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)NVESTIGATIONOFSTROMATOLITEMORPHOGENESISUSINGNUMERICALMODELINGISADIFFICULTTASKBECAUSEOFTHEMULTI FACTORIALMULTI PROCESSANDMULTI SCALENATUREOFTHIS
THREE DIMENSIONAL PHENOMENON (OWEVER IT IS POSSIBLE TO EXPLORE THE STROMATOLITE MORPHOSPACE USING MULTI AGENT SYSTEMS -!3 WITH THE CAPACITY AND
PERFORMANCEOFPRESENT DAYPERSONALCOMPUTERS

,UMINOSITY $EVELOPMENT #RISPY3ET

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0ROBABILITYOFMEMBERSHIP²#
4EMPERATURE 0RECIPITATION 4(%."LAST
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ELEMENTS BELONG TO BOTH OF THEM 4HE SUM OF THE PARTIAL 3TOP 4(%.3TOP
&IGURE  -ULTI SCALE SIMULATIONS %ACH ELEMENTARY VOLUME VOXEL OF THE SIMULATION D PROBABILITIESOFMEMBERSHIPMUSTBE
REPRESENTSANAGGREGATEOFAGENTSB 4HESUMOFSYNCHRONOUSCONTRIBUTIONOFINDIVIDUALAGENTS
A GIVESTHENEWSTATUSOFTHEVOXELC "UTINSOMECASES&IGA THISCELLCANACTLIKEASUPER
AGENTWITHITSOWNINITIATIVEEGTOOVERFLOWTOANOTHERCELL  &UZZY,OGIC&IGS
#OLD #OOL .OMINAL 7ARM (OT
2ULESTAKETHEFORM)&;CONDITIONS=4(%.;ACTIONS=WHENCONDITIONS
ANDACTIONSARELINGUISTICTERMSDESCRIBINGTHEVALUESOFINPUTAND )NPUT8 4EMPERATUREOFTHEAIR
-ULTI !GENT3YSTEM-!3&IG OUTPUT VARIABLES 3UCH FORMALISM INTEGRATES THE FLEXIBILITY AND
ROBUSTNESSOFHUMAN DECISIONMAKINGEG)&TEMPERATURE)3COOL 1
4HE SIMULATION VIA -!3 IS GENERALLY USED FOR MODELING COMPLEX !.$HUMIDITY)3HIGH4(%.FANSPEED)3SMALL 4HEFUZZYRULE BASE

0ROBABILITY
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PHENOMENON FOR WHICH NO GLOBAL MODEL CAN BE DEVELOPED EG ISUSEDTOPRODUCEPRECISEOUTPUTVALUESACCORDINGTOACTUALINPUT .OMINAL 7ARM -EDIUM #ENTROID
0.33
DIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSINFLUIDDYNAMICS 4HISALTERNATEWAYOFMODELING VALUES4HISCONTROLPROCESSISDIVIDEDINTOTHREESTAGES
0
PERMITS THE SIMULATION OF BEHAVIORS OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND 14 16 18 20 22 X = 24 26 28 30 30 40 50 60 Y = 67,5 80 90
4EMPERATUREOFTHEAIR²# 3PEEDOFTHEFAN20-
THEIRINTERACTIONSUSINGREACTIVEAGENTSWITHOUTREASONINGANDREACTING A FUZZIFICATIONTRANSFORMSANUMERICALVALUETOFUZZYVALUESIETHE
TO STIMULI  4HE APPROACH VIA REACTIVE AGENTS IS BASED ON COLLECTIVE PROBABILITYOFMEMBERSHIPTOTHECORRESPONDINGSETS &IGURE B !N AIR CONDITIONER &UZZY ,OGIC #ONTROLLER &#,  4HIS SIMPLE EXAMPLE
DEMONSTRATES HOW THE USE OF INTUITIVE FUZZY SETS MAY PRODUCE PRECISE INSTRUCTIONS 4HE
BEHAVIOR EMERGENCE FROM RELATIVELY SIMPLE INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS CONTROLLERMEASURESTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEAIRANDTHENCOMPUTESTHESPEEDOFTHEFAN)NTHIS
REACTING TO DIVERSE STIMULI  REACTIVE AGENTS  4HIS TYPE OF SIMULATION B FUZZY INFERENCE CALCULATES THE FUZZY OUTPUT IE EVALUATES THE CASE A TEMPERATURE OF  ²# IS .OMINAL FOR  AND 7ARM FOR  "ECAUSE TWO RULES ARE
IMPLIES THAT THE DYNAMICS OF THE GENERAL SYSTEM COMES FROM THE ACTIVATIONSTRENGTHOFEVERYRULEANDCOMBINESTHEIRACTION ACTIVATEDATTHESAMETIMETHESYSTEMOPTSFORASPEEDWHICHIS-EDIUMFORAND&ASTFOR
4HEDEFUZZICATIONISCOMPUTEDASTHECENTROIDOFTHESURFACEGENERATEDBYTHEAPPLICATION
INTERACTIONSBETWEENSYSTEMELEMENTSANDTHATTHECOLLECTIVEBEHAVIOR OFALOGICALOPERATOR/2THATSELECTSTHEMAXIMUMOFMEMBERSHIPDEGREE TOTHE-EDIUMAND
CANBEDESCRIBEDTHROUGHINDIVIDUALDISCRETEPROCESSESAGENTS  C DEFUZZIFICATIONCALCULATESTHEACTUALOUTPUTIECONVERTSTHEFUZZY &ASTSETSPREVIOUSLYCROPPEDTOAND4HEUSEOFFUZZYLOGICALANDLINGUISTICTERMSALLOWS

OUTPUTINTOAPRECISENUMERICALVALUE ANYHUMANEXPERTTOQUICKLYIMPROVETHERULE BASEOFTHISSYSTEM

                   $ETERMINISTICANDSYNCHRONOUSMODEL&IG
!CTIVECELL
                  
4OAVOIDBODERARTIFACTSTHESIMULATIONSRUNSWITHINAPERIODICPARALLELEPIPEDICTOPOL
&ULLACTIVECELL                    OGY4HESIMULATORMAINTAINSA$DIGITALIMAGEFOREACHDISCRETEVARIABLEEGBACTE
'ROUND                    RIACONCENTRATIONPOROSITYNUTRIENTSETC 
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4HESIMULATORENGINEISSYNCHRONOUSANDINVARIANTACCORDINGTOTHEORDERINWHICHIT
)NACTIVESURFACE EVALUATESEACHVOXEL4HUSFOREACHSIMULATIONROUNDTHEENVIRONMENTVARIABLESEG
        
!CTIVESURFACE LIGHT AREFIRSTGIVEN4HENTHEAGENTSINDUCEMODIFICATIONSINTHEVOXELSTATEINASI
             
'ROWTHVECTOR MULTANEOUSWAYFOREACHVOXELATTHEENDOFAROUND
                

              4HE SIMULATION ENGINE IS RANDOMIZATION FREE 4HUS IDENTICAL SCENARIOS WILL GIVE
&IGURE A 'ROWTH RULES 7HEN A CELL IS FULL OF INACTIVE MATERIALS ITS           
IDENTICALRESULTS4HISISANIMPORTANTPOINTTOSTUDYCHAOTICPHENOMENON
AGENTSAREMOVEDTOTHENEIGHBOURFREECELLWHICHISSURROUNDEDBYTHE
        
MOST EMPTY CELLS 4HUS THE ACTUAL MORPHOLOGY IS PRESERVED AROUND A
LARGE NEIGHBOURHOOD AND THE RISK OF RELAXATION VIA COLLISION IS       
DRAMATICALLYREDUCED
    

  

$ISCRETE'EOMETRY&IGS 

#OMMON NUMERICAL $ SIMULATION EG "OLTZMANN LATTICE
USES HEXAGONAL RATHER THAN SQUARE LATTICE BECAUSE OF THE      
!TMOSPHERE
ANISOTROPY OF THE LATTER "UT THERE IS NO EQUIVALENT FOR $        
SINCETHEREGULARDECAHEDRONTHATPRESENTSALLTHEREQUIRED          
7ATER
SYMMETRYQUALITIESISNOTASPACE FILLINGPOLYHEDRON4HUS         "IOLOGICALMAT
GENERATIONOFROUNDEFFECTSEGVORTEX ISMORECHALLENGING
     
WITH $ SIMULATION THAN IN $ EG $ FACE CENTRED 'ROUND
HYPERCUBICLATTICEMAYBEUSEDFORGASLATTICE  ! #HESSBOARD " #ITY BLOCK

&IGUREB$DISTANCEMAP&EEDBACKBETWEENTHEMORPHOLOGYANDTHEMORPHOGENESISCAN
&ORTUNATELYACUBICLATTICEUSEDWITHACONNECTIVITYAND BECREATEDBYUSINGADISCRETEDISTANCEMAP4HESIMPLESTDISCRETEDISTANCESARETHECHESS BOARD
MODIFIED CHESSBOARD DISTANCE &IGURE B IS SATISFYING WITHA CONNECTIVITY ANDTHECITY BLOCKWITHA CONNECTIVITY DISTANCES&ORTHISEXAMPLEAN
APPROXIMATIONOFTHEILLUMINATIONMAPISCOMPUTEDUSINGACITY BLOCKDISTANCEMAP4HERESULT &IGURE4HREEFACESOFACUBICSIMULATIONCOMPUTEDDURINGDAYSWITHA'O '(Z ')NTHIS
-OREOVER THIS LATTICE ALLOWS EFFICIENT OPTIMIZATIONS OF THE SIMULATIONLIGHTISTHEONLYINPUTVARIABLE4HEGROWTHSCENARIOISAPERIODICANDNOISEDFUNCTION4HEINITIAL
HELPSTODETERMINETHESHORTESTPATHWAYSFROMTHECELLTOTHESURFACE4HEFINALCONTRIBUTIONOF
COMPUTINGSTRUCTURES EACHPATHWAYDEPENDSONLENGTHANDNUMBEROFDIRECTIONCHANGES CONDITIONSHAVEBEENSETWITHRANDOMLYACTIVECLUSTERSDISTRIBUTEDONTHEGROUND

#ONCLUSION

!MASSIVELYMULTI AGENTSYSTEMWASDESIGNEDTOSIMULATE$STROMATOLITEMORPHOGENESIS4HISDESCRITIVEMODELISDETERMINISTANDUSESSINGULARVARIABLESTHATCAN
BEEASILYIDENTIFIEDWITHNATURALPARAMETERS

4HEPRELIMINARYRESULTSDEMONSTRATETHATITISPOSSIBLETOGENERATEAVASTARRAYOFREALISTICMORPHOLOGIESOFLAMINATIONSWITHONLYAFEWSIMPLELOCALRULES&URTHER
DEVELOPMENTSWILLTRYTOGENERATESIMILARGLOBALSTROMATOLITEMORPHOLOGIESTOTHOSEPRODUCEDBYTHE$,! #!MODEL&ORTHISGOALINTRINSICPARAMETERSSUCHAS
INTER POPULATIONEXCHANGESANDCOMPETITIONSANDEXTRINSICPARAMETERSSUCHASSEDIMENTATIONWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOTHESIMULATION

4HISWORKISSUPPORTEDBYTHE3WISS.ATIONAL&OUNDATIONGRANTNO