MOUNT ZOIN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CYCLE TEST II MEDICAL ELECTRONIC-EC1006

Part A 1. Define circulatory system It is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and digested food to different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the blood. The heart is the center of the circulatory system. 2.Classify the pacemakers Fixed rate pacemakers. Ventricular Synchronous pacemakers Demand pacemakers Atrial Synchronous pacemakers 3.Different methods of stimulation

External stimulation, internal stimulation

4.What is a Defibrillator? A defibrillator is an electronic device that creates a sustained myocardial depolarization of a patient heart in order to stop ventricular fibrillation or artial fibrillation. 5.What is frequency scaling?

The procedure of converting a cutoff frequency to a new cutoff frequency is called frequency scaling
6. What is meant by radiopill? The person swallows the pill and as it passes through the body it gives off information about the digestive system. 7.Properties of x-rays X-rays are electromagnetic waves. X-rays are similar to light and sound waves. X-rays is propagated in straight line 8.What are the characteristics of a DC amplifier? It may need balanced differential inputs giving a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). It should have extremely good thermal and long term stability 9.What are the types of biotelemetry? Single channel telemetry system Multi channel telemetry system 10What are the applications of X-ray? Skeletal structure Respiratory organs Bronchial carcinoma Circulatory organ Digestive organs

Part B 11 a i. Describe the cardiac pacemaker and explain their importance Pacemaker is an electrical pulse generator for starting and/or maintaining the normal heart beat. The output of the pacemaker is applied either externally to the chest or internally to the heart muscle. In the case of cardiac stand still, the use of the pacemaker is temporary - just long enough to start a normal heart rhythm. But in the case requiring long term pacing, the pacemaker is surgically implanted in the body and its electrodes are in direct contact with the heart. electrodes In cardiac diseases, where the ventricular rate is too low, it can be increased to normal rate by using pacemaker. By fixing the artificial electronic pacemaker, the above defects in the heart can be eliminated. he The typical ranges of parameters of the pacemakers available today are, 1 Pulse rate - 25 - 155 pulses per minute 2 Pulse width - 0.1 - 2.3 milliseconds 3 Pulse amplitude - 2.5 - 10 volts 4 Battery capacity - 0.44 - 3.2 amp-hours 5 Longevity - 3.5 - 18 yea years 6 End-of-life indicator - 2 - 10% dropin pulse rate 7 Weight - 33 - 98 grams 8 Size - 22 - 80 cm3 9 Encapsulization - Silicon rubber, stainless steel, titanium

. ii. Explain the ventricular synchronous pacemaker Ventricular synchronised pacemaker can be used only for patients with short periods of AV block or bundle block. This pacemaker does not compete with the normal heart activity. A single transverse electrode placed in the right ventricle senses both R wave as well as delivers the stimulation so, no separate sensing electrode is required. n

Electrodes placed in the right ventricules of heart. This electrode is used to sene the R R-wave. If ventricular contractions are absent,then this pacemaker provide the impluse.This type of pacemaker does nt complete with the normal heart activity. The electrode is used to detect the heart rate and it is given to the amplifier and filter circuit. Disadvantages: 1. There may be competition between the natural heart beats and pacemaker beats 2. Using the fixed rate pacemaker, the heart rate cannot be increased to match greater physical effort.

defibrillator. 11.b i. Explain with a neat diagram, the working principle of D.C. defibrillator The output of the autotransformer is fed as input to a step up transformer to produce high voltage step-up with a rms value of about 8000 V. wave A half-wave rectifier rectifies this high AC voltage to obtain DC voltage, which charges the capacitor C. The voltage to which C is charged is determined by the autotransformer in the primary circuit. A series resistance, Rs, limits the charging current to protect the components. An AC voltmeter across the primary is calibrated to indicate the energy stored in the capacitor.

Five times the RC time constant circuit is required to reach 99% of a full charge-a value it should reach in 10 seconds, which means that the time constant must be less than 2 s. With the electrodes firmly placed at appropriate positions on the chest, the clinician or technician discharges the capacitor by momentarily changing the switch S from position 1 to position 2.

Fig:DC defibrillator circuit

ii.Explain with a neat diagram, the working principle of A.C. defibrillator Although mechanical methods like chest massage for defibrillation have been tried for years, the most successful method of defibrillation is the application of electric shock to the area of the heart which makes all the heart muscle fibres enter their refractory period together after which normal heart action may resume. One of the earliest forms of an electrical defibrillator is the AC defibrillator, which applies several cycles of alternating current to the heart from the power line through a step-up transformer. To achieve defibrillation with internal electrodes placed on the surface of the heart (in open heart surgery), voltage ranging from 80 to 300V rms is required. When external electrodes are used on the chest, voltages of twice the value are required. The transformer must be capable of supplying 4 to 6 amperes current during the stimulus period

Disadvantages: 1. There are many disadvantages in using AC defibrillators. 2. Successive attempts to correct ventricular fibrillation are often required. 3. AC defibrillator cannot be successfully used to correct atrial fibrillation.

12 a. i.Explain the block diagram of a bio-telemetry system. Discuss its design

Bio-telemetry is the measurement of biological parameters over long distance. For conveying biological information from a living organism and its environment to a different location where this can be record Elements of Biotelemetry Systems: The transducer converts the biological variable into an electrical signal. The signal conditioner amplifies and modifies this signal for effective transmission. The transmission line connects the signal input blocks to the read-out device by wire or wireless means.

Fig: Block diagram of a bio-telemetry system telemetry ii. Explain the subcarrier biotelemetry system For a single channel telemetry system, a miniature battery operated radio transmitter is connected to the electrodes of the patients. The transmitter broadcast the biopotential to a remote place in which the receiver detects the radio signal and recovers signal for futher processing adio processing. Biosignal from the patient is converted into electrical signal by the transducer. They are amplifier and filter at the conditioner. They are transmitted by transmitter antenna.

12.b Difference between Radiography and fluoroscopy

12.b.ii.Differences between Internal and External Pacemaker

13.a. What is radiopill? Explain Radio pill: Radio pill when swallowed, will travel the GI tract (Gastrointestinal tract) and simultaneously perform multiparameter in physiological analysis. After completing its mission it will come out of the human body by normal bowel movement. The pill is 10mm in diameter and 30mm long weighing around 5gm and records parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in real time. The pill comprises an outer biocompatible capsule encasing micro sensors, a control chip, radio transmitter and two silver-oxide cells. INSIDE THE CAPSULE: The schematic diagram of the microelectronic pill is as shown in figure below. The outer casing of the pill is made by machining chemically resistant polyetheterketone, which is biocompatible. It is made up of two halves, which are joined together by screwing. The pill houses a PCB chip carrier that acts as a common platform for attachment of, 1. sensors, 2. application- specific integrated circuit (ASIC), 3. radio transmitter and 4. batteries

Radio transmitter: The size of the transmitter is 8x5x3mm. The transmission range is one meter and the modulation scheme frequency shift keying has a data rate of 1 kbps. The transmitter is designed to operate at a transmission frequency of 40.01 MHz at 20C generating a signal of 10KHz bandwidth. Power consumption: Two SR44 Ag2O batteries are used, which provide an operating time of more than 40 hours of the microsystem. The power consumption of the system is around 12.1mW and current consumption is around 3.9mA at 3.1V supply. The ASIC and sensor consume 5.3mW corresponding to 1.7mA of current and the free running radio transmitter consumes 6.8mW at 2.2mA of current. Range of measurement: The microsystem can measure, 1. Temperature from 0 to 70C, 2. pH from 1 to 13, 3. Dissolved oxygen up to 8.2mg/litre, 4. Conductivity from 0.05 to 10 ms.cm-1( s=siemens).

13.b. How X-rays are generated using X-ray machine X-rays are produced whenever electrons collide at very high speed with matter and thus suddenly stopped. The energy possessed by the electrons appears from the site of the collision as a parcel of energy in the form of highly penetrating electromagnetic waves (X-rays) of many different wavelengths which together form a continuous spectrum. X-rays are produced in a specially constructed glass tube which basically comprises 1. A Source for the production of electrons 2. A Energy source to accelerate the electrons 3. A free electron path 4. A means of focusing the electron beam 5. A device to stop the electrons. The two types of X-ray tubes are, 1. Stationary mode tube 2. Rotating Anode tube Stationary Anode tube: An X-ray tube is basically a high vaccum diode in which electrons are generated by thermionic emission from the filament of the tube. The electron stream is electrostatically focused on the anode by means of a suitably shaped cathode cup.

The intensity of X-rays depends on the current through the tube. This current can be varied by varying the heater current, which in turn controls the cathode temperature. The wavelength of the Xrays depends on the target material and the velocity of the electrons hitting the target. It can be varied by varying the target voltage of the tube.

X-ray machine: Block Diagram and operation of an X

1.multitap ac line autotransformer 2.X-ray tube filament circuit and transformer ray 3.X-ray tube high-voltage circuit, transformer, bridge rectifier voltage 4.Timing circuit

14 a. Explain Electro diagnostic stimulator

Free running multivibrator is used to set the basic diagnostic stimulator. The output of free running multivibrator is given to pulse width circuit. Pulse width circuit is used to set certain pulse width. The output of pulse width circuit can produce expon exponential progressive current. Faradic current and surged current are modulated by the frequency given by free running oscillator.

Advantage of constant current Current flow is maintained as a constant one.So, it is not varied during the treatment. Very small micro voltage between electrodes and skin will not affect the treatment because, constant current is provided.

14.b.i . Explain the application of biotelemetry In many situations, it becomes necessary to monitor physiological events from a distance. To quote a few applications are, 1. Radio frequency transmissions for monitoring the health of astronauts in space. 2. Patient monitoring in an ambulance and in other locations away from the hospital. 3. Collection of medical data from home or office. 4. Patient monitoring, where freedom of movement is desired, such as in obtaining an exercise ECG. (In this instance, the requirement of trailing wires is cumbersome and dangerous). 5. Research on unrestrained and unanesthetized animals in their natural habitat. 6. Use of telephone links for the transmission of ECGs or other medical data. 7. Special internal techniques, such as measuring pH or pressure in the gastrointestinal tract. 8. Isolation of an electrically susceptible patient from power-line operated ECG equipment, to protect him from accidental shock.

ii. Physiological parameters adaptable to biotelemetry. Based on the hardware systems, measurements can be applied to two categories: 1. Bioelectrical Parameters, such as ECG, EEG and EMG. 2. Physiological variables that require transducers such as blood pressure, gastrointestinal pressure, blood flow and temperatures. Bioelectric Parameters: (such as ECG, EMG and EEG) The signal is obtained directly in electrical form. One example is ECG telemetry - the transmission of ECGs from an ambulance or site of emergency to a hospital. A cardiologist at the hospital can immediately interpret the ECG, instruct the trained rescue team in their emergency resuscitation procedures and arrange for any special treatment that may be necessary upon the patients arrival at the hospital. In this application, the telemetry to the hospital is supplemented by two-way voice communication. Physiological variables: The physiological parameters are measured as a variation of resistance, capacitance or inductance. The differential signal obtained from these variations can be calibrated to represent pressure flow, temperature and so on.

15.a Write briefly about the power sources used for implantable type of pacemaker Mercury cell The life time of mercury cell is 2-3 year. Lithium cell It is one of the mostly widely used. It has the life span of more than 5 year. Rechargeable battery Rechargeable battery is not widely used. Nuclear cell High voltage nuclear cell Low voltage nuclear cell

Nuclear cell A fuel cell is electrochemical device, which directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel oxidation reaction into electrical energy.

15.b With a block diagram, explain the instrumentation system for radioisotope procedures The pulses from the photomultiplier tube are amplified and shortened before they are passed to through the pulse height analyzer. A timer and gate allow the pulses that occur in a set time interval to be counted by means of a scaler (decimal counter with readout). A rate meter (frequency meter) shows the rate of the pulses. Based on the reading of the rate meter, the detector can be aimed towards the location of maximal radioactivity and the pulse-height analyzer can be set in the range where it passes all the pulses from the particular isotope used. In an automatic system, for the measurement of radioactivity in "in vitro" samples an automatic sample changer arm (right) selects test tube containing the samples from a carousel and drops them into a counting well. The number of radioactive disintegrations measured over a preselected time interval is printed out on the printer. The principle of the collimated scintillation detector can be used to visualize the spatial distribution of radioisotopes in a body organ. In a radioisotope scanner, the detector is slowly moved over the area to be examined in a zigzag fashion. A recording mechanism attached to the mounting arm of the detector produces a plot of the distribution of the radioactivity.