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Smart Dust

Smart Dust

SC IENT INSTITUTE OF TEC HNOLOGY

v.v.n.kalyan p.karthik

klyn123@gmail.com

mobile: 9885899397

Abstract

The Smart Dust aims to explore the limits of system miniaturization by packing an autonomous
sensing, computing, communication node into a cubic millimeter mote that will form the basis of
massive distributed sensor networks, thus demonstrating that a complete system can be
integrated into 1mm3.Because of the discreet size, substantial functionality, connectivity, and
expected low cost, Smart Dust will enable entirely new methods of interacting with the
environment, providing more information from more places in a less intrusive way than ever
before. Some examples of applications that we are stated include defense networks that could be
rapidly deployed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), tracking the movements of smallest
creatures, fingertip accelerometer virtual keyboards, monitoring environmental conditions that
affect crops and livestock, inventory control, product quality monitoring, smart office spaces, and
interfaces for the disabled. Smart Dust will require both evolutionary and revolutionary advances
in miniaturization, integration, and energy management.

1. Introduction

Incredible as it seems, scientists for the first time are creating tiny computerized sensors the size
of specks of dust that can be scattered into the air and send back information - in the future, even
pictures - as they float back to Earth.

Micro-electro-mechanical Systems, or MEMS, are integrated micro devices or systems combining


electrical and mechanical components. They are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC ) batch
processing techniques and can range in size from micrometers to millimeters. These systems can
sense, control and actuate on the micro scale, and function individually or in arrays to generate
effects on the macro scale.

MEMS is an enabling technology and current applications include accelerometers, pressure,


chemical and flow sensors, micro-optics, optical scanners, and fluid pumps. Due to the enabling
nature of MEMS and because of the significant impact they can play on the commercial and
defense markets, industry and the federal government have taken special interest in seeing
growth nurtured in this field.

In the most general form, MEMS consist of mechanical microstructures, micro sensors, micro
actuators and electronics integrated in the same environment (i.e. on a silicon chip).
Miniaturization of mechanical systems promises unique opportunities for new directions of
scientific and technological progress. MEMS are not only about miniaturization of mechanical
systems; they are also a new paradigm for designing mechanical devices and systems. The micro
fabrication technology enables fabrication of large arrays of devices, which individually perform
simple tasks but in combination can accomplish complicated functions. The field of solid-state
transducers traditionally has been application driven and technology-limited, and it has emerged
as an interdisciplinary field involving many areas of science and engineering. Micro actuators and
MEMS in general, have followed a similar trend.

Imagine fully functional sensor circuits so small and inexpensive that you could afford to scatter
thousands into an area of interest to sense local conditions or to detect the presence and
movement of chemicals, vehicles, or even humans. These small circuits, collectively referred to
as SMART DUST, are part of a new vision of tiny elements that combine sensing, computing, and
communications. Although today's technology has not yet reached dust-particle size, several
design teams, including the military, are working hard to perfect the concept and decrease the
size. Some of their long-term dreams include intravenous circuits that seek out and attack cancer
cells and networked sensors that are dropped from an airplane and then report troop and vehicle

locations in a battlefield situation.

The initial smart-dust concept has been credited to researchers at the University of C alifornia —
Berkeley . Their idea was to miniaturize conventional sensors and unite them with wireless-
communications technology to form dynamic, self-organizing network devices that can deliver a
stream of data from each of the sensors. C ombining the data from individual sensors produces a
big-picture view of the environment. Recognizing the military potential, DARPA funded the
university and other researchers to advance the smart-dust concept with both hardware and
software projects.

The objective of smart-dust devices, or MOTES, as they have been aptly nicknamed, is to
integrate the sensor, power-supply, computing, and communications functions into a single silicon
platform that can collect, analyze, and store data and then create an intelligent response. Sensors
may include one or more temperature, pressure, vibration, acceleration, light, magnetic, or
acoustic devices. Some of the more sophisticated sensors also include the ability to perform
chemical analysis to identify airborne or liquid substances.

2. What is smart dust?

A single particle of a smart dust is known as a mote. The "mote" concept creates a new way of
thinking about computers. It aims to build a self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and
communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network, which would contain sensors,
computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power supply, while being
inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds.

But the basic idea is pretty simple:

• The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power computer.

• The computer monitors one or more sensors. It is easy to imagine all sorts of sensors,
including sensors for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight,
pressure, humidity, etc. Not all mote applications require sensors, but sensing applications are
very common.

• The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. The most common radio links
allow a mote to transmit at a distance of something like 10 to 200 feet (3 to 61 meters). Power
consumption, size and cost are the barriers to longer distances.

The transmission is carried out using microscopic devices known as micro electro-mechanical
system(MEMS) which are the integral part of these motes and are responsible for all the electrical
conversions taking place in the mote.

It relies on the convergence of three technologies: digital circuitry, laser-driven wireless


communications, and MEMS to pack enough equipment into a space no more than one or two
cubic millimeters in size.

3. Structure of a mote

Each smart dust particle is technically known as a mote. The structure and construction is a very
complex mechanism and is done considering a variety of parameters like application, life span,
medium of action,etc.

To create the smart dust, researchers use chemicals to etch one side of a porous silicon chip,
similar to the chips used in computers, generating a colored mirrored surface with tiny pores.
They make this porous surface water repellent, or hydrophobic, by allowing a chemical that is
hydrophobic to bind to it. They then etch the other side of the chip to create a porous reflective
surface of a different color and expose the surface to air so it becomes hydrophilic, or attractive
to water.

On the left is a cubic millimeter device with a sensor, power supply, analog circuitry, bidirectional
optical communication, and a programmable microprocessor. On the right is a C MOS ASIC with
an optical receiver, charge pump, and simple digital controller.

Using vibrations, the chip can be broken into the size of the diameter of a human hair. Each piece
is now a tiny sensor with opposite surfaces that are different colors. One side attracts water, while
the other side repels water and attracts oily substances.

When added to water, the "dust" will align with the hydrophilic side facing the surface of the water
and the hydrophobic side facing toward the air. If a drop of an oily substance enters the water,
the dust surrounds the drop with the hydrophobic side facing inward. In addition to this alignment,
which will occur in the presence of any substance that is insoluble in water, a slight color change
occurs in the hydrophobic mirror. The degree of this color change depends on the identity of the
insoluble substance. The color change occurs as some of the oily liquid enters the tiny pores on
the hydrophobic side of the particle.

Drop of oil surrounded by smart dust particles in a beaker of water.

As the particle comes in contact with the oil drop, some of the
liquid from the target is absorbed into it. The liquid only wicks
into the regions of the particle that have been modified
chemically. The presence of the liquid in the pores causes a
predictable change in the color code, signaling to the outside
observer that the correct target has been located.

The hydrophilic side of the chip behaves in a similar way; it


changes color according to the identity of the hydrophilic
liquid it contacts. While each individual particle is too small to
observe the color code, the collective behavior of the particles
facilitates the detection of the signal.

The dual-sided particles have the additional benefit of being


able to collect at a target and then self-assemble into a larger,
more visible reflector. The tendency of these particles to
clump together will therefore enable us to use this technology
for remote-sensing applications. The cost of motes has been
dropping steadily. Prices range from $50 to $100 each today,
and Pister anticipates that they will fall to $1 within five years.
[1]

D ust components

• Thick film battery: 1mm^3, 1 J storage

• Power capacitor: 0.25mm^3, 1uJ storage

• Solar cell: 1x1x0.1mm^3, 0.1mW generation

• C MOS controller: 1x1x0.1mm^3

• Sensor: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3

• Passive C C R comm: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3, 10kbps, 1uW, 1km

• Active laser comm: 1x0.5x0.1mm^3, 1Mbps, 10mW, 10km

• Total volume: < 1.5 mm^3

• Total mass: < 5 mgm

The vision is to build miniature devices that can move with ease through a tiny environment, such
as a vein or an artery, to specific targets, then locate and detect chemical or biological
compounds and report this information to the outside world.

Berkeley developers recently tested a single-chip version of the Berkeley mote, nicknamed
"spec." The 2×2.5-mm chip includes a RISC core, 3 kbytes of memory, an 8-bit ADC , a radio
transmitter, an RS-232-compatible UART, and 4-bit I/O ports . The team demonstrated reliable
communications over a range of more than 40 ft at a data rate of 19,200 kbps. The chip requires
only five external components: a 4-MHz oscillator, a 15-nH inductor, a 32-kHz crystal, a power
source, and an antenna. With production costs of less than 50 cents, the chip is a major step
toward the smart-dust vision.

63 mm3 bi-directional communication mote

4. Components

So what does smart dust consist of? The team has already experimented with macro and micro-
motes, large-scale demonstrator projects using commercially available devices to test the
concepts. It is now working on a series of circuit and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
designs to cast those functions into custom silicon.

They have included autonomous subsystems to ease control of the A/D converter, receiver and
transmitter.

Power

Batteries can store about 1J of energy per cubic millimeter. Solar cells can provide approximately
100µW/sq cm in bright sunlight and more than 100nW in the same area in average room lighting.
Devices that scavenge energy from ambient vibrations can gather nano-watts per cubic
millimeter.

Given that a cubic millimeter battery can store 1J and could be backed up with a solar cell or
vibration energy source, smart dust motes could run for years.[3]

Optical receiver

The receiver senses incoming laser


transmissions at up to 1Mbit/s, for a power consumption of 12µW. Although this is too high for
continuous use in smart dust, it is a reasonable figure for the download of small amounts of data
such as a 1Kbit program.

Data Transmission

The team is exploring a passive system which draws on the ancient Greek concept of the
heliograph — a mirror or highly polished surface that glints in the sunlight to send messages
across long distances. For smart dust, the team is using corner cube retro-reflectors (C C Rs) built
using MEMS techniques. C C Rs are produced by placing three mirrors at right angles to each other
to form the corner of a box that has been silvered inside.

The key property of a C C R is that light entering it is reflected back along the path it entered on.
For the smart dust system, the C C R is being built on a MEMS process with the two vertical sides
being assembled by hand. When a light is shone into the C C R, it reflects back to the sending
position. By modulating the position of one of the mirrors, the reflected beam can be modulated,
producing a low-energy passive transmission

Analog-digital converter (adc)

The fourth major part of this smart dust demonstrator is the analog-digital converter (ADC ). An
8bit ADC , has so far demonstrated an input range of 1V, equal to the power supply, and a 70kHz
sampling rate. The converter draws 1.8µW when sampling at that rate, or 27pJ for an 8bit sample.
It is claimed a simple modification can bring this down to 10pJ/sample and that the ADC 's off
power consumption is too small to measure.

In a further bid for energy efficiency, the converter has been designed with a successive
approximation architecture so that it can deliver any number of bits of accuracy up to the
maximum eight. This means that in situations such as thresholding, further energy can be saved.

The team is looking at a two-chip solution which separates the control circuitry from the MEMS
and sensor arrays. One chip will have the micro-controller, memory, ADC , optical receiver and a
light sensor. The MEMS chip will carry the C C R, a solar cell, an accelerometer and its drive
circuits. All this integration should be completed within the next six months. The team has shown
the C MOS integration, but without the memory and microcontroller. Each MEMS part works but
has yet to be integrated.

Airborne Dust

This diagram shows the components of a smart dust mote

C ontrolled auto-rotator MEMS/Hexsil/SOI

If dust mote mobility is desired it can be achieved in several ways. The simplest approach is
merely to slow the descent rate to keep the sensors in the air, either as long as possible or until
they see something of interest. Using a Samara or mapleseed-like approach, descent rates of well
under 1 m/s are possible. With control inputs on the airfoils, and auto-rotator could direct its
descent, or possibly even ride thermals.

Using micro machined nozzles and combustion chambers, dust motes could lie dormant for long
periods of time and then shoot into the air under rocket power. Recent results with HTPB/AP
based solid fuels indicate that flights of tens of seconds and distances of hundreds of meters
should be possible.

5. Operation

The Smart Dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the tasks performed by
the mote, but controls power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. This
communication may include new programs or messages from other motes. In response to a
message or upon its own initiative the micro controller will use the corner cube retro reflector or
laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote. Motes can either
run off of batteries, or they can tap into the power grid in certain applications. It is possible to
imagine solar power or even something exotic like vibration power to keep them running.

The battery is usually the biggest part of the package right now. One of the initial mote ideas
implemented for DARPA allows motes to sense battlefield conditions. All of the motes in the area
create a giant, amorphous network that can collect data. Data funnels through the network and
arrives at a collection node, which has a powerful radio able to transmit a signal many miles.
When an enemy truck drives through the area, the motes that detect it transmit their location and
their sensor readings. Neighboring motes pick up the transmissions and forward them to their
neighbors and so on, until the signals arrive at the collection node and are transmitted to the
commander. The commander can now display the data on a screen and see, in real time, the path
that the truck is following through the field of motes. Then a remotely piloted vehicle can fly over
the truck, make sure it belongs to the enemy and drop a bomb to destroy it. This concept of ad
hoc networks - formed by thousands of motes that communicate with each other and pass data
along from one to another - is extremely powerful.

Building self-organizing sensor network requires the following:

• Services for implementing self – organizing sensor networks that allows newly deployed sensor
nodes to n/w together spontaneously.

• Services for managing mobility, reconfiguration and failure of sensor nodes at the network
level.

• Use reconfigurable smart sensor nodes that are self aware, self-reconfigurable and
autonomous.

Above conditions can be fulfilled by providing 3 services- look up service, composition services,
and adaptations services. The algorithms and protocol in each of these 3 services allow different
types of sensor nodes to be deployed and relocated. Once a look up service is identified, the
sensor node will register its network and system services and make them available to other
sensor nodes in the ad-hoc network.

Each sensor node has a home lookup server, which keeps track of the current location of the
sensor node. Other sensor nodes that require the service may request the service through the
lookup server. If the service is recorded in the lookup service it will return the location of that
service to the requesting sensor node. Otherwise, if the service is not recorded in the look up
server of the cluster, a discovery protocol is used to locate the service through the other lookup
servers. A request message is propagated to all the look up server and the server that contain
the service registration information will return the reply with the service location and the path to
the cluster of that service.

The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a
severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells.
Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the
time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a
timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the
timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as
temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these timers
expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word.
If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the microcontroller is powered up to
perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again
powered down and the timer begins counting again.

Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires, the receiver powers up and looks
for an incoming packet. If it doesn't see one after a certain length of time, it is powered down
again. The mote can receive several types of packets, including ones that are new program code
that is stored in the program memory. This allows the user to change the behavior of the mote
remotely. Packets may also include messages from the base station or other motes. When one of
these is received, the microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the contents of the
message. The message may tell the mote to do something in particular, or it may be a message
that is just being passed from one mote to another on its way to a particular destination. In
response to a message or to another timer expiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet
containing sensor data or a message and transmit it using either the corner cube retroreflector or
the laser diode, depending on which it has. With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning
mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with
other Smart Dust motes.

As the mote collects sensor-data samples, it could simply return the raw data for analysis
elsewhere; however, such activity would imply a reliable and persistent communications channel,
which may be unavailable. Therefore, the typical smart-dust platform includes a processor section
for data analysis and storage. Along with the processor, the system needs operating software,
sample-storage space, and a power supply. Obviously, a power supply in a device as small as a
mote requires some serious trade-offs. Mote designers have investigated special batteries,
including capacitive-charge storage, solar cells, and even isotopes, with varying success,
depending on the size and expected life of the device. For example, researchers at C ornell
University have created a cubic-millimeter-sized battery that can supply power for decades by
drawing energy from radioactive isotopes, such as nickel-63. Power conservation is also a
primary requirement in smart-dust devices and generally includes hardware or software features
that suspend operation between samples and communications functions.

Data collection is worthless unless the system includes a reliable method for transmitting
information back to the user. Motes use a variety of technologies, including radio frequencies,
modulated light, MEMS (microelectromechanical-systems) movement, physical orientation, and
color shifts to communicate their data. In addition to their basic functions, smart-dust devices
perform auxiliary duties, such as relaying information from nearby motes to decrease individual
transmitter power requirements.

Mote designers have also incorporated RF-communications techniques into their devices. For
example, mesh networks are ideal for randomly spaced smart-dust motes. Mesh networks
process messages by passing packets from node to node until they reach their destination. A
mesh network provides redundant paths from source to destination and automatically reroutes
packets through an alternate path in case of a hardware failure or interference. Because each
node requires only enough transmitted power to reach neighboring nodes, mesh networks offer
substantially lower power requirements than traditional point-to-point wireless communications. In
one demonstration of networking capabilities, researchers dropped a group of magnetic sensor
motes along a road from an unmanned drone aircraft. The motes assembled themselves into a
mesh network and began collecting magnetic information. The unmanned drone circled overhead
to receive data, and researchers were able to remotely determine the speed and direction of
passing vehicles.

To foster participation from a variety of vendors, researchers have placed much of the smart-dust
technology into the public domain. For example, C rossbow Technology with investments from
Intel works with the University of C alifornia — Berkeley and offers a family of motes and
development tools for smart-dust experimentation and development. Users can select vibration,
acoustic, magnetic, light, temperature, or proximity-sensor modules and easily integrate them
with an RF-communications and processor module for a complete mote. C rossbow offers
development kits starting at $895 that include multiple mote modules with several sensor options.
The vendor also periodically offers smart-dust training seminars.

Berkeley researchers also attacked the software limitations of a resource-constrained sensor


network with the open-source TinyOS operating system. Applicable to both RF- and MEMS-
communications technologies, TinyOS delivers real-time scheduling and extreme power-
conservation algorithms in addition to bidirectional communications. With a memory footprint of
less than 4 Kbytes and open-source code, TinyOS is popular among mote developers.

In a completely different, nonelectronic approach, chemists at the University of C alifornia—San


Diego have developed tiny silicon chips that can detect and stick to a target substance. The silicon
is etched to create a porous surface of unique color and then chemically modified for the specific
target substance. If each side of the silicon is etched and modified to locate a different substance
and then broken into flakes no bigger than a human hair, you can use the smart-dust particles to
find the interface between the two substances. As many particles line up on the surface of the
target for which they were programmed, the apparent color shows the direction that the particles
are facing.

Researchers hope to apply the same technology to locate and treat pollution particles and cancer
cells.

Some ongoing projects

• Laser communication from a cubic millimeter

• Mote Delivery

• Micro Air Vehicles

• Micro Rockets

• Silicon maple seeds and silicon dandelion Seeds

• Sub-microwatt Electronics

• Power Sources

• Macro Motes (C OTS Dust)

Accomplishments

• Using commercial-off-the-shelf (C OTS) components, we've built some really wonderful little
"macro motes". Some the features:

Temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, light intensity, tilt and vibration, and magnetic field
sensors all in a cubic inch package, including the bi-directional radio, the microprocessor
controller, and the battery!

20 meter communication range

One week lifetime in continuous operation, 2 years with 1% duty cycling

• 21 km laser communication ( C oit Tower and Twin Peaks in San Francisco to C ory Hall at UC
Berkeley)

Using one of the micro-weather stations, we stripped off the radio and wired in a laser pointer.
This went to SF. In my office at C al we had a video camera hooked up to a frame grabber in my
laptop. The software looked for (and decoded) flashing lights in the image, and gave us the
weather information 21 km away.

• Large angle MEMS beam-steering

The laser motes above need to be aimed. We've made a sub-millimeter mirror coupled to two
motors on the same silicon chip. The motors can scan a reflected laser beam tens of degrees in
either direction.

• Micro Air Vehicle endurance record

Sub-contractor Steve Morris of MLB C o has built an 8" radio controlled plane which flys 60mph for
18 minutes and can carry a color video camera with a live video feed.

• Silicon maple seeds

Using a honeycombed layer of silicon only 0.1 mm thick we have made a 3x10 mm winglet. With
a cubic millimeter of silicon attached, these wings auto-rotate as they fall, just like a maple seed.
The next generation will have solar cells built right in. (ok this generation had the solar cells too,
but they didn't work!)

6. Applications

Military

Smart dust is of interest to the military as a means of collecting battlefield intelligence. Motes can
detect vibrations caused by the movement of enemy vehicles and relay this information to a
remote command centre. Smart dust has also been proposed as a weapon against bioterrorism.
The small sensors could detect minute quantities of biological and chemical agents, sounding the
alarm when triggered by an otherwise invisible chemical or biological attack.

Smart Office Spaces

The “C enter for the Built Environment” has fabulous plans for the office of the future in which
environmental conditions are tailored to the desires of every individual. Maybe soon we'll all be
wearing temperature, humidity, and environmental comfort sensors sewn into our clothes,
continuously talking to our workspaces which will deliver conditions tailored to our needs.

Environmental

The particles can identify and surround drops of oil or other pollutants in water. And they hope the
research could be a first step to developing minute robots for use in medicine, pollution
monitoring, and even bio-terrorism surveillance. Motes may provide new options for
instrumenting buildings to detect changes in air quality and other important environmental
parameters. They may also be used as seismic sensors.

Diagnosis of human problems

Monitoring quadriplegics' eye movements and facial gestures and to assist them in operating a
wheelchair or using computational devices. C ommunicating with a handheld computer for games
and other forms of entertainment. A user could attach the sensors to his or her fingers to "sculpt"
3D shapes in virtual clay visible on the device's screen. The same idea could be applied to playing
the piano or communicating in sign language, with the handheld computer translating hand
gestures into music and speech. Detecting the onset of diseases, such as cancer and also to
locate and destroy the tumor cells.

Security purposes

By 2010 everything you own that is worth more than a few dollars will know that it's yours, and
you'll be able to find it whenever you want it. Stealing cars, furniture, stereos, or other valuables
will be unusual, because any of your valuables that leave your house will check in on their way
out the door, and scream like a troll's magic purse if removed without permission (they may
scream at 2.4 GHz rather than in audio).

Conservation of resources

Sensors could be plastered all over office buildings and homes. Each room in an office building
might have a hundred or even a thousand light- and temperature-sensing motes, all of which
would tie into a central computer that regulates energy usage in the building. Taken together, the
motes would constitute a huge sensor network of smart dust, a network that would give engineers
insight into how energy is used and how it can be conserved. In a smart dust-enabled building,
computers would turn off lights and climate control in empty rooms. During peak energy usage
times, air conditioners that cool servers -- which drain a lot of the tech world's power -- would be
automatically shut off, and then turned on again if the servers get too hot. Vibrations in the wall
can power the motes -- a bit like a self-winding wristwatch -- or by solar light or even changes in
barometric pressure.

7. On the darker side

Though the varied uses, advantages and applications of smart dust are innumerable but there are
also some major drawbacks of putting smart dust technology into use. Let's try and get an insight
into these and find out what maybe the consequences of malicious and improper use of smart
dust.

Environmental Impact

A lot of people seem to be worried about environmental impact. Yes if many number of these
smart dust particles would be floating in the air all the time they would in turn add to all the dust
and gaseous pollutants suspended in the air and contribute towards decreasing visibility(though
very negligible effect),breathing problems,increase air temperature etc.

If by ill chance you did inhale one, it would be just like inhaling a gnat. You'd cough it up post-
haste. Unpleasant, but not very likely.

Privacy

As with many new technologies, smart dust raises the issue of privacy. Governments, law
enforcement, insurance companies, suspicious spouses, and others could sprinkle a few smart-
dust motes on your person or vehicle and easily track your location, clock your rate of
movement, detect the substances that you come in contact with, and record your conversations.
Thus the fear of a little dust particle constantly spying you around the clock on would lead to
insecurity and tension. Be warned.

8. Conclusion

"Smart dust" is a cute name for a technology that, if it pans out commercially, could improve the
whole damn world. Smart dust is THE POWER OF A PC IN A SPEC K OF DUST..and it rightly proves
that we are all living in an age of miniaturization. It is kind of technology which when put into use
can create revolutionary wonders in the world.

It can prove to be a boon to mankind if used properly and it can also lead to privacy
encroachment if misused. Thus it is in our hands whether to use this future technology wisely or
to bear the adverse effects of its misuse.

9. References

[1] http:// robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister / SmartDust/

[2] http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/SmartDust/

[3] http://computer.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

C ollected and C reated by youtrick.com .....

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