STEPPER MOTORS

By

GURU RAJAN MS

Roll No:11125a1217

Information Technology

Sree vidhyanikethan engineering college

INTRODUCTION
What do stepper motors do? How do stepper motors work? Advantages and disadvantages Inertia effects Stepping modes Types of stepper motors Slewing

Physical diagram of a stepper

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WHAT DO STEPPERS DO?

Capable of motion in precise increments. Move using control modules that energize the coils in the stator in a certain pattern that lines the magnetic poles in the rotor with the appropriate charge (N or S). Used in many pieces of equipment, from precision machine tools and controls to robots.

WHAT DO STEPPERS DO?

Also used in XY plotters, printers, etc. Can go in forward or reverse, adding to their versatility and usefulness. Come in three types, Variable Reluctance, permanent magnet and hybrid.

HOW DO STEPPERS WORK?

Steppers work in a very simple manner. 2 pole rotor with 3 poles Switch A is closed, so this creates a north pole to attract the south pole of the rotor. There are 2 options, either de-energize the A switch and energize the B switch, or de-energize the A switch and energize the C switch.

HOW DO STEPPERS WORK?

This would cause the rotor to turn 60 degrees in either direction. This is a simple example, to illustrate the operation of a stepper. Most stepper motors have many poles on the rotor, and can step from 90 degrees all the way down to a fraction of a degree per increment.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Stepper motors, like any piece of equipment have many benefits and drawbacks to their use.

ADVANTAGES
Low cost Work in almost any environment Rugged Simplicity in construction High reliability No maintenance No feedback components are needed Inherently more failsafe than servo motors.

DISADVANTAGES
Resonance effects and relatively long settling times Rough performance at low speed unless a microstep is used Liability to undetected position loss as a result as a result of operating open-loop Consume current regardless of load Losses at speed are relatively high and can cause excessive heating and they are frequently noisy (especially at high speeds)

DISADVANTAGES
They can exhibit lag-lead oscillation, which is difficult to dampen. There is a limit to their available size, and positioning accuracy relies on the mechanics (e.g., ballscrew accuracy).

INERTIA EFFECTS
When a coil energizes, pulling one of the poles of the rotor towards it, the rotor is accelerating. When the rotor reaches the coil, it overshoots the center position due to the rotating inertia. Oscillates there until it stabilizes. If the rotor has a load on it, this oscillation is lessened, due to the weight of the load. Another way to lessen the oscillation is viscous dampening (using air or oil to brake the rotor)

STEPPING
When a stepper motor increments, each increment is referred to as a step. Depending on the number of poles in the stator, a stepper motor has the ability to either full step, or half step. Full stepping with a 4 pole stator is where 2 coils are energized at a time, so that the center of the two poles is the center point of the step.

STEPPING
Half stepping is similar to the previous, except instead of 2 coils energizing, then the next 2 coils, it only energizes 1, then 2 coils, then the next 1. This cuts in half the number of steps that the motor would otherwise be capable of. This is possible with all 3 types of stepper motors.

THREE TYPES OF STEPPERS

Stepper motors come in three major types. These types are VR or variable reluctance, PM or permanent magnet, and Hybrid. Each one is named for the type of rotor and the characteristics it has. The VR stepper has a soft iron core rotor and no permanent magnet. The PM stepper has a permanent magnet core, which is magnetic even when the motor is de-energized. The hybrid stepper is a combination of the two, with a permanent magnet sandwiched between two soft iron armatures. This means that one armature is completely N biased and the other is completely S biased.

CONCLUSION
Stepper motors are very useful and versatile pieces of equipment that are used for precision movement in many aspects of industry. The three types of steppers, VR, PM, and Hybrid are each vital to industry as the strengths of each can be utilized to optimize your goal achievement.

THE END
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