Insat-2 Series

1. Insat 2A 2. Insat 2b 3. Insat 2C 4. Insat 2D 5. Insat 2DT 6. Insat 2E

By R.Aishwarya M.E.Geomatics I Semester

Introduction
The second and subsequent generation satellites were designed and built indigenously. The INSAT-2 series was conceived with five spacecraft INSAT-2A through -2E, with the first two, INSAT-2A and INSAT-2B, planned to be realized as multipurpose satellites on the lines of the INSAT-1 system. To meet the user community demands, the next two satellites, INSAT-2C and INSAT-2D were reconfigured as exclusive communication satellites. INSAT-2E satellite, the last of the second generation INSAT-2 series, was evolved as the forerunner for the future INSAT-3 bus. INSAT-2E offered 17 communication transponders with near hemispherical and zonal coverage in addition to 3-channel VHRR and CCD camera payload providing improved resolution in both visible and infrared bands. The INSAT-2 program at ISRO was underway in 1983 to develop an indigenous multi-purpose GEO spacecraft that relied heavily on the previous Ford Aerospace design. The INSAT-2 satellite family is considered the second generation INSAT series for the nineties, designed and developed by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). Like the INSAT-1 series, the INSAT-2 series is a multi-purpose satellite family for telecommunication, television broadcasting and meteorological services. The S/C is three-axis stabilized (momentum-biased) and uses a box-shaped structure based around a central cylinder of 0.89 m diameter with asymmetrical five-panel solar wings (23 m span). Power = 1.18 kW (EOL). Orbit maneuvers are supported by an integral apogee boost motor, there are also 16 attitude control thrusters. On-orbit mass is 911 kg. The INSAT-2 operational satellites have enhanced capabilities (over the INSAT-1 series). The INSAT-2 meteorological sensor VHRR has a 2 km resolution in VIS and 8 km resolution in the IR spectral ranges.

INSAT-2A
First Multipurpose satellite built by India, Sucessfully Operationalised in August 1992. SPECIFICATIONS: Mission Weight Multipurpose Communication, meteorology and Satellite based search and rescue 1906 kg with propellant 916 kg dry weight

Onboard power One KW approx Communication C, extended C and S band Stabilization Propulsion Payload Three axis body stabilized with two Momentum Wheels & one Reaction Wheel, Magnetic torquers Integrated bipropellant system (MMH and N2 04) With sixteen 22 N thrusters and 440 LAM. Transponders: 12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS) 2S-band (for BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met. data), 1 transponder for research and rescue, Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) for meteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band July 10,1992 French Guyana Ariane 4 Geostationary 74oE longitude 0o Seven years(nominal) Very Long

Launch date Launch site Launch vehicle Orbit Inclination Mission life Orbit life

INSAT-2B
Multi purpose Communication, meteorology and Satellite based search and rescue 1906 kg with propellant Weight 916 kg dry weight Onboard power One KW approx. Mission Communication C, extended C and S band Stabilization Propulsion Payload Three axis body stabilized with two Momentum Wheels & one Reaction Wheel, Magnetic torquers Integrated bipropellant stystem ( MMH and N2 04) With sixteen 22 N thrusters and 440 N LAM. Transponders: 12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS) 2S-band (for BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met.data), 1 transponder for research and rescue, Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) for meteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band July 23, 1993 French Guyana Ariane 4 Geostationary 93.5o E 0o Seven years(nominal) Very Long

Launch date Launch site Launch vehicle Orbit Inclination Mission life Orbit life

In INSAT-2A and INSAT-2B For meteorology, they feature a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with 2 km resolution in visible band and 8 km resolution and water vapour band. Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera operating in visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared band with 1 km resolution.

INSAT-2C
Power of four C-band transponders increased to improve communication facilities in remote areas like Northeast and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Coverage of two other C-band transponders is enlarged to include parts of southeast Asia, Central Asia and West Asia Mission Weight Communication 2106kg with propellants 946 kg dry weight

Onboard power 1320 Watts Communication C extended C, S and Ku bands Stabilization Propulsion Payload Three axis stabilized with two Momentum Wheels & one Reaction Wheel, Magnetic torquers Integrated bipropellant system ( MMH and N2 04) With sixteen 22N thrusters and 440N LAM. Transponders: 16C-band / extended C-band transponders (forFSS), 2 high power C-band transponders (for BSS), 1S-band transponder (for BSS),1C/S-band mobile communication transponder, 3 Ku-band transponders December 7, 1995 French Guyana Ariane4 Geostationary 93.5 deg E 0 deg. Seven years(nominal) Very Long

Launch date Launch site Launch vehicle Orbit Inclination Mission life Orbit life

INSAT-2D
Become Inoperable in October 1997 due to power bus anomaly. Replaced by INSAT-2DT. Mission Weight onboard power Stabilization Propulsion Payload Communication 2079 kg with propellants, 995 kg dry weight 1650 Watts Three axis stabilized with two Momen'tum Wheels & one Reaction Wheel,Magnetic torquers Integrated bipropellan stystem ( MMH and N2 04) With sixteen 22N thrusters and 440N LAM. Transponders: 16C-band / extended C-band transponders (forFSS), 2 high power C-band transponders (for BSS), 1S-band transponder (for BSS),1C/S-band mobile communication transponder, 3 Ku-band transponders June 4, 1997 French Guyana Arianev 4 Geostationary 93,.5deg.E 0 deg. Seven years(nominal) Very Long

Communication C,extended C, S and Ku bands

Launch date Launch site Launch vehicle Orbit Inclination Mission life Orbit life

INSAT-2DT
The three Arabsat 1 spacecraft are based on the Aerospatiale and MBB Spacebus-100 platform. Ranging from nearly 600 kg to almost 800 kg at the start of life in GEO, the spacecraft measure 1.5 m by 1.6 m by 2.3 m with a solar array span of about 21 m for 1.4 kW of electrical power. The primary communications payload consists of two S-band transponders and 25 C-band transponders. The nominal design life was seven years. Arabsat 1A was launched by Ariane on 8 February 1985 but immediately suffered a solar panel extension malfunction. Other failures quickly relegated the spacecraft to backup status until late 1991 when the vehicle was abandoned. Arabsat 1B was launched by the U.S. Space Shuttle and was operated near 26 degrees E from June, 1985, until the summer of 1992 when it, too, no longer continued station-keeping operations. Arabsat 1C was launched by Ariane on 26 February 1992 and was still on station near 31 degrees E at the end of 1994. Later it was transferred to Insat as Insat 2DT. Launch Date: January 1998 Operator Major contractors Bus Mission type Launch date Carrier rocket Launch site Mission duration COSPAR ID Mass Arabsat ISRO Arospatiale Arianespace (LSP) Spacebus 100 Communication 26 February 1992 23:58:10 GMT Ariane 44L Kourou ELA-2 7 years (planned) 12 years (achieved) 1992-010B 1,360 kilograms (3,000 lb)

Orbital Elements Regime Orbital period Longitude Geosynchronous 24 hours 31 East 55 East 82.5 East 2 E/F-band 25 G/H-Band

Transponders

INSAT-2E
Spacecraft: General description of the INSAT-2E satellite bus system. The S/C mass at launch is 2550 kg (dry mass of 1146 kg). The S/C power is 2.5 kW at equinox provided by solar panels with an area of 20.52 m2 (GaAs solar cells). Battery: NiH2, 60 Ah, 27 cells. The S/C design life is 12 years. The INSAT-2E communication payload carries 17 transponders, 12 operating in the normal Cband frequency and five in the lower extended C-band. Seven of the normal Cband transponders have wide beam coverage, the remaining ten have zonal coverages. 8) S/C structure: The S/C main body is a cuboid of dimension: 1930 mm x 1770 mm x 2375 mm. The deployed S/C length is 25.78 m. The main cylinder of 1175 mm diameter and 2375 mm length accommodates fuel and oxidizer tanks North & south equipment panels are of size 2300 mm x 1930 mm. They are attached to the main cylinder using shear frames Cutouts are provided for the solar array drive assembly on the south deck and for the solar sail on the north deck Thermal system: The thermal design requires heat dissipation of about 1700 W Use of embedded heat pipes adopted to optimize the thermal system mass The thermal control system is complemented by the use of optical solar reflectors, multi-layer insulation blankets, thermal coatings, thermal tapes and heaters Appropriate thermal management for NiH2 battery to maintain its temperature between 10C. INSAT - 2E, the last of the INSAT -2 series of satellites built by ISRO, is a multi - purpose satellite for telecommunication, television broadcasting and meteorological services.

The very High Resolution Radiometer will operate in three spectral bands with 2 km resolution in visible band and 8km resolution in thermal infrared and water vapour bands. The water vapour band has been introduced in the INSAT system for the first time. In addition, INSAT - 2E will also carry a Charge Coupled Device Camera, again for the first time in the INSAT. This camera will also operate in three spectral bands - visible, near infrared and short wave infrared - providing a spatial resolution of 1 km. Mission Spacecraft Mass Communication and Meteorology

2,550 Kg (Mass at Lift-off) 1150 Kg (Dry mass)

Launch date Launch site Launch vehicle Orbit Spectral bands

03 April 1999 French Guyana Ariane 42P Geosynchronous (83 deg east longitude) 0.62 - 0.68 m,VIS band 0.77 - 0.86 m, VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) band 1.55 - 1.69 m, SWIR (Shortwave Infrared) band 1 km x 1 km <=0.23 0-100% albedo SNR <= 128 at 100% albedo 6250 km x 300 km per scan line (max. number of lines = 31) One scan line per minute <55 kg, <50 W

Spatial resolution MTF Dynamic range Noise performance Coverage Image repetivity Instrument mass, power

Sensor complement: (VHRR, DCS, SASAR)

VHRR (Very High-Resolution Radiometer):
VHRR was designed and built at ISRO. VHRR is an improved version over that of the INSAT-1 series. The instrument can be operated in any one of the following modes: 5) Full scan mode (20 x 20): This covers the entire Earth disk and some space around in 33 minutes (can be positioned in steps of 0.35 in east-west direction). Normal scan mode: Coverage of at least 50 N to 40 S latitude (in 23 minutes) Sector scan mode: The sector can be positioned anywhere in the Earth disk along the N-S direction (in 7.2 minutes). 6) Specification of the VHRR instrument Spectral band: VIS Spectral band: TIR 0.55 - 0.75 m; Integrated out-of-band response <3% Inter detector mismatch <5% 10.5 - 12.5 m; Integrated out-of-band response <3% Out-of-band response peak <0.1% 56 rad (or 2 km x 2 km) 224 rad (or 8 km x 8 km) >6 for VIS at 2.5% albedo <0.25 K at 300 K for TIR channel 4-340 K 0-100% <56 rad >21% for TIR; >23% for VIS channel

Spatial resolution VIS Spatial resolution TIR Radiometric performance: SNR Radiometric performance: NEDT Dynamic range of IR channel Dynamic range of VIS channel Misregistration between VIS and TIR Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

DCS (Data Collection System):

The INSAT-2 series flies a data collection system (DCS) with a data relay transponder (DRT) for environmental data collection from DCPs (Data Collection Platforms) the ground segment. The characteristics of the DCPs are: Frequency of transmission: 402.75 MHz (uplink) Downlink frequency: 4504.1 MHz Bit rate: 4.8 kbit/s EIRP (uplink): 16.5 Dbw Mode of transmission: Burst mode Burst length 87 milliseconds Number of sensor 10 (7 analog & 3 digital) Number of bits in one frame: 422 bits

SASAR (Satellite Aided Search and Rescue) system:

SASAR provides an emergency alert capability for the Indian subcontinent and beyond as part of the international satellite aided search and rescue program. India has signed an agreement with the international COSPAS-S&RSAT council for the use and operation of LUTs (Local User Terminals) and a MCC in Bangalore and Lucknow. Both LUTs provide substantial coverage of the Indian Ocean region as well as neighboring countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Seychelles and Tanzania. 7) All INSAT series satellites (GEO) are being operated by the MCF (Master Control Facility) at Hassan in Karnataka, India. MCF is responsible for initial orbit raising of satellites, in-orbit testing, and on-orbit operations of these satellites. It also carries out special operations, including station keeping maneuvers and recovery actions in case of contingencies.

Overview of INSAT-2 satellite series

Mission INSAT2A Comment Payload (meteorological) VHRR, DCS, SASAR Power, Battery

INSAT2B

INSAT2C

INSAT2D

INSAT2DT INSAT2E

Launch: July 9, 1992, 1.16 kW summer Ariane-4, at 74 E, solstice NiCd, 18 Launch mass = 1906 kg, dry Ah, 28 cells mass = 916 kg Nominal operations started in August 1992 Launch: July 22, 1993, VHRR, DCS, ~1 kW Ariane-4, at 93.5 E, Launch SASAR mass = 1906 kg, dry mass = 916 kg Launch: Dec. 6, 1995, communications 1.735 kW, Ariane-4, at 93.5 E, payload only summer solstice Launch mass = 2106 kg, dry NiCd, 24 Ah, 28 mass = 946 kg, cells co-located with INSAT-2B Launch: June 3, 1997, VHRR, DCS, Power bus Ariane 44L, at 93.5 E, SASAR anomaly in Launch mass = 2079 kg, dry October 1997 mass = 990 kg, The S/C lost Earth lock in October 1997 In January 1998, a transponder was leased from ArabSat-1C to continue the INSAT-2D communication services to the users Launch: Apr. 2, 1999 VHRR, CCD 2.5 kW at (UTC), Ariane 4, at 83 E, Camera, DCS, equinox Launch mass = 2550 kg, dry SASAR NiH2, 60 Ah, 27 mass = 1150 kg, cells 12 year design life with a goal of 15 years