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Ship Design I
Manuel Ventura MSc in Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture
Historical Origin
The bulbous bow was originated in the bow ram (esporo), a structure of military nature utilized in war ships on the end of the XIXth century, beginning of the XXth century.
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The bulbous bow was allegedly invented in the David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) in the EUA
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These wave systems are generated both forward and aft The interference between these wave systems originates the characteristic bumps and hollows, as a function of the ratio (Vs/Lwl) of the ship.
Bulbous Bow
Wave Resistance
The wave system generated by the bulb interferes with the wave system of the ship. The length of the bulb defines the phase of interference and its volume determines the width of its wave system.
Bulbous Bow
The bulbous bow, by changing the entrance angles of the waterlines and the volume distribution, represents an effective mean of reducing the wave resistance Some authors (Wigley) limit the usefulness of the bulb to the interval 0.238 Fn 0.563 The bulb shape must be adjusted to the design conditions: Generally at low speeds the effect of the bulb is negative. When the Froude Number (FN) increases, its effect becomes positive and increases up to a maximum value. From this point upwards, when the FN tends to the infinity, the effect of the bulb tends to zero.
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C BB =
BB B
Breadth Coefficient
C LPR =
LPR LPP
C ZB =
ZB TFP
C ABT =
ABT AMS
C ABL =
CVPR =
ABL AMS
VPR
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Type
Examples
More common V shaped hulls Clearly defined loaded and ballasted draughts
Application
Observations
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C ABT = 40 FN 3.5
Typical values of CABT
General Cargo Bulk Carriers Tankers 7 10% 9 12% 10 14%
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NOTES: The values from the table can be applied to bulbs with approx. ZB/T = 0.45. For higher or lower values, the coefficients shall be increased or reduced by 0.1% for each 0.01 difference, respectively.
Calc Fn
Calc Cabt Similar ships 0.35 < (Zb/T) < 0.55 Estimate (Zb/T)
Abt
Zb
Lpp/B, Cb Table Calc Cbb Design load condition Similar ship Calc Clpr Lpr Bb
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The waterlines at the bulb extremity should have a thin shape but not circular, to avoid the flow separation The bulb is advantageous in ice navigation the ice blocks slide along the bulb with their wet side, which has a lower friction coefficient
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Combined representation of the wave profile, the distribution of the hydrodynamic pressure (colors) and of the flow lines
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The figure shows two different bulbs, the one PS much larger than the SB. The contours on the hull represent the gradients of the dynamic pressure
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It can be concluded from the figure that the side of the smallest bulb has larger crests and deeper caves, resulting in a larger resistance
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Example of a bulb of addition, with a knuckle in the intersection with the hull.
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Bulb integrated and bulb of addition, with knuckle, avoiding a stem with a component in cast steel (Lamb, 1986 ).
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Adding a Bulb
Bibliography (1)
Alvarino, Ricardo; Azproz, Juan Jos e Meizoso, Manuel (1997), El Proyecto Bsico del Buque Mercante, Fundo Editorial de Ingeniera Naval, Colegio de Ingenieros Navales. Chen, P-F, Huang, C-H, Fang, M-C, Chou, J-H (2006), An Inverse Design Approach in Determining the Optimal Shape of Bulbous Bow with Experimental Verification, Journal of Ship Research, Vol.50, No.1, pp.1-14. (CD-ROM#41) Couch and Moss (????), Application of Large Protruding Bulbs to Ships of High Block Coefficient, SNAME Transactions. Hoyle, Cheng, Hays, Johnson and Nehring (????), A Bulbous Bow Design Methodology for High-Speed Ships, SNAME Transactions. Kracht (1970), A Theoretical Contribution to the Wave-Resistance Problem of Ship-Bulb Combinations: Verification of the Negativeness of the Interaction Term, Journal of Ship Research, March.
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Bibliography (2)
Kracht (1978), Design of Bulbous Bows, SNAME Transactions. Kyriazis, Georgios (1996), Bulbous Bow Design Optimization for Fast Ships, MSc Thesis, MIT. (CD-ROM#70) Lamb, Thomas (1986), Engineering for Ship Production, SNAME. Lee, K.J. and Sarath, E.S. (2005), "Optimized Design of Hull Form and Bulbous Bow for ULCS", Proceedings of The Fifteenth (2005) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Seoul, Korea. Prez, Francisco; Surez, Jos A.; Clemente, Juan A. and Souto, Antonio (2007), "Geometric Modelling of Bulbous Bows with the use of Non-Uniform Rational B-spline Surfaces", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol.12, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 83-94. Sharma, R. and Sha, O.P. (2005), "Practical Hydrodynamic Design of Bulbous Bows for Ships", Naval Engineers Journal, Vol.117, No.1, pp.57-76.
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Bibliography (3)
Smith and Salvesen (1970), Comparison of Ship-Motion Theory and Experiment for Destroyer with Large Bulb, Journal of Ship Research, March 1970. Yim, B. (1974), A Simple Design Theory and Method for Bulbous Bows of Ships, Journal of Ship Research, Vol.18, No.3, pp.141-152.
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Bow shape patented by EcoShip Engineering based on studies done at HSVA Presents a low resistance in ice and simultaneously a low resistance in open waters
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