NOTTINGHAM INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE 2011

STUDY GUIDE
FUTURE SECURITY COUNCIL (FSC)

CONTENTS
Committee Personnel & Contact Agenda 1: Crisis between Sudan and South Sudan Introduction Background Key Issues (a)Economic Issues (b)Humanitarian Issues Agenda 2: The unrest caused by heavy Chinese investment in certain mineral-rich parts of Africa Introduction Background Key Issues Bibliography 02 03 03 03 05 05 05 06

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Committee Contacts Committee President: Head Chair: Assistant Chairs: Contact Address: Mei Ching Liu Hamish Jolly Gabrielle Couchman and Stephen Wan fsc.nottsmun11@gmail.com

AGENDA 1 Crisis between Sudan and South Sudan Introduction In January 2005, North and South Sudan signed on North/South Comprehensive Agreement (CPA) that ended the longest civil war. In this agreement, both parties agreed on permanent ceasefire, autonomy for the south, a power-sharing government involving rebel in Khartoum and a south Sudanese referendum on independence in six years time. An overwhelming majority of South Sudanese voted in a January 2011 referendum to secede and become Africas first new country since Eritrea split from Ethiopia in 1993. 1 South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011.

Background Between 1899 and 1955, South Sudan was part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under joint BritishEgyptian rule. In 1956, Sudan gained independence from joint British-Egyptian rule. However, the First Civil War erupted between North and South Sudan as southern leaders accused the
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new authorities in Khartoum of backing promises to create a federal system and trying to impose an Islamic and Arabic identity. This civil war was led by the southern separatist Anya Nya. In 1972, a peace agreement was signed in Addis Ababa to end the conflict and give a measure of autonomy for southern Sudan. However, oil was discovered in southern Sudan in 1978. The outbreak of Second Civil War was under the leadership of John Garangs Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM) as Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri abolished South Sudans autonomy. At least 1.5 million people are thought to have lost their lives and more than four million were displaced in the ensuing 22 years of guerrilla warfare. Large numbers of South Sudanese fled the fighting, either to the north or to neighboring countries, where many remain.2 Conflict finally ended with CPA 2005 which granted regional autonomy along with guaranteed representation in a national power-sharing government. 99% of southern Sudanese voted to split from Sudan. South Sudan gained its independence on 9 July 2011. President Omar alBashir said that Sudan would be the first country to recognize its new neighbor after the result of the referendum was announced. However, since then there has been lots of fighting in border regions such as Abyei and Couth Kordofan. Abyei is located within Sudan but is contested by South Sudan. Dozens of people have been subsequently killed this year as a result of clashes in Abyei and surrounding areas. More than 100,000 people have had to flee their homes.

On 10 September 2011, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomed an agreement between Sudan and South Sudan to withdraw all forces from the disputed area around Abyei. Mr. Ban
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also welcomed the efforts of the AU panel in helping the parties to adopt modalities. The Security Council authorized the establishment of United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA). This new peacekeeping mission is to try to reduce the violence and insecurity. The operation will monitor the flashpoint border between north and south, and is authorized to use force in protecting civilians and humanitarian workers in Abyei.3

Key Issues 1. Economic issues (a) How to divide Sudans oil wealth? (b) If Sudan goes ahead with its threat to block the pipelines/ war break outs again, what measures should be taken considering South Sudan is highly oil-dependent? Oil has fuelled conflicts between Sudan and South Sudan. Since 2005 peace deal, Sudan and South Sudan split oil revenues equally and almost three-quarters of the daily 500,000 barrels output comes from the south. Sudan exports billions of dollars per year. South Sudan produces more than 80% of it, but only received 50% of the revenue. From the photo, it can be seen that the pipelines run north, to the only port, Port Sudan. However, both parties have still not agreed on how to share the oil wealth. It is feared that both governments would plunge back into war unless both parties can settle disputes over Abyei region and how to share oil revenue. In the ongoing negotiations, resources are a key topic, and it seems likely the south will agree to pay a hefty fee to use the north's pipeline4. South Sudans economy is now highly oildependent. Therefore, in the short to medium term, the oil is the southern economys only chance. However, in the long term, the south will need to diversify its economy from the oil. According to Dirk-Jan Omtzigt, economic adviser at the Joint Donor Team, without additional discovery of oil fields, it is estimated that the output will peak in 2011-12 year and then gradually decline and is likely to run out in 20 to 30 years.

2. Humanitarian Issues (a) What rights southerners will have in the north and vice versa? (b) Fear of ethnic cleansing The Sudanese National Assembly has agreed on a draft law to remove Sudanese nationality from anyone the authorities considered to be South Sudanese. Furthermore, Sudanese officials also made it clear that dual nationality will not be an option. It is estimated there are 800,000 to one million South Sudanese in Sudan. "When our government acknowledged the secession, that means all southerners living in the north will not have a right to enjoy northern
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nationality," explained RabieAbdelati, a senior official at the ministry of information.5 In a country where many people do not have the correct papers, this would definitely be tricky. Moreover, theres issue of those truly caught between two countries. Abyei's inhabitants were granted a referendum on joining the south, while the people of South Kordofan and Blue Nile were offered an ill-defined process of "popular consultation" on their future status. 6 The fighting in border regions like Abyei, South Kordofan and Blue Nile continues. According to UN News Centre, the fighting has displaced tens of thousands of people who cannot be reached by relief agencies due to movement restrictions imposed by the Government. Movement restriction imposed by the Sudanese Government on UN staff remains in place in both Sennar and Blue Nile states. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in an update that little is known about the situation in Blue Nile, particularly in the SPLM-N controlled areas, due to lack of access.7 Theres a fear of ethnic cleansing by both governments. Before the independence of South Sudan, UN expressed its concern when Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) invaded Abyei. In UN report, it is estimated that between 15% and 20% of the homes in Abyei were burned in what it called deliberate destruction and a violation of international humanitarian law. Ethnic cleansing, the report said, is a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. 8

AGENDA 2
The unrest caused by heavy Chinese investment in certain mineral-rich parts of Africa Introduction Africa, which is a continent rich with natural resources, interests China. The natural resources could promise to keep Chinas booming, fuel-hungry economy on the road. There is copper to mine in Zambia, iron ore to extract in Gabon and oil to refine in Angola. In other countries less blessed by natural resources, Chinese companies have spied trading and investment opportunities.9

Background After the end of World War II in 1945, nearly every country in Africa was subject to colonial rule or administration. With massive decolonization effort within the UN, Africa now is independent.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14204148 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/12/fighting-sudan-border-unravel-peace-process 7 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39538&Cr=sudan&Cr1= 8 http://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-04-un-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-sudan 9 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7086777.stm#map

Today, the African Union boasts 53 independent member states.10 However, Africa faces massive challenges including extreme poverty, illness, desertification, malnutrition and regional conflicts. It has been a long struggle. On the other hand, China is one of the worlds top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign investment. In turn, China is also investing billions of dollars abroad. The fast-growing economy has fuelled the demand for energy. China is the largest oil consumer after the US and the worlds biggest producer and consumer of coal. It spends billions of dollars in pursuit of foreign energy supplies including Africa. As we know Africas need for its development like new and better roads, school buildings, computer networks, telecoms systems and power generation, it has opened a new opportunity for Chinese firms. In contrast with the Western donors, China offers no-strings aid to Africa. Western donors who provide aid to African countries impose conditions on aid and tie trade sweeteners to human rights issues. Chineses approach has been criticized as this would allow the governments to ignore Western calls for reform. Sudan with its vast oil reserves, is the number one recipient of Chinese investment and sells two-thirds of its oil to Beijing. The ChinaAfrica relationship shot to attention in November 2006 when 48 African heads of government attended a forum in Beijing.11

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Key Issues Tensions between China and Western countries - Colonial domination in Africa by the Chinese? British Prime Minister, David Cameron had warned African states over Chinas authoritarian capitalism on 19th July 2011. He also claimed that it is unsustainable in the long term. In possibly the most critical comments made by a modern British Prime Minister about Chinas growing global influence, Mr. Cameron admitted the West is increasingly alarmed by Beijings leading role in the new scramble for Africa. China has poured billions into Africa in recent years buying up natural resources and infrastructure while asking few questions about some of the unsavoury regimes involved.12 Chinese influence has grown massively in recent years across Africa, fuelled by natural resources which include oil, iron and copper. These are shipped to China and then would end up back in Africa in the form of vehicles or footwear. Trade between China and Africa was worth 70billion by the turn of this decade. Trade deals with more than 40 countries have been signed, including Uganda, Kenya and Algeria. As we have discussed above, the China-Africa relationship shot to attention. Ethiopia Foreign Minister was in Beijing during the Forum. A year later, he claimed there was a new partnership between Africa and China, despite there being no colonial history between the two nations. However, as we look into the graph shown below, Chinese investment has been increased enormously in recent years. The trade in the continent is famously booming up to $40bn in 2004, a tenfold increase in under a decade. 13 On the other hand, theres close diplomatic ties between South Africa and China. With two-way trade rising from $800 million in 1998 to $11.2 billion in October 2007, economic cooperation between the two countries is being realized at ever-increasing rates.Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reached new heights with the announcement in November 2007 that the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China would be purchasing a 20 percent stake in Standard Bank worth $5.6 billion.14 According to news report on 19th July 2011, a Chinese company
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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2016677/Cameron-warns-Africans-Chinese-invasion-pour-billionscontinent.html#ixzz1Siaxhnii 13 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7086777.stm 14 http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5001&tx_ttnews%5BbackP id%5D=168&no_cache=1

has been given a contract to distribute media content in Kenya. The company obtained the license to distribute digital broadcast signal, giving it control of key strategic infrastructure and role in Kenyas transition to digital broadcasting. China does not have a free press and is notorious for censoring the media, including over the Internet, and restricting civil liberties. Critics have also questioned why local broadcasters have been locked out of the deal despite the fact that the national information and communications technology (ICT) policy published in January 2006, commits the government to promote participation of local investors in companies that own critical telecommunications infrastructure.15 The Chinese insist they are not interested in dominating Africa. Instead China says it seeks a "harmonious world", an evolution of its Cold War search for "peaceful co-existence", and it wants to coax African countries along the path towards development. Instead of top-down aid projects, Chinese companies seek profits in Africa as they bequeath the continent a new infrastructure - one that will more than likely be used to increase trade with China. The Chinese government has claimed in the past that it is not interested in dominating the continent. However, the question remains as to why China has given aid and FDI to this continent without any sanctions on the heated humanitarian issues in Africa. Why? The second question is why the local broadcasters did not receive a licence for distributing the media content. If the Chinese did not have any influence on the governments, whats the underlying reason for this? The third concern would lie on the relationship between the Western world and the Chinese.

After we have looked into these issues, delegates should resolve on resolutions that could and would prevent these from happening. Remember, FSC has the primarily responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.

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Bibliography AGENDA 1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unisfa/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12128080 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14204148 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/12/fighting-sudan-border-unravel-peaceprocess http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39538&Cr=sudan&Cr1= http://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-04-un-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-sudan AGENDA 2 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7086777.stm#map http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/africa/index.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7086777.stm http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2016677/Cameron-warns-Africans-Chinese-invasionpour-billions-continent.html#ixzz1Siaxhnii http://www.nation.co.ke/Tech/Chinese+firm++to+control+media+signal+//1017288/1204310/-/7h4ak/-/index.html http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5001&tx _ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=168&no_cache=1

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