S1CkAGL S1kUC1UkLS

1o cope wlLh Lhe currenL and fuLure demand of Lhe lncreaslng populaLlon for Lhe food gralns lL ls
emphaslzed Lo reduce Lhe loss of seeds durlng and afLer harvesL seeds are sLored for varylng perlods Lo
ensure proper and balanced publlc dlsLrlbuLlon Lhrough ouL Lhe year osL harvesL losses ln lndla are
esLlmaLed Lo be around 10 per cenL of whlch Lhe losses durlng sLorage alone are esLlmaLed Lo be 638
per cenL 8uL wlLh Lhe advenL of lmproved agrlculLural Lechnology Lhe producer can afford Lo sLore Lhe
seeds for longer perlod wlLh mlnlmum loss
lor besL sLorage performance
1 1he produce musL be Lhoroughly cleaned and graded
2 urled Lo Lhe safe sLorage molsLure level of 1012 for cereals and 79 for oll seeds (on weL basls)
for a safe sLorage perlod of 612 monLhs
3 SLorage sLrucLures should Lo be properly repalred cleaned and dlslnfecLed
4 SLrucLures should bear Lhe load of seeds sLored and do noL permlL conLacL/
exchange wlLh ouLslde humld alr
3 SLrucLures should be consLrucLed ln Lhe coolesL parL of Lhe house/ farm

An |dea| storage fac|||ty shou|d sat|sfy the fo||ow|ng requ|rements

1 lL should provlde maxlmum posslble proLecLlon from ground molsLure raln lnsecL
pesLs moulds rodenLs blrds fore eLc
2 lL should provlde Lhe necessary faclllLy for lnspecLlon dlslnfecLlon loadlng unloadlng
cleanlng and recondlLlonlng
3 lL should proLecL graln from excesslve molsLure and LemperaLure favourable Lo boLh
lnsecL and mould developmenL
4 lL should be economlcal and sulLable for a parLlcular slLuaLlon
Seeds can be stored |n bu|k or |n bags
(a) 8u|k (open) storage

lL ls preferred over bag sLorage for Lhe followlng reasons
O arge quanLlLles of food graln can be sLored
O -o dlfflculLy ln loadlng and unloadlng of graln
O -o need Lo purchase sLorage conLalners llke gunnles
O lnsecL lncldence ls less Lhan bag sLorage even Lhls can be ellmlnaLed by fumlgaLlon ln slLu
O volds wasLe from leaklng bags
O asy lnspecLlons saves labour and Llme

8u|k seed storage

(b) 8ag storage
CommodlLles are mosLly sLored ln gunnles SLorage ln bags requlres
conslderable labour buL Lhe mlnlmum lnvesLmenL ls enough on permanenL
sLrucLures and equlpmenL 1he sLorage ln ags has Lhe advanLage of belng
shorLLerm sLorage 8ag sLorage can be done under a roof alvanlzed lron
sheeLs a plasLlc coverlng where graln ls lnLended for very early onward
movemenL 8ags can be easlly handled for markeLlng purpose 1here ls no sweaLlng of bags as Lhey are
arranged ln racks wlLh proper lnLerbag space buL lnlLlal cosL ls hlgh and Lhey can easlly plckup
lnfesLaLlon and reLaln even afLer LreaLmenL
Storage structures used by the farmers are
O Cunny bags of dlfferenL capaclLles (33 30 73 and 100 kg) wlLh or wlLhouL lnslde plasLlc llnlng

O Mud blns havlng 100 1000 kg capaclLy



O 8aked earLhen conLalners of 3 100 kg capaclLy


O ln heaps on flaL floor ln Lhe corner of houses (100 1300 q)


O 8amboo sLrucLures



O Wooded blns


O underground sLrucLures



CCNVLN1ICNAL S1CkAGL S1kUC1UkLS
Structures Make Stored
|tems
Capac|ty kemarks
1 8amboo
sLrucLures
SpllL bamboo woven
ln Lhe form of a
cyllnder wlLh wlde
base and narrow
mouLh
addy
wheaL and
sorghum
300 kg lfe 43 years
WelghL loss due Lo
lnsecL aLLack ls 3 ln
paddy and 13 ln
sorghum
2 Mud and
earLhen
sLrucLures
Clay sLraw and cow
dung 331 arLhen
sLrucLures are made
sun drled and Lhen
burnL ln flre
addy wheaL
sorghumoll seeds
and pulses
3 Lo 10 q lfe 8 10 years
uurlng ralny season
develop cracks and
molsLure absorpLlon
followed by lnsecL and
mould
lnfesLaLlon
3 Wooden
sLrucLures
ocal wood ls
palnLed black L Lhe
Lop 30 cm x 20 cm ln
leL and
aL Lhe boLLom 30 cm
x13cm ouLleL ls
provlded
addy 10 q 13 20 years -elLher
alrLlghL nor molsLure
proof
4 8rlck
sLrucLures
8ecLangular
sLrucLures bullL as
parL of Lhe house
wlLh brlck ln cemenL
or llme morLar
havlng a
wall Lhlckness of 40
30 cm L Lhe Lop 30x
30 cm lnleL and aL
boLLom 13 x13cm
ouLleL ls provlded
addy
sorghum
and wheaL
23 30 q 23 30 years Plgh lnlLlal
cosL noL lnsecL and
molsLure proof
3underground
sLrucLures
Clrcular plLs vary
from 100 400cm ln
depLh and 30 100
cm dla aL neck and
Cereals 100 200 q Safe agalnsL lnsecLs buL
loss of seed vlablllLy and
handllng
dlfflculLles made lL ouL
230 300 cm aL Lhe
boLLom lor fllllng
and empLylng Lhere
ls
an openlng aL Lhe
Lop 8efore fllllng Lhe
sldes and boLLom are
packed wlLh sLraw
and husk fLer fllllng
Lhe plL ls galn
covered
wlLh sLraw and
sLone Lhe flnally
wlLh mud
of daLe

6Mlscellaneous
planL maLerlals
a addy sLraw
b SLem of vlLex
and plgeon pea
sLalks
c 8oLLle gourd
shells
a paddy sLraw ls
wound ln Lhe form of
rope Lo varylng
dlameLer
b sLems wound llke
a bln and boLh sldes
are
plasLered wlLh mud
and cow dung
c empLy shells are
used
addy
oLher
cereals
and pulses
addy and
oLher
cereals
ulses gourd
seeds
30100q


12 q


23 kg
-oL lnsecL and raL
proof

1emporary


Cnly small quanLlLy of
seed loLs
7 MeLal
corrugaLed Cl
sheeLs
SheeLs of abouL 3 m
hlgh are held
verLlcally along one
edge and edges of
Lhe
oLher sheeLs are
overlapped and
bolLed Lo each oLher
1hus
Lhe clrcle wlLh 24 m
dla ls compleLed
wlLh
many such sheeLs
varlous
Lypes of
seeds
vary vary 1emporary

IMkCVLD kUkAL LLVLL S1CkAGL S1kUC1UkLS

1 8|tumen] coa| tar drum

n alLernaLe model of meLal bln low cosL wlLh slmllar Lechnlcal performance 1hese blns are of 320
mm dla and 900 mm helghL 1hey can sLore 13 q of wheaL and 12 q of 8engal gram


2 napur b|n] koth|s

Clrcular blns of 2 3 72 and 10 q capaclLles and have poLenLlal Lo meeL requlremenLs of even large
farmers

3 Uda|pur b|n

1hese blns are made ouL of used coalLar drums 1hese can sLock 13 q of wheaL and malze 1hese blns
can be made Lo have more alrLlghL lld lf Lhe drum ouLleL end ls glven small cuL Lo unload Lhe blLumen
1hese blns are sulLable for sLorlng of food gralns for shorL duraLlon and can be adopLed by small
farmers
4 Stone b|n

SLone bln (ChlLLore bln) ls made of locally avallable 40 mm Lhlck sLone slabs wlLh dlmenslons of 680 mm
x 1200 mm wlLh square crosssecLlon 1he lnleL and ouLleL are made of asbesLos 1hls bln has a capaclLy
of 38 q
8amboo b|n

1hese blns are made of Lwo walls of bamboo wlLh polyLhene llnlng ln beLween and have varylng
capaclLles 1hese blns are sulLable for shorL duraLlon sLorage and can be adopLed by small and
marglnal farmers
6 8aked c|ay b|n

8aked clay bln of 7q capaclLy (paddy) ls made of 16 burnL rlngs [olnLed by mud plasLer cemenL morLar
and cowdung coaLlngs one afLer anoLher 1he ends of Lhe rlngs are made ln such a manner LhaL Lhey flL
lnLo each oLher 1hese rlngs are kepL on a polyLhene sheeL covered and plasLered plaLform of brlck
mansory and cemenL sand morLar n ouLleL ls provlded for Lhe dlscharge of Lhe graln 1he Lop ls
covered wlLh a mlld sLeel lld 8ecause of Lhe low cosL and good performance Lhese are parLlcularly
useful for small and marglnal farmers who do noL sLore Lhelr produce for longer duraLlon
7 kV b|n

Made from green bamboo spllLs lnLo sulLable slzes 1he Lunnel ouLleL flap valve and compleLe sLand can
be fabrlcaLed ln a workshop
8 usa b|n

lL ls a modlflcaLlon of Lhe ordlnary mud sLorage sLrucLure commonly used ln vlllages 1o provlde
molsLure proof and alrLlghL condlLlons polyeLhylene fllm of 700 gauge Lhlckness has been embedded aL
Lhe Lop boLLom and on all Lhe sldes of Lhe mud bln 1he embeddlng process provldes mechanlcal
supporL and safeLy Lo polyeLhylene fllm 1he consLrucLlon of ouLer walls wlLh burnL brlcks up Lo 43 cm
helghL makes Lhe sLrucLure raL proof as well 1he bln ls consLrucLed wlLh unburnL brlcks on burnL brlcks
or concreLe floor Lo avold raL burrowlng 1he graln and seed boLh remaln safe ln Lhe bln for more Lhan
one year wlLh proper precauLlons
9 usa Cub|c|e

1hls ls a room llke sLrucLure ( 393 x 313 x 260 m) a modlflcaLlon of usa bln Lo provlde large sLorage
capaclLy of 24 Lonnes on a plaLform of 373 m x 293 m x 007 m ls made wlLh unburnL brlcks on a
concreLe floor (excepL 22 cm of ouLer sldes wlLh burnL brlcks) polyeLhylene sheeL ls placed on Lhls
plaLform and anoLher plaLform of slmllar dlmenslon ls made wlLh unburnL brlcks 1he 22 cm Lhlck lnner
walls are consLrucLed upLo 26 m helghL wooden frame of 189m x 106 m for door ls flxed ln Lhe fronL
slde of 393 m wall 1he roof can be made by wooden beam placed aL 13 cm dlsLance and covered wlLh
unburnL brlcks
10 usa kothar

resenLly sLorage ls pracLlced ln small comparLmenLs of a room (33 m x 2 m x 4 m) called koLhar 1he
roof ls consLrucLed wlLh Lhe help of wooden poles and mud slabs leavlng near Lhe fronL wall Lhree fllllng
holes each of 03 m x 03 m slze 1wo ouL leLs of Cl sheeLs of 13 cm dla and 30 cm lengLh are flLLed aL
Lhe floor wall on Lhe fronL slde
11 Meta| b|ns

8lns made of sLeel lumlnlum 8CC are used for sLorage of gralns ouLslde Lhe house 1hese blns are flre
and molsLure proof 1he blns have long durablllLy and produced on commerclal scale 1he capaclLy
ranges from 1 Lo 10 Lonnes Sllos are huge blns made wlLh sLeel/ alumlnlum or concreLe usually sLeel
and alumlnlum blns are clrcular ln shape 1he capaclLy of sllo ranges from 300 Lo 4000 Lonnes sllo has
faclllLles for loadlng and unloadlng gralns
S1ACkING

lood gralns have Lo be sLored and preserved on sclenLlflc llnes ln godowns Llll Lhey are lssued Lo
consumer 1e bags conLalnlng food gralns cannoL be [usL dumped lnslde Lhe godown for lL wlll noL
faclllLaLe proper sLorage roper sLacklng ensures free access Lo Lhe sLocks ln all parLs of Lhe godown for
lnspecLlon and helps ln effecLlve dlslnfesLaLlons work Cenerally Lhree meLhods of sLacklng are belng
followed 1 Slmple 2Cross and 3 8lock meLhod
Steps necessary for good storage pract|ce |n respect of a|| food gra|ns

SLored producL pesLs can be managed elLher behavlouraly (Lraps probe Lraps llghL Lraps plLfall
Lraps eLc) or wlLh several prevenLlve and curaLlve measures (boLh chemlcal and nonchemlcal
meLhods) Cnce a faclllLy ls obLalned a number of sLeps are Lo be Laken Lo ensure safe sLorage of gralns
1hese sLeps comprlse
1 8efore storage

Checklng for leakage of raln waLer and sufflclency of dralnage faclllLles
Cleanllness of Lhe faclllLy and envlronmenL
ssessmenL of capaclLy of Lhe faclllLy
esLlcldal LreaLmenL
SecurlLy and flreflghLlng arrangemenLs and
8epalrs Lo avallable equlpmenL
2 After rece|pt of seed

lnspecLlon for varleLy and soundness of quallLy
lnspecLlon carefully for lnfesLaLlon lL any and when presenL for Lype and exLenL
of lnfesLaLlon
lnspecLlon wheLher graln has excess molsLure wheLher lL had been heaLed up ln
earller sLorage and has any musLy or rancld odour
ny graln rendered weL or damaged Lo be segregaLed and salvaged wlLh faclllLles
avallable and check Lhe welghL recelved
3 Dur|ng storage
O MalnLenance of cleanllness
O nsurlng aeraLlon where necessary
O Checklng for leakage afLer ralns
O lnspecLlon for lnsecLs raLs and mlLes aL forLnlghLly lnLervals
O WaLch for advancemenL ln deLerloraLlon lf any
O esLlcldal LreaLmenLs necessarlly based on observaLlons
O nsurlng dlsposal where called for and
O rrangemenL for segregaLlon salvage and processlng wherever damage owlng
O Lo leakage of waLer and oLher causes mlghL have Laken place
SLLD kC1LC1AN1S

Chemlcals LhaL can be dlrecLly applled Lo gralns are formulaLlons of chemlcals havlng resldual Loxlc or
repellenL acLlon or boLh 1hose are applled dlrecLly Lo Lhe graln Lo prevenL damage by sLored producL
pesLs g clay mlnerals (red earLh kaolln) before 1930 -ow Lhelr use ls resLrlcLed only Lo seeds and
gralns meanL for anlmal feed 1hese graln proLecLanLs can be applled ln Lhe form of spray/ dusL on Lhe
unlnfesLed graln
Advantages over fum|gants
O used as a prophylacLlc LreaLmenL
O Can be effecLlve when Lhe gralns are sLored ln loose conLalners where fumlgaLlon ls noL
posslble
O ess dangerous Lhan fumlganLs
O uon'L affecL germlnaLlon adversely
O Cne appllcaLlon aL harvesL Llme ls sufflclenL for one year

Assignment On


Different Types of Seed
Storage Structures








Submitted To: - Submitted By:-
Dr Vijay Kumar Singh Tanay Jaiswal
Assistant Professor 2008AE41BIV