Leveling Part 2

Leveling
Part 2
OUTLINE: Methods in Leveling Direct Leveling Trigonometric Leveling Stadia Leveling Barometric Leveling Gravimetric Leveling Inertial Positioning System GPS survey
Methods in Leveling
1. Direct or Spirit Leveling 2. Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling 3. Stadia Leveling 4. Barometric Leveling 5. Gravimetric Leveling 6. Inertial Positioning System 7. GPS Survey
1. Direct (Spirit) Leveling

measuring vertical distances directly most precise method commonly used a) Differential Leveling determining the elevation of points some distance apart. b) Double Rod Leveling employing two level routes simultaneously. c) Three-wire Leveling three horizontal hairs are read and recorded. d) Profile Leveling -- determining the elevation of points at short measured intervals along a fixed line.
e) Reciprocal Leveling
Differential Leveling
Requires a series of set ups of the instrument along the general route and, for each set up, a rod reading back to a point of known elevation and forward to a point of unknown elevation
CHECKS: 1. Rerunning levels on the same route 2. Tying on to a previously established BM near the end of the level line 3. Returning to the initial BM level loop
Double Rod Leveling
TP2 L TP1 H TP2 L
BM2 (unknown)
TP1 L BM1 (known)
Double Rod Leveling

STA. BM 13 B.S. 1.768 1.768 TP1 H TP1 L TP2 H TP2 L BM 14 2.732 3.079 2.366 3.024 2.137 3.488 1.674 2.329 0.946 1.442 H.I. F.S. ELEV. 228.372
Double Rod Leveling

provides a continuous check on the process of determining ground elevations while the work is in progress
USEFUL WHEN: There is an urgent need to undertake differential leveling in a short period of time where no established bench marks are available for checking results. Running a long line of levels which do not close back on the initial BM
Three Wire Leveling

= Precise form of differential leveling
Requirements: 1. Rod should be calibrated at frequent intervals by comparison with a standard length. 2. Rod should have an attached rod level for plumbing.
Three Wire Leveling

3. Level must be equipped with stadia hairs Mean of the readings is taken as correct rod reading for each sight
4. Level should be protected from the sun by an umbrella 5. Level tripod should be set very firmly on the ground to prevent settlement 6. Shortest possible time elapse bet. BS & FS is desirable in order to eliminate, as nearly as possible, the effects of: variations in atm. Refraction Settlement of the tripod Warping of the level
TP1 STA.
HAIR RDGS
BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT
Three Wire Leveling

MEAN RDG
H.I.
F.S.
MEAN RDG
ELEV.
1.152 BM1 0.935 0.718 2.784 2.420 2.057 1.713 TP2 1.440 1.166 BM2 1.117 0.899 0.682 1.900 1.537 1.172 1.450 1.177 0.904 444.242
Three Wire Leveling

Thread Rdg (mm) Mean (mm) Middle Thread Thread Thread Rod No. Rdg (ft) Interval Intervals & Temp (mm) Mean (mm) Middle Thread (ft) Thread Interval Intervals
STA.
2037 1 1843 1648 1843 6.04
194 195 389 389
A 22 C
0850 0641 0430 06403 209
0209 0211 0420 0420
Profile Leveling
= process of determining elevation of points at short measured intervals along a fixed line stakes or other marks are placed @ regular intervals along an established line, usually the center line. ordinarily the interval bet. Stakes is 100m, 50m, 20m and 10m.
Used during the location and construction of the ff.: 1. Highways 2. Railroads 3. Canals 4. Sewers
OUTLINE: Methods in Leveling Direct Leveling Trigonometric Leveling Stadia Leveling Barometric Leveling Gravimetric Leveling Inertial Positioning System GPS survey STA.
BM 30 0 + 00 0 + 00 + 10 TP 1 + 20 + 29.5 + 30 TP 3 TP 4 BM 30 0.081 0.333 2.289 3.661 1.974 3.314 0.913 2.860 1.852 1.805
Profile Leveling
B.S.
3.478
H.I
33.478
F.S.
I.F.S
ELEV.
30.000
3.617 5.141 1.720
Profile Leveling
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/MINERALS__REALTY__AND_RESOURCE_PROTECTION_/bmp s.Par.47885.Image.-1.-1.1.gif
Leveling plate/turning plate/foot plate
STA. BM1 TP1
B.S. 1.256 1.116
H.I.
F.S 1.886
ELEV. 127.133 126.503
STA. BM 13 TP1 H TP1 L TP2 H
B.S. 1.768 1.768 2.732 3.079 2.366
H.I.
F.S.
ELEV. 228.372
BACKSIGHT
STA. BM1
HAIR RDGS MEAN RDG
FORESIGHT
S H.I. F.S.
MEAN RDG
ELEV. 444.24 2
2.137 3.488 1.674
TP1
1.152 0.935 0.718 2.784 2.420
1.117 0.899
STA.
BM 30 0 + 00 + 10 + 20
B.S.
3.478
H.I
33.478
F.S.
I.F.S
ELEV.
30.000
3.617 5.141 1.720
Reciprocal Leveling
= used in determining relative elevations of 2 widely separated intervisible points between which levels cannot be run in the ordinary manner.
http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14069/css/14069_481.htm
2. Trigonometric Leveling
zenith or vertical angle AND horizontal or slope distance difference in elevation is calculated
USE: Furnishes a rapid means of determining elevations of points in rolling terrain.
OUTLINE: Methods in Leveling Direct Leveling Trigonometric Leveling Stadia Leveling
3. Stadia Leveling
consists of observing through the telescope, the apparent locations of two stadia hairs on the rod, which is held in a vertical position.
BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT VD INTERVAl VERT. ANGLE ROD RDG VD ELEV ELEV
STA.
INTERVAl
VERT. ANGLE ROD RDG
4. Barometric Leveling
measuring the differences in atmospheric pressure at various stations by means of a barometer. pressure is inversely proportional with elevation.
USE: Principally on exploratory or reconnaissance surveys .
Example: Given the elevation of an upper base of 275 ft, of a lower base of 56ft; the difference in elevation between the bases, therefore is 275 56 f= 219 ft. At a given instant, the three altimeter readings indicate that the difference in elevation of an intermediate point from the upper base is 209 ft. and from the lower base is 25 ft; therefore, the indicated total difference in elevation between bases is 234 ft. The corrected differences in elevation are approximately (219/234)(209) = 196 ft (from the upper base) and (219/234)(25) = 23 ft (from the lower base); as a check, the total computed difference in elevtaion between bases is now 196 + 23 = 219 ft. The elevation of the point is 79 ft, computed by difference from either base (275 196 = 79 ft; or 56 + 2).3 = 79 ft
QUIZ: Given the ff data gathered from an altimeter survey: Elevation of the upper base is 518m; elevation of the lower base is 122m; barometer reading at the upper base is 2708Pa and barometer reading at the lower base is 5954Pa. If the barometer reading at a field station is 4150Pa, determine the elevation of the station.
5. Gravimetric Leveling
measuring the differences in gravity at various stations by means of a gravimeter for geodetic purposes.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRD/GRAVITY/Images/fg5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ngs.no aa.gov/GRD/GRAVITY/ABSG.html&usg=__AFyxTSbmapQD4eb4je83y6LNkI0=&h=496&w=394&sz=26&hl=en&start=11&um=1 &tbnid=RPEyv1ZAdN5V0M:&tbnh=130&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgravimeter%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft: en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7ADRA_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
6. Inertial Positioning System

inertial platform has three mutually perpendicular axes, one of which is up, so that the system yields elevation as one of the outputs. Vertical Accuracy: 15-50cm in distances of 60-100km Cost: Extremely High applications are restricted to very large projects where terrain, weather, time and access impose special constraints on traditional methods.
7. GPS Survey
use of Global Positioning System elevations are referenced to the ellipsoid
Reference:
Anderson, J.M., Mikhail, E.M. (2002). Surveying: Theory and Practice. 7th ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill.

Leveling Part 2

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Leveling Part 2

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Leveling

1. Direct (Spirit) Leveling

Double Rod Leveling

TP2 L TP1 H TP2 L

TP1 L BM1 (known)

Double Rod Leveling

Double Rod Leveling

Three Wire Leveling

Three Wire Leveling

Three Wire Leveling

Three Wire Leveling

2037 1 1843 1648 1843 6.04

194 195 389 389

0850 0641 0430 06403 209

0209 0211 0420 0420

3.617 5.141 1.720

Leveling plate/turning plate/foot plate

STA. BM1 TP1

B.S. 1.256 1.116

ELEV. 127.133 126.503

STA. BM 13 TP1 H TP1 L TP2 H

B.S. 1.768 1.768 2.732 3.079 2.366

2.137 3.488 1.674

1.152 0.935 0.718 2.784 2.420

3.617 5.141 1.720

USE: Furnishes a rapid means of determining elevations of points in rolling terrain.

OUTLINE: Methods in Leveling Direct Leveling Trigonometric Leveling Stadia Leveling

VERT. ANGLE ROD RDG

USE: Principally on exploratory or reconnaissance surveys .

6. Inertial Positioning System

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen