DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FOR MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL.

Monogastric is the digestive system of animal or human with single stomach, Mono= single, gastric= stomach. Monogastric system of digestion is different from Ruminant digestive system because of the way the digestive tract is made up. There are different examples of animal with monogastric digestive system, namely, Pig, Human, Dog, Horse etc. Animal with monogastric digestive system must eat food that are easy to digest while non-ruminant animal can eat much complicated food such as hays and pasture because the can re chew it over a long period of time before going into their digestive tract. The digestive tract of Pig has five main parts, namely The Mouth, The Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine and Large Intestine. Below is the explanation of how the food goes through the Pigs monogastric digestive system.

THE MOUTH: The mouth is where food enters into the digestive system, mechanical breakdown of food begin in the mouth in a process called mastication, after which chemical breakdown also begin in the mouth with the addition of saliva to the food. Three main salivary gland are present in the mouth and these are Parotid, Mandibular and Sublingual glands. These salivary gland excrete a very low level of amylase, which hydrolyses starch to maltose. Once the food is masticated and mixes with the saliva, these will now be pass on to the Oesophagus.

OESOPHAGUS: Oesophagus can best be described as a transporter of food from the mouth to the stomach, the Oesophagus wall propelled food into the stomach by using muscular contraction called peristaltic waves. Oesophagus functions in Ruminant is different from the Monogastric animal in the sense that the Oesophagus function in Ruminant is bidirectional which allow the food to pass back into the mouth for further chewing(chewing the cud) but Oesophagus function is uni directional because food only travel one way and thats from the mouth into the stomach.

THE STOMACH: The stomach is the muscular organ, responsible for storage, initiating the breakdown of nutrient and responsible for passing the digesta further down the digestive system into the small intestine. Its like a reaction chamber where chemicals are added to the food, hydrochloric acid and enzymes are secreted inside the stomach wall and they help in breaking down the food into small particles of Carbohydrates, Protein and fats. Some of these are absorbs into the blood stream while the one that cannot be absorb are passed on to the small intestine through the Pyloric Valve. The Stomach has four distinct parts namely, Oesophageal, which is located at the entrance of the stomach, part of the stomach is where mucus is secreted and mixed with the digested food. Fundic is the first major part of the stomach where digestive process takes place, it is where hydrochloric acid is secreted by Gastric glands which will result in a low pH of 1.5 to 2.5, It is where Pepsinogen is also broken down by hydrochloride acids to become pepsin that his involves with the breakdown of protein and lastly the Pyloric Region which is responsible for secreting mucus that protect the digestive membrane from damage from the low pH digesta as it passes into the small intestine.

SMALL INTESTINE:

Small intestine is the elongated tube running from the Abomasum to the Large intestine, Small intestine in Ruminant is always about 20 times longer than the host animal, quiet a big amount of digestion and absorption of both the nutrient and water take place inside the small intestine, Nutrient molecules are broken down into nutrient blocks by the enzymes inside the small intestine it is inside the small intestine that protein are broken down into Amino acid, fats are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerids, nucleic Acids into Nucleotides. It has three regions namely, The Duodenum, which takes in secreted material through the duct from the liver and pancreas which they are then used to digest fat and acids from the stomach. The Jejunum, whose lining is used for the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins. Much of the absorption of food takes place in the Jejunum. The Ileum, whose primary job is the absorption of vitamin B12, bile salt and any vitamin that were not absorb by the Jejunum. It has a valve called the Ileocaecal valve which is located

at the point where Ileum join the Large intestine and it prevent food and any material flowing back into the large intestine.

LARGE INTESTINE. The Large intestine absorb water from any material passing through it , Cecum, Colon and Rectum make up the large intestine, Much of the large intestine is taken up by Colon and it is actively involved in the active transportation of Sodium and the absorption of water happen here by Osmosis.by the digested water it contains. Bacteria also grow and reproduce in Colons environment. These bacteria produce the vitamin which the animal need for growth and health. It is also where the undigested and unabsorbed material exits the intestine in form of faeces through the rectum and anus.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FOR RUMINANT ANIMAL.

(University of Minnesota, 1996)

Ruminant livestock are described as animal that have unique digestive system that allow them to use energy from fibrous plant material better than any other herbivores (Parish, Rivera, & Boland, 2009) The Ruminant Swallow grass and other roughage with little or no chewing, which goes through their oesophagus directly to the Rumen, The bi-directional function of their oesophagus allow them to regurgitate their cud for further chewing if needed before swallowing the cud again and passing it into the Reticulum. There are different

species of ruminant animal which include Camel, Cattle, sheep goat etc., These animal have a digestive system that is different from Human (Monogastric) digestive system. There are lot of things with different functions that aids the digestive tract namely MOUTH: The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract, it is used to harvest grass during grazing and also use to eat any roughage or harvested feed with the aid of their tongue which is wrapped round the plant, roughage or harvested feed to tear for consumption. Mechanically function occur in the mouth by the process of mastication with the aid of their premolars and molars teeth which are matched between their upper and lower jaws, these are used to crush and grind plant material/roughage during the initial chewing and rumination with the aid of their saliva which contain enzymes which aids in breakdown of starch and fat and also involves in the nitrogen recycling to the rumen. OESOPHAGUS: Oesophagus can best be described as a transporter of food from the mouth to the stomach, the Oesophagus wall propelled food into the stomach by using muscular contraction called peristaltic waves. The Oesophagus has a bi directional function which allows ruminant to regurgitate their cud for further chewing. It has 2 sphincters which open to allow food and liquid to pass into the stomach, the lower sphincter also help prevent reflux.

RUMEN: The rumen can be described as an enormous space filled with chewed, half- chewed material which the cow has ingested, swallowed, regurgitated and swallowed again (Caceci, 2008), the rumen is one of the stomach compartment found in ruminant animal and it allows ruminant animal to digest cellulose, Rumen is the first of the forestomach chambers, with capacity to store and process up to 95 litre of undigested food.. It contain billion of bacteria and other microbes which produce the enzymes that digest cellulose into sugar and volatile fatty acids which rumen need to start the fermentation of protein and carbohydrates. The

inside of the Rumen is partially divided into 2 chambers by muscular pillar and within each chamber is a diverticulum and this allow the rumen to distribute the weight of the content of the rumen, the liquid chamber is at the bottom while the gas chamber is at the top, there is a fibre sheave dividing upper and the bottom part of the rumen, the bottom part with its liquid content has regular contraction that normally start at the bottom left of the rumen and when this happens, the wall of the rumen contract and push the water and any other food that is small enough through the reticulum and into the Omasun and the food that are too big to go through the reticulum into Omasun back into the mouth through the Oesophagus to be further chewed.

RETICULUM: The Reticulum is partially separated from the Rumen by the reticular fold and this allows mixing between the 2 compartments. The content of the reticulum are mix by the contraction of the Rumen wall there by allowing the food and water particles that are small enough to go through the reticulum wall into the Omasun through the reticulo-omasal orifice, while starting the regurgitation of half chewed food back into the Oesophagus, It also act as a collection centre for foreign object like metal, nail or even binding wire from the nail.Infact, it can be describe as the pathway to the Oesophagus, Rumen and the Omasun.

THE OMASUN:

Omasun is connected to the reticulum by short tunnel, it is called many piles, it contains numerous laminae (Tissue leaves), The Omasun wall is highly folded with a large surface area that allows for efficient absorption of water and salts that is being released from the partially digested feeds and water being passed through the Omasun into the Abomasum.

THE ABOMASUN:

Abomasum is the true stomach of a ruminant and it is very similar to the stomach of a monogastric animal. The abomasum is a secretory stomach which means that the cells in its wall produce hydrochlorides acid and digestive enzymes such as pepsin and receive digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas such as pancreatic lipase. These help prepare protein for absorption in to the intestine. The pH in the abomasum generally ranges from 3.5 TO 4.0. Mucous, which is being secreted by chief cell in the abomasum protect abomasal wall from acid damage.

SMALL INTESTINE:

Small intestine is the elongated tube running from the Abomasum to the Large intestine, Small intestine in Ruminant is always about 20 times longer than the host animal, quiet a big amount of digestion and absorption of both the nutrient and water take place inside the small intestine, Nutrient molecules are broken down into nutrient blocks by the enzymes inside the small intestine it is inside the small intestine that protein are broken down into Amino acid, fats are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerids, nucleic Acids into Nucleotides. It has three regions namely, The Duodenum, which takes in secreted material through the duct from the liver and pancreas which they are then used to digest fat and acids from the stomach. The Jejunum, whose lining is used for the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins. Much of the absorption of food takes place in the Jejunum.

The Ileum, whose primary job is the absorption of vitamin B12, bile salt and any vitamin that were not absorb by the Jejunum. It has a valve called the Ileocaecal valve which is located at the point where Ileum join the Large intestine and it prevent food and any material flowing back into the large intestine.

LARGE INTESTINE. The Large intestine absorb water from any material passing through it , Cecum, Colon and Rectum make up the large intestine, Much of the large intestine is taken up by Colon and it is actively involved in the active transportation of Sodium and the absorption of water happen here by Osmosis.by the digested water it contains. Bacteria also grow and reproduce in Colons environment. These bacteria produce the vitamin which the animal need for growth and health. It is also where the undigested and unabsorbed material exits the intestine in form of faeces through the rectum and anus.

DIGESTION OF CARBONHYDRATES, PROTEIN, FATS AND UTILISATION IN RUMINANT ANIMAL.

The digestion of Carbohydrate in Ruminant animal like Cow takes place inside the Rumen,