interview. The research instrument will be based on the key concepts and variables in the problem statement and conceptual framework which is divided into seven blocks, namely: socio-demographic profile of the womanrespondent, socio-demographic profile of the former husband; cultural beliefs and practices regarding marriage; causes of divorce; divorce proceedings; effects of divorce; and prospects of remarriage. v.4. data gathering procedure: Data was collected from informal conversations, semi-structure interviews and focus

groups. Interviews were conducted in workplaces and homes of the informants. v.5. data analysis techniques: Certain factors, could inevitably bring in the psychological, social and cultural impact on the lives of the women, their former-husbands and the family therefore, it is natural to use methodologies (such as ethnography) that are used to study human cultures and practices in a real world to study Muslim womens experience and views on divorce. Comprehensive evaluations of KIs experience calls for a holistic approach and ethnography is such as holistic approach that can take into account the contexts within which ones perceptions are socially and culturally constructed. Lastly, ethnography is much more than just a set of data collection techniques. As Paul Dourish has argued extensively, a crucial value of ethnography lies in its interpretative and analytical power. VI. Findings Profile of the KIs and their Husbands The average age of the key informants range from 20 to 58 years old; majority were Tausug who were born in Jolo or in other municipalities within the province of Sulu. All of the women women had received at least two years of college education and were working outside their homes during the marriage, majority of which, were teachers. More than half of the women had resided outside Sulu. Majority claimed that they were single prior to contracting the marriage that ended in divorce. Only two KIs had divorced parents, both of which never knew their biological fathers because they were raised by their mothers. Only one KI had entered into a polygamous marriage and she was the second wife of her ex-husband. Majority claimed that they were the ones who chose their former husbands. The average duration of the marriages that eventually ended in divorce was 10 years. The average age of the womens former husbands was 40.5 years. Majority of the ex-husbands had formal education, as well and had sources of livelihood during their marriage. Most of the KIs knew where their ex-husbands were residing at the time of the interview. And most of the men were single before they married the KIs. Generally, the men were older than their wives by an average of 6 years.

Cultural Beliefs and Practices Regarding Marriage Generally, the KIs held traditional views on gender roles and division of household responsibilities, with the husband responsible for the economic needs of the family and the wife, responsible for the performance of the household tasks. Causes of Divorce The major cause of the divorce is the husbands taking of another wife and his negligence of the responsibilities to the first family. Divorce Proceedings Majority were granted divorce by the court in less than a year after they have filed the petitions. Effects of Divorce Majority of the KIs sought their parents as the primary support system after the divorce. Almost half believed that the children understood the divorce and were aware of the different factors leading to the situation. Prospect of Remarriage Most of the KI had no plans to remarry, while those who had only did so because of their parents desire. VII. Conclusions: In this paper, the author reports experience in using ethnography to study divorced Muslim womens experience and views. Selectively, some findings of the case study were used to highlight the values of ethnography and discuss its relevance to social understanding. Although ethnographic studies tend to be lengthy and resource-intensive, experience suggests that a little ethnography can uncover important themes and issues and thus may justify its considerable effort and expense. It is suggested that by customizing ethnographic methods to address more directly key issues regarding divorce and the nature of the KIs culture, particularly their religion, future research may provide more VIII. Recommendations Based on the foregoing findings, the following recommendations were made: 1. Conduct studies on divorce with a wider coverage and sample size. 2. Conduct studies on the experiences of children in divorced marriages.

3. Conduct studies on the experiences of children in divorced marriages. 4. Conduct studies on male-initiated divorce. 5. Conduct studies on divorce among other Muslim tribes, such as the Maranaos, Maguindanaos, and Samals. 6. Do a longitudinal study of women who file their cases of divorce at the Shariah Court. 7. Document analysis of court records on divorce. IX. Learning Insights ix.1. agreement: It is important to note that the study was conducted in a society that lives predominantly in a Muslim community. The experiences and views of the KIs were traditionally similar to non-Muslim women, such as their views on the prospect of marriage after divorce, in places apart from Jolo, Sulu. ix.2. disagreement: However, because the study is geographically limited to fifteen divorced women residing in Jolo, Sulu the results and conclusions derived from the study cannot be generalized for all divorced persons.

Grounded Study Literature Review I. Title: EXPERIENCES AND VIEWS OF DIVORCED MUSLIM WOMEN IN JOLO, SULU II. Author: JENNIFER SAIPUDIN NANDU III. Copyright: HEALTH SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University IV. Statement of Objectives: V. Method v.1. design: This study, using an exploratory research design, attempts to contribute to the knowledge about divorced Muslim women, the causes of their divorce, and the effects of the divorce on their personal, social and economic life. v.2. participants: A total of 15 women with diverse backgrounds were selected as informants including: v.3. instruments: A guideline could be used for the in-depth face-to-face interview. Since the instrument was an interview guide, probing will be necessary when conducting the interview. The research instrument will be formulated based on the key concepts and variables in the problem

statement and conceptual framework. It can be divided into seven blocks, namely: socio-demographic profile of the woman-respondent, socio-demographic profile of the former husband; cultural beliefs and practices regarding marriage; causes of divorce; divorce proceedings; effects of divorce; and the prospects of remarriage. v.4. data gathering procedure: Data was collected from informal conversations, semi-structure interviews and focus groups. Interviews were conducted in workplaces and homes of the informants. v.5. data analysis techniques: Certain factors, could inevitably bring in the psychological, social and cultural impact on the lives of the women, their former-husbands and the family therefore, it is natural to use methodologies (such as ethnography) that are used to study human cultures and practices in a real world to study Muslim womens experience and views on divorce. Comprehensive evaluations of KIs experience calls for a holistic approach and ethnography is such as holistic approach that can take into account the contexts within which ones perceptions are socially and culturally constructed. Lastly, ethnography is much more than just a set of data collection techniques. As Paul Dourish has argued extensively, a crucial value of ethnography lies in its interpretative and analytical power. VI. Findings Profile of the KIs and their Husbands The average age of the key informants range from 20 to 58 years old; majority were Tausug who were born in Jolo or in other municipalities within the province of Sulu. All of the women women had received at least two years of college education and were working outside their homes during the marriage, majority of which, were teachers. More than half of the women had resided outside Sulu. Majority claimed that they were single prior to contracting the marriage that ended in divorce. Only two KIs had divorced parents, both of which never knew their biological fathers because they were raised by their mothers. Only one KI had entered into a polygamous marriage and she was the second wife of her ex-husband. Majority claimed that they were the ones who chose their former husbands. The average duration of the marriages that eventually ended in divorce was 10 years. The average age of the womens former husbands was 40.5

years. Majority of the ex-husbands had formal education, as well and had sources of livelihood during their marriage. Most of the KIs knew where their ex-husbands were residing at the time of the interview. And most of the men were single before they married the KIs. Generally, the men were older than their wives by an average of 6 years. Cultural Beliefs and Practices Regarding Marriage Generally, the KIs held traditional views on gender roles and division of household responsibilities, with the husband responsible for the economic needs of the family and the wife, responsible for the performance of the household tasks. Causes of Divorce The major cause of the divorce is the husbands taking of another wife and his negligence of the responsibilities to the first family. Divorce Proceedings Majority were granted divorce by the court in less than a year after they have filed the petitions. Effects of Divorce Majority of the KIs sought their parents as the primary support system after the divorce. Almost half believed that the children understood the divorce and were aware of the different factors leading to the situation. Prospect of Remarriage Most of the KI had no plans to remarry, while those who had only did so because of their parents desire. VII. Conclusions: In this paper, grounded theory may be utilized to study and process the Muslim womens experience and views on divorce. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The key points were drawn from the responses of the KIs on the question quidelines. These codes are then grouped into similar concepts, then into categories, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis, or by using both inductive, then deductive reasoning. VIII. Recommendations In accordance with the increasing incidence of divorce among Muslim women, the author believes that further studies be conducted outside the community, including a

wider coverage and sample size. Also, to have a broader perspective on the societal impact of divorce, children of divorced parties should be sought as informants, as well after conducting inductive and deductive reasoning. IX. Learning Insights ix.1. agreement: Based on the results of the study, only certain socio-demographic factors contribute to a divorce, which became apparent in its conceptual framework: womens age at marriage, education and economic status. From here, the conclusion that women who marry t a young age, are gainfully employed and who are better educated are those who are likely to initiate action for divorce when the husbands neglect their duty to the first family. In line with this, a conclusion was only achieved after a careful process of inductive and deductive reasoning, an attribute of a research study founded on grounded theory, according to Glaser. ix.2. disagreement: