INTEGRANTES: Katherine Garrido

Brandon Hernndez Matas Parra CURSO: 4 B

INTRODUCTION What is a black hole?

A black hole is a finite region of space-time caused by a large concentration of mass in their interior, with enormous increase in density, which generates a gravitational field such that any particle material, not even the photons of light, can escape from that region. Well, our work, such as the title, this is the "black holes" "black holes" etc. It has been given many names to this phenomenon in science that there is not yet to find more than the discovery and the theories of Hawkins, who has made in the design and operation of this curious phenomenon. It has been said in the twentieth century, bone the year in that it has been found that the black holes can be different size, they can go to velocities previously unimagined, and even teletransported, but this is not valid, they are only theories even unproved, even as well is trying to explore this item to the maximum, within the work, clarify each questions are present. To enter a little to the subject of the Black Holes, appoint a couple of curiosities that is already have been given over time: Are all fields. And do not have the form of tunnel or funnel. Black holes rages on their own. Black holes are not always dark. Sometimes they are not dangerous. Can be really great. The number of black holes could be even more than the number of stars visible, it accounts for some $100 billion only in the Milky Way. Gravitational attraction extra a large number of black holes may be why our galaxy tour of the speed with that does this: the mass of the stars visible is not enough to explain.

History of the black hole

The concept of a body so thick that neither the light could escape from it, was described in an article sent in 1783 to the Royal Society by a British geologist named John Michell. By the time Newton's theory of gravitation and the concept of escape velocity were well known. Michell calculated that a body with a radius 500 times that of the Sun and the same density, it would on its surface, a exhaust speed equal to that of the light and would be invisible. In 1796, the French mathematician Pierre-simon Laplace explained in the first two editions of his book Exposition du systeme du Monde the same idea though, the gain of ground the idea that light was a wave without mass, in the 19th century was discarded in later editions. In 1915, Einstein developed general relativity and showed that light was influenced by the gravitational interaction. A few months later, Karl Schwarzschild found a solution to Einstein's equations, where a heavy body would absorb the light. It is now known that the radio schwarzschild is the radius of the horizon of events from a black hole that does not spin, but this was not well understood at that time. The own schwarzschild thought that it was nothing more than a mathematical solution, not physical. In 1930, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar showed that a body with a critical mass (now known as the limit of Chandrasekhar) and not to render radiation, would collapse by its own gravity because there was nothing that was made known that could reverse it (for this mass the force of gravitational attraction would be greater than that provided by the "Pauli exclusion principle). However, Eddington was opposed to the idea that the star reach a size zero, which would imply a singularity naked of matter, and that there should be something that inevitably stop the collapse, line adopted by a majority of scientists. In 1939, Robert Oppenheimer predicted that a massive star could suffer a gravitational collapse and, therefore, black holes could be trained in nature. This theory was not the subject of much attention until the 1960s because, after the Second World War, it was more interest in what was happening at the atomic scale. In 1967, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose proved that black holes are solutions to Einstein's equations and that, in certain cases it could not prevent the establishment of a black hole from a collapse. The idea of black hole took force with the scientific progress and experimental that led to the discovery of pulsars. Shortly thereafter, in 1969, John Wheeler5 coined the term "black hole" during a meeting of cosmologists in New York, to designate what was previously called "star in gravitational collapse complete".

Process of training
The origin of the black holes is raised by astrophysicist Stephen Hawking in his book of 1988 entitled in spanish history of time: the Big Bang to black holes where explains the process that gives origin to the formation of black holes. The process begins after the death of a red giant (star of great mass), call death to the complete extinction of their energy. After several thousands of millions of years of life, the gravitational force of the star starts exerting force on itself causing a mass concentrated in a small volume, becoming a white dwarf. At this point the process can continue until the collapse of the astro by the auto gravitational pull ends to turn this white dwarf in a black hole. This process has just been to assemble a force of attraction so strong that traps until the light on this. In the words more simple, a black hole is the final result of the action of the extreme gravity carried up to the limit as possible. The same gravity that keeps the star stable, begins to compress to the point that the atoms begin to become pinched. The electrons in orbit are becoming closer and closer to the atomic nucleus and end up megring with protons forming more neutrons. The result is a neutron star. At this point, depending on the star's mass, plasma neutron triggers a chain reaction irreversible, gravity increases exponentially to the reduced the distance that had originally among the atoms. The neutron particles implotan, aplastandose again to achieve as a result a black hole: gravity infinite in a space of about inconmesurablemente size small.

Recent discoveries
In 1995, a team of researchers from the UCLA led by Andrea Ghez demonstrated through simulation by computers the possibility of the existence of supermassive black holes at the heart of galaxies. After these calculations by the adaptive optics system is verified that something gravely distorted the light rays emitted from the center of our galaxy (the Milky Way). Such deformation is due to a invisible supermassive black hole that has been called Sgr.A (or Sagitarioa). In 2007-2008 began a series of experiments of interferometry from measures of radio telescopes to measure the size of the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, which is estimated at a mass 4 '5 million times greater than that of the Sun and a distance of 26,000 light years (about 255,000 billion km with respect to the Earth). The supermassive black hole from the center of our galaxy currently would be little asset already that has consumed much of baryonic matter, that is located in the area of his immediate gravitational field and emits large amounts of radiation. For its part, the astrophysics feryal zel has explained some likely characteristics around a black hole: anything, including the empty space, it enters the tidal force caused by a black hole accelerate extreme speed and a vortex and all the time within the area of attraction of a black hole is directed toward the same black hole. In the present is considered that, despite the destructive perspective of black holes, these to condense around if the served in part to the constitution of the galaxies and the formation of new stars. In June 2004 astronomers discovered a supermassive black hole, the Q0906+6930 giant black hole in the center of a distant galaxy about 12,700 million light years. This observation indicated a rapid creation of black holes super mass in the Universe young. The formation of micro black holes in particle accelerators has been informed, but not confirmed. For now, there are no candidates observed to be black holes paramount:

 The largest
Leaving aside the supermassive black holes that are typically in the core of the galaxies and whose mass are millions of times our Sun, the largest stellar-mass black hole known to date, it was discovered in 2007 and was called IC 10 X-1. It's in the dwarf galaxy IC 10 located in the constellation Cassiopeia, at a distance of 1.8 million light-years (17 trillion kilometers) from Earth, with a mass of between 24 and 33 times that of our Sun.

The minor
without counting the possible microagujeros blacks that are almost always ephemeral to occur to subatomic scales; macroscopically in April 2008 the team coordinated by Nikolai Saposhnikov and Lev Titarchuk has identified the smallest black holes known to date; it has been called J 1650, is located in the constellation Ara (Altar) of the Milky Way (the same galaxy of which is part the Earth). J 1650 has a mass equivalent to 3.8 soles and only 24 km in diameter would have been formed by the collapse of a star; such dimensions were planned by Einstein's equations.

Jets of plasma
in April 2008 the journal Nature published a study at Boston University led by Alan Marscher where explains that jets of plasma collimated depart from magnetic fields located close to the edge of the black holes. In specific areas of such magnetic fields the jets of plasma are oriented and accelerated to speeds close to the speed of light, such a process is comparable to the acceleration of particles to create a jet stream (jet) in a reactor.

Images of Black holes