AU Powerlab

USER REFERENCE MANUAL

FOR
ECONOMIC DISPATCH
DOCUMENT NO. ANEDC – URM – 1.0

MAY 2004
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 025
 CONTENTS

Page No.

1. ABOUT THE PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction 1-1

1.2 Utility of the Program 1-1

1.3 Features of the Program 1-1

2. GETTING STARTED
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Opening the Menu Screen 2-1
2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen 2-3
2.3.1 Creation of a new data file 2-3
2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file 2-5
2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program 2-6
2.3.4 Running the program 2-6
2.3.5 Viewing output file 2-6
2.3.6 Manual 2-6
2.3.7 Exit 2-6

3. DETAILS OF INPUT
3.1 Data Requirements 3-1
3.2 Input Through Console 3-1
3.3 Input Through File 3-1

4. SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 Sample System Data 4-1
4.2 Sample Input Data File 4-1
4.3 Sample Output File and Plots 4-2
 CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction
This program module group named, ‘Economic Dispatch’ consists of two program
module named as Economic Dispatch without Losses and Economic Dispatch with
Losses included. The two modules are independent and can be run independently.
The modules are not provided with GUI. The input data files are to be created
separately for these modules. The outputs of these modules are presented in output
files and the output files can be viewed and a printout can also be taken. The details of
input data and the sequence for data file preparation are explained in chapter three.

1.2 Utility of the Program

These modules are mainly developed for the students to cross check the validity of the
program developed by them in the laboratory class. These modules can be used for
solving text-book problems on economic dispatch and also to cross check hand
calculations. The unit commitment problem can be solved for a given load cycle using
these modules and the fundamentals of unit commitment can be studied. The
program modules could be used to study various aspects of economic dispatch
problem.

1.3 Features of the Program

In the case of economic dispatch problem neglecting losses, the co-ordination
equations are derived and the Lagrangian multiplier is obtained analytically. Using the
Lagrangian multiplier, the economic schedule of the generators and the system
lambda are obtained. In the case of economic dispatch problem including losses, the
transmission loss is expressed as a quadratic function of generator power outputs
using the B-Coefficients or loss coefficients. The resulting co-ordination equations
are solved iteratively for a specified load. The economic schedule, the transmission
loss, the penalty factor and system lambda are obtained for the given load level.

1-1
 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED
2.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the procedure for accessing the specific program modules in
the AU Powerlab Software. Both these modules have features for creating new data
file ,editing already stored sample system data, running the program and viewing the
results. The details of the procedure are given in the following sections.

2.2 Opening the Menu Screen

1. Click the AU Powerlab icon on the desktop, then a window carrying Anna
University frontage will appear on the screen and will disappear within few
seconds. Then the Student Log-on Window will appear (Fig 2.1)

Fig 2.1 Student Log-on Window

2. Enter the student information in the respective boxes. After entering all
information, click Enter button. Then the Opening Window for AU Powerlab
will appear (Fig 2.2)

3. Click the button, ‘Economic Dispatch’ in the Opening Window. Then another
window containing the title of the sub-modules in ‘Economic Dispatch’ will
appear (Fig 2.3).

2-1
 Fig 2.2 Opening Window for AU Powerlab

Fig 2.3 Window for the Title of the Modules in Economic Dispatch

2-2
4. Click the button, ‘With loss’ or ‘Without loss’ depending upon the module you
require. Then the Menu Screen for this module will appear (Fig 2.4). The
following are the operations that can be performed under this module.

Fig 2.4 Menu Screen for Economic Dispatch – With Loss

i. Create New File

ii. Modify Existing File
iii. Select File for Running
iv. Run
v. View Output
vi. Manuals
vii. Exit

2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen

The details of operations that can be performed using the Menu Screen are given
below

2.3.1 Creation of a new data file

1. Click the ‘create new file’ button. Then the window for entering the file name will
appear (Fig. 2.5). Enter the file name (maximum eight alphabetic characters) and
then click ok. The text editor (wordpad) window will appear (in Fig 2.6).

2-3
Fig. 2.5 Window for Entering File Name

Fig 2.6 Text Editor (Word Pad) Window

2-4
2. Enter the input data in the sequence as given in chapter three.

3. After entering all the input data, save the file, close the text editor window and
control will return to Menu Screen.

4. If the complete data could not be entered in one sitting, then the file created with
partial data can be saved. The remaining data can be entered in the next sitting by
accessing the saved file using the procedure explained in the next section.

2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file

1. Click ‘modify existing file’ button in the Menu Screen. Then the File-Open
Dialogue Window will appear (Fig 2.7).

Fig 2.7 File-Open Dialogue Window

2. Select the desired file and then click open. The desired data file appears on the
wordpad. (Fig 2.8). The necessary modifications are carried out and the
modified file is saved either in the original name or in a new file name. Then
close the text editor window.

2-5
 Fig 2.8 Text Editor (Word Pad) Window

2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program

Click ‘Select file for running ’ button. Then the File-Open Dialogue Window will
appear (Fig 2.7). Select the required file and click open button. Then the control will
return to Menu Screen. Now the run and view output buttons will be enabled.

2.3.4 Running the program

Click Run button. Then the ‘With loss’ or ‘Without loss’ module, as the case may be
will be executed and a message ‘Stop program terminated’ will appear. Close the
DOS prompt window by entering ‘Exit’. Then the control will return to Menu Screen.

2.3.5 Viewing output file

Click, view output button. The output file will appear in a text editor. A print of this
result can be taken if desired. When this window is closed, then the control will
return to Menu Screen. It may be noted that the output of previous run will be erased
and the output of latest run will be stored in the output file. The output of the latest
run will also be erased when the session is completed and the user quit the program.

2.3.6 Manuals
Click the Lab. Manual button. Then the Laboratory manual for Economic Dispatch in
power system experiment will appear. If you click the User Reference Manual
button. Then the ‘User Reference Manual’ for Economic dispatch module group will
appear. Click either of the buttons to view the relevant part of the respective Manual.

2.3.7 Exit
To quit from the operations performed under the Menu Screen click Exit button.

2-6
 CHAPTER 3 DETAILS OF INPUT

3.1 Data Requirement

The data required for the module group economic dispatch can be divided into
i. Data to be fed through console:

Certain information regarding the specific operations to be carried out

from among the many operations that can be performed using the module
are to be entered through the console as and when interactive queries
appear on the console while executing the module. The details are given
in section 3.2.

ii. Data to be read from a stored data file:

iii.
Before running the module, a data file should be created containing all the
required data and in the specific sequence given in section 3.3. This file
can be created using editor facility as explained in chapter 2.

Before keying in the data file, it is better to compile the following data for
the given problem.

a. System general data

b. Generator data
c. Loss co-efficients
d. Load data

3.2 Input Through Console

Options are provided in the module for getting detailed output in addition to the basic
output. The following interactive query appears on this screen requiring the response
(YES or NO) of the user. The user should enter ‘y’ (lower case) for YES and ‘n’ for
NO followed by tapping ‘Return’ key. Normally the input data and the basic output
are written in the output file. There are few detailed output results which will be
written in the output file only if the user opts for the output.

Statement 1: 

DO YOU

 WANT
 CONVERGENCE

!"#$ % &('*PLOT?
)+-,/.10/+2)3(YES:
45'*3.6,8y,7-'9,NO:
:;4=< n)
>@?2A?CB/DBFE@?HG$IKJMLONMLQPSRUTWV(XYX6ZK[]\$^_LQX`LQa
b cdfehg!ijkQl2mKnpo q#rs8tug(qwvx
yz r{v
|r }{~ r€‚vƒƒ„ z!…† #ƒ$~ ‡ ˆ(‰fŠ_‹ŒF‹@Ž8‘‰9(’;“ ”

Statement 3: DO YOU WANT THE PLOT OF DEMAND Vs UNITS OUTPUT?

(YES:y, NO:n)

Keying ‘y’ if you want the plot of demand Vs units Output or els e ‘n’

3.3 Input Through File

The data file to be created should contain the following groups of data in the
sequence indicated. As the data is to read in free format, each data should be
separated by a blank. The input data for economic dispatch problem without loss

3-1
 and with loss are the same except a small difference. The loss co-efficients are
not required for the former whereas the loss co-efficients are required for the
later.

Group 1: Title of experiment (First line)

One line of the title of the experiment being studied is to be given in a string of
maximum 80 characters.

Where
1: String variable (Max : 80 characters)

Group 2: Case Title

One line of case description is to be given in a string of maximum 80 characters. (up
to a maximum 80 characters) .

1
Where
1: String variable (Max of 80 characters)

Group 3: Student Information

Three string variables 1, 2 and 3 are to be given, each in one line with a maximum of
80- characters.

1
String Variable

2
String Variable

3
String Variable

1: Name of the student (Max 80 character)

2: Roll number of student (Max. 80 characters)

3: Semester Number (Max. of eight characters)

Group 4: General System Data (unformatted)

I . The Powe•—–™˜š›–œ/-žŸC ¡¢F•1œ£ž/¢8¤˜£ž/•¥¢/–¦¢£ §¨ •—© ª«¬®­;¯5°­²±C³/¬¥´±¨­µ¯5¶_´F¯ªM·™´¸H­·«·
number of iterations are given in one line

3-2
 1 2 3

Real Integer

Where

¹$ºPower
1: »¨¼½¾1¿/À¦mismatch
¿/¼@Á$¨Ã@¾Ä Å®ÆinÇ#ÈMW
ÇFÉËʗÌÍÊÎÇÐÏ¥ÑÍÒÇMÓ -15%)
3: Maximum no of iterations

II .The Total number of generator units, physical units for fuel cost and Incremental
fuel cost are given in one line

1 2 3

Integer String

1: Total No of generators
2: Physical units for fuel cost (Max of 10 characters)
3: Physical units for incremental fuel cost (Max of 10 characters)

Group 5: Generator Data (Unformatted)

Five real variables are to be given in one line for each generator unit. The no of lines
for this data is equal to no of generator units. A quadratic cost function is taken. For
ith unit the cost function is Ci = aiPi2 + bipi + ci

1 2 3 4 5

Real variable

Where
1: Cost coefficient ai
2: Cost coefficient bi
3: Cost coefficient ci
4: Minimum limit on unit generation
5: Maximum limit on unit generation

Group 6: Loss Co-efficients (unformatted)

This group of data is to be given only if the economic dispatch problem including
losses is considered. Otherwise this data needed not be given. The loss coefficients
may be given in p.u or in physical units.

1. B-Matrix elements (Dimension B matrix = NG x NG)

NG =No of Generating units

3-3
The elements of matrix are given row wise. The number of lines per row will
dependent on the number of elements in a row in the matrix. The data are to be
entered till all the rows are completed.

1 2 3 ……… NG

Real variable
Where
1, 2,………. NG are the elements of the row in the B matrix

2. B0-column matrix
The elements of the column matrix are given row wise. The number of lines required
to enter the elements will depend on the number of elements in the column matrix.

1 2 3 ……… NG

Real variable

Where
1, 2, 3 …… NG are the elements of the column matrix

3. B00 value and system MVA base

1 2

Real variable

Where
1 = equal to the value B00
2 = System MVA base, if loss coefficients are given in p.u.
= 0 otherwise

Group 7: Load data

The load data may be given in any one of the following ways and an index is to be
defined to identify the type of load data.

1. Index to identify load type

Integer

3-4
 Where
1 = 0 – Single load level
= 1 – Load cycle with maximum and minimum level with specified
number of equal increments.
= 2 – Several load levels with time span in hours.

Create the data as per the value of index given

1. Single load level

Real

Where
1. Total system demand in MW

2. Load variation from minimum to maximum in equal increment

one line is required for data input.

1 2 3

Real

Where
1: Minimum load level in MW
2: Maximum load level in MW
3: Increment in Load

2. Several load levels with time span in hours

No of load level is specified in one line.

1
Integer

Where
1. Number of load intervals

For each load level the starting time, ending time and demand are given in one line.
The number line is equal to the number of load levels to be specified.

3-5
 1 2 3

String Real

Where
1: Starting time of load interval (Max 10 characters)
2: Ending time of load interval (Max 8 characters)
3: Demand in MW

3-6
 CHAPTER 4 SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY
4.1 Sample System Data
The sample data of a power system with three thermal power plant is given below for
economic dispatch including losses

The fuel cost function of the units Generation limits of the units in MW
C1 = 0.008P12 + 7.0 P1 +200 $ / hr , 10 < P1 >85
2
C2 = 0.009 P2 + 6.3 P2 +180 $ / hr 10 < P2 >8
C3 = 0.007 P32 + 6.8 P3 +140 $ / hr 10 < P3 >7
The B matrices of the loss formula in p.u. on a 100 MVA base is given by

0.0128 0.0093 0.0028

B= 0.0093 0.0228 0.0017
0.0028 0.0017 0.0179

B0 = 0.0003 0.0031 0.0015

B00 = 0.00030523

Load Level = 150 Mw

4.2 Sample Input Data File

The sample input data file prepared for running the modules’ Economic Dispatch with
Loss’ is given below. The interactive queries appeared on the screen and the response
of the user while running’ Economic Dispatch with Loss’ module using the given
input data are also given

(i) Input Data File

Economic Dispatch - Lambda Iteration Method

With Loss
AU Powerlab
2001399126
VII

0.01 0.05 10

3 $/hr $/MWhr

0.008 7.0 200 10 85

0.009 6.3 180 10 80
0.007 6.8 140 10 70

0.0218 0.0093 0.0028

0.0093 0.0228 0.0017
0.0028 0.0017 0.0179

0.0003 0.0031 0.0015

0.00030523 100

0
150
4-1
(ii) Interactive queries and user response

4.3 Sample Output File and Plots

The sample output file and plots generated by running the Economic Dispatch With
Loss module using the input data given in section 4.1 are given below.

1. Output File

Title of the experiment : Economic Dispatch - Lambda Iteration Method

Case Title : With Loss
Name of the Student : AU Powerlab
Roll Number : 2001399126
Semester : VII
Date of Experiment : 11-05-2004 & 08:28:26

INPUT DATA:
------------

Power Mismatch : 0.0100000

Variation in Lambda for first iteration : 0.0500000
Maximum Number of Iterations : 10

Number of generating units : 3

Unit for Fuel Cost : $/hr
Unit for Incremental Fuel Cost : $/MWhr

Cost coefficients (abc)

---------------------------------------------
a b c
---------------------------------------------
0.00800000 7.00000 200.000
0.00900000 6.30000 180.000
0.00700000 6.80000 140.000
---------------------------------------------
4-2
Limits on Unit Generation

--------------------------
PGmin PGmax
--------------------------
10.0000 85.0000
10.0000 80.0000
10.0000 70.0000
--------------------------

LOSS COEFFICIENTS

---------------------------------------

B- Coefficients :

1 2 3
1 0.0218000 0.00930000 0.00280000
2 0.00930000 0.0228000 0.00170000
3 0.00280000 0.00170000 0.0179000

Bo- Coefficients:

0.000300000 0.00310000 0.00150000

Boo- Coefficients :

0.000305230
---------------------------------------

System Base: 100.000 MVA

Total Demand: 150.000

************** RESULTS: LOAD LEVEL 1 **************

Total number of Iteration(s): 5

OPTIMUM LAMBDA : 7.76779 $/MWhr

Optimum Generation Schedule

Unit PG

1 33.4703
2 64.0976
3 55.1014

Total Generation: 152.669 MW

Total Loss : 2.66875 MW

Total Demand + Total Loss: 152.669 MW

TOTAL FUEL COST : 1599.99 $/hr

**************** LOAD LEVEL 1 END *****************

4-3
**************** Consolidated Results ****************

Load Interval : 1

Demand : 150.000

Optimum Lambda : 7.76779

PG1 : 33.4703

PG2 : 64.0976

PG3 : 55.1014

Total Loss : 2.66875

Fuel Cost ($/hr) : 1599.99

INCREMENTAL FUEL COST :

dC1/dPG1 : 7.53552

dC2/dPG2 : 7.45376

dC3/dPG3 : 7.57142

PENALTY FACTOR :

L1 : 1.03082

L2 : 1.04213

L3 : 1.02594

********************* END ****************************

2. Plots

4-4
4-5