lL ls common LhaL Lhe waLer [eL propulslon Lheory ls based on open propeller Lheory ln Lhe

equaLlon for Lhe derlvaLlon of Lhe LhrusL 1he equaLlon for waLer [eL LhrusL can be couple Lo Lhe
requlred pump head and Lhe flow raLe ln oLher hands lL can be explalned LhaL cerLaln LhrusL can be
achleved wlLh dlfferenL comblnaLlon of flow raLe and pump head and obLalned wlLh Lhe ald Lhe
overall propulslve efflclency SomeLlme Lhe cavlLaLlon ln Lhe pump can cause Lhe opLlmal pump
operaLlng polnL can noL be reached
lor Lhe every shlp Lhe welghL of Lhe machlnery englne and oLhers equlpmenL are Lhe
lmporLanL daLa Lo be reglsLered 1herefore welghL of waLer [eL lnsLallaLlon for shlp propulslon ls
lncluded ln Lhls conslderaLlon 1he welghL of Lhe waLer [eL musL be mlnlmlze buL Lhe power musL be
maxlmlze Powever Lhe conslderaLlon depends on Lhe shlp speed and Lhe avallable power ls
governed by Lhe lnsLalled dlesel englne or gas Lurblne


llgure above shows an ldeallzed waLer [eL sysLem v
1
ls Lhe waLer enLers Lo Lhe sysLem and
leaves Lhe sysLem by Lhe dlfferenL veloclLy v
2
an Lhe nozzle area A
2
1he mass flow of Lhe waLer
Lhrough Lhe sysLem ls Lhen glven by
= p
2

2
where p ls Lhe denslLy of Lhe waLer
slnce Lhe force ls equal Lo Lhe raLe of Lhe change of momenLum Lhe LhrusL produced by Lhe sysLem
ls
= p
2

2
(
2
-
1
)
and Lhe propulslon power
1
ls glven

1
=
S
=
S
(
2
-
1
) where v
S
ls Lhe speed of vessel
1he general energy equaLlon of fluld mechanlcs ls Lhe lmporLanL and useful expresslon Lo
calculaLe Lhe power requlred beLween Lhe lnleL and ouLleL of Lhe unlL and lL can be wrlLe as
p
p
+

1
2

+ E
p
=
p
p
+

2
2

+ A +
Ioss

where ls Lhe head assoclaLed wlLh Lhe energy supplled Lo Lhe sysLem (le Lhe pump head)
A ls Lhe dlfference ln sLaLlc head beLween Lhe lnleL and ouLleL of Lhe waLer[eL (le A1
+2)

loss
ls Lhe losses assoclaLed wlLh Lhe flow Lhrough Lhe sysLem and also Lhe pump losses


loss
acLually ls assoclaLed wlLh Lhe frlcLlonal and eddy sheddlng losses whlch occur around
bends ln Lhe ducLlng or ln oLhers hand lL can say someLhlng LhaL lnLerfere Lhe flow durlng lLs passage
Lhrough Lhe unlL 8ack Lo Lhe equaLlon above Lhe pressure aL p
2
ls equal Lo aLmosphere pressure
and assumlng lL ls consLanL above Lhe waLerllne and Lhelr effecL on amblenL pressure are small and
can rewrlLLen as
E
p
=

2
2
-
1
2

+
2
+
Ioss

now Lhe power Lransferred Lo Lhe waLer by Lhe pump can be express ln Lerms energy per unlL Llme

pump
= _

(
2
2
-
1
2
) + (
2
+
Ioss
)_
Pence Lhe equlvalenL open waLer efflclency of a waLer [eL unlL can be deflned from equaLlon
(161)and (164) as belng Lhe raLlo of Lhe LhrusL horsepower Lo Lhe dellvered horsepower as follows

o
=

s
(
2
-
1
)

(
2
2
-
1
2
) +(
2
+
Ioss
)

1he loss Lerm loss ln equaLlon (163) ls Lhe sum of Lwo lndependenL losses Lhose deflned as
lnLernal losses u and Lhose relaLlng Lo Lhe pump head loss p Pence loss can be wrlLLen as
4885
now Lhe lnLernal losses are of course prlmarlly dependenL on Lhe waLer[eL conflguraLlon and
comprlse Lhe lnLake losses ul Lhe dlffuser head losses uu and Lhe skln frlcLlon losses uSl
1herefore
$
1he lnLake losses are ln Lhemselves Lhe sum of Lhe losses arlslng from Lhe lnLake guard Lhe gulde
vanes and Lhe varlous bends All of Lhese losses are prlnclpally a funcLlon of Lhe lnLake veloclLy v
1

and can consequenLly be expressed ln Lhe form

I
=

1
2

1he coefflclenL k accordlng Lo 8eference 1 ls Lhe sum of Lwo oLher facLors k1 and k2 whlch
represenL Lhe losses due Lo Lhe guard and gulde vanes and Lhe losses due Lo Lhe bends respecLlvely
1yplcally values for k1 and k2 are 010 and 0013 respecLlvely 1he dlffuser head loss can be
esLlmaLed from normal hydraullc meLhods from whlch an expresslon for
uu
can be obLalned as

= ( -

)( - e
2
)

1
2

ln whlch q
u
ls Lhe dlffuser efflclency of Lhe order of 90 per cenL ln normal clrcumsLances and ls
raLlo of Lhe enLrance and exlL areas of Lhe dlffuser 1he flnal Lerm ln equaLlon (167)
uSl
whlch
deflnes Lhe skln frlcLlon losses can be esLlmaLed from calculaLlng Lhe weLLed surface areas of Lhe
lnLake ducLlng dlffusers supporLlng sLruLs and vanes and Lhe nozzle ln assoclaLlon wlLh Lhelr
respecLlve frlcLlonal coefflclenLs lf Lhen Lhe sum of Lhe lnLernal losses
u
as deflned ln equaLlon
(167) ls Lhen represenLed ln Lerms of a slngle loss coefflclenL as follows

(
s
+A)`

where _v (v2 -v1) and van Walree (8eference 1) suggesLs LhaL Lhe value of ku would normally lle
ln Lhe range 004k
u
010
1he pump head loss Lerm p of equaLlon (166) ls relaLed solely Lo Lhe pump conflguraLlon and lLs
assoclaLed losses 1hls head loss can be expressed ln Lerms of Lhe pump head and Lhe efflclency of
Lhe pump q
p
as

p
= E
-
p

p

and for a modern welldeslgned axlal or mlxed flow pump Lhe value of qp should be of Lhe order of
090
8y analogy wlLh propellers Lhe pump efflclency can be expressed as

p
=

n

K

where and are Lhe flow energy Lransfer coefflclenLs deflned by
=

N
3
=
gH
N
2

2

and k
;
ls Lhe normal Lorque coefflclenL of propeller Lechnology

ln Lhe cusLom condlLlon Lhe value of pump efflclency of waLer [eL ls clearly hlgher Lhan
propeller Pull and waLer [eL muLually lnLerrupL by each oLher ln waLer [eL propulslon sysLem 1he
bare hull reslsLance ls change due Lo dlsLorLlon ln Lhe flow abouL Lhe afL body AL hlgher speeds Lhls
dlsLorLlon can furLhermore cause a dlsLlncL equlllbrlum poslLlon of Lhe hull Lhus causlng anoLher
change ln reslsLance ln an equlllbrlum slLuaLlon Lhe acLual reslsLance of Lhe hull balances Lhe neL
LhrusL dellvered by Lhe waLer [eL sysLem Slmllarly Lhe [eL performance ls affecLed by Lhe flow
dlsLorLlon caused by Lhe hull uue Lo Lhls dlsLorLlon a boundary layer ls lngesLed Lhrough Lhe lnLake
area and Lhe local flow veloclLy ls llkely Lo dlffer from Lhe free sLream or Lhe hull veloclLy 1hls affecLs
Lhe lngesLed momenLum and energy fluxes and Lhus Lhe dellvered LhrusL and power

numerlcal meLhods ln parLlcular compuLaLlonal fluld dynamlcs have now reached a sLaLe of
developmenL where Lhe flow characLerlsLlcs ln waLer [eL sysLems can be deLermlned aL leasL ln a
quallLaLlve manner buL also ln some case quanLlLaLlvely 8ulLen ln 8eference 13 has explored Lhe
flow Lhrough a waLer [eL uslng 8eynolds averaged navlerSLokes codes ln whlch Lhe Lurbulence
modelllng was done wlLh Lhe k Lwo equaLlon model 1hls approach was saLlsfacLorlly valldaLed
experlmenLally for Lhe flow Lhrough Lhe lnleL and mlxed flow pump reglons Moreover wlLhln Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlon lL was found LhaL Lhe magnlLude of Lhe radlal roLorsLaLor lnLeracLlon force depended
on Lhe flow raLe Lhrough Lhe pump under unlform lnflow condlLlons Powever when operaLlng wlLh
a nonunlform veloclLy fleld enLerlng Lhe pump an addlLlonal mean componenL of radlal force was
found Lo exlsL whose magnlLude and dlrecLlon are dependenL on boLh Lhe flow raLe and Lhe level of
nonunlformlLy ln Lhe flow 1hls ls consldered Lo be due Lo Lhe varlaLlon ln angle of aLLack durlng one
revoluLlon causlng an unbalanced Lorque on Lhe lmpeller blades

1ypes of Impe||er

LlecLlon of Lhe Lype of pump musL be done approprlaLely by Lhe deslgner when deslgn a
waLer [eL 1here are a loL Lypes of pump such as cenLrlfugal mlxed flow axlal flow or an lnducer
llgure below show Lhe caLegorlzes of Lhe pump

llgure 1ypes of pump lmpeller

Some lmpellers are slmllar Lo small propellers buL wlLhouL Lhe large blades Among oLher
uses Lhey are used ln waLer [eLs Lo power hlgh speed boaLs Slnce lmpellers have no large blades Lo
Lurn Lhey can spln aL much hlgher speeds Lhan propellers 1he waLer forced Lhrough Lhe lmpeller ls
channelled by Lhe houslng creaLlng a waLer [eL LhaL propels Lhe vessel forward 1he houslng ls
normally Lapered lnLo a nozzle Lo lncrease Lhe speed of Lhe waLer whlch also creaLes a venLurl
effecL ln whlch low pressure behlnd Lhe lmpeller pulls more waLer Lowards Lhe blades Lendlng Lo
lncrease Lhe speed
1o work efflclenLly Lhere musL be a close flL beLween Lhe lmpeller and Lhe houslng 1he
houslng ls normally flLLed wlLh a replaceable weot tloq whlch Lends Lo wear as sand or oLher
parLlcles are Lhrown agalnsL Lhe houslng slde by Lhe lmpeller vessels uslng lmpellers are normally
sLeered by changlng Lhe dlrecLlon of Lhe waLer [eL
ln addlLlon oLher performance coefflclenLs can be deLermlned from dlmenslonal analysls
and ln Lhls conLexL Lhe energy Lransfer coefflclenL ls parLlcularly lmporLanL lrom llgure below lL
wlll be seen LhaL as Lhe flow coefflclenL ls lncreased Lhe efflclency Lends Lo rlse and Lhen reach a
maxlmum value afLer whlch lL wlll fall off rapldly 1he opLlmum efflclency polnL can be used Lo
ldenLlfy a unlque value of Lhe flow coefflclenL


1o geL Lhe maxlmum efflclency of Lhe pump lL ls lmporLanL Lo make a rlghL selecLlon of Lhe
Lurbo machlne (pump) Change Lhe maxlmum efflclency polnL aL flgure above wlLh respecL aL pump
flow coefflclenL requlres Lhe change of pump geomeLry as a consequence Lhe maxlmum efflclency
condlLlon replaces Lhe geomeLrlc slmllarlLy condlLlon When Lhe hlgh speclflc speed aL Lhe small
machlne LhaL ls lmporLanL Lo selecL Lhe hlghesL speclflc speed conslsLenL wlLh good efflclency for
a parLlcular appllcaLlon

1he rlghL Lype of pump Lo perform Lhls duLy cenLrlfugal and axlal flow pump were boLh are
Lhe besL Lo comblne wlLh waLer [eL because lL have a smaller dlameLer unlL and offered an easler
converslon of pump head Lo klneLlc energy

,foeuvr| of the wfter [et

WaLer [eL provldes Lhelr users Lhe good aspecLs of manoeuvrlng because lL have flLLed wlLh
elLher a sLeerable nozzle or deflecLors of one form or anoLher ln order Lo provlde a dlrecLlonal
conLrol of Lhe [eL 1he sLeerable nozzle or deflecLor are [olnL wlLh Lhe hydraullc Lo make lL move porL
or sLub board smooLhly llgure below are Lhe example of prlnclple of waLer [eL sLeerlng capablllLy
and how waLer [eL LhrusL conLrol mechanlsm

llgure (a) prlnclple of waLer [eL sLeerlng capablllLy and (b) waLer [eL LhrusL conLrol mechanlsm