BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Electronics & Communications

For the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communications

PROJECT REPORT

GPS BASED VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

Submitted by:
Neha Agarwal (6045) Niharika Rajoriya (6048) Pooja Chauhan (6050) Poonam Rathore (6051)

Guided by
C.M.S. Negi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity with much pleasure to thank all the people who have helped us through the course of our journey towards this project. We sincerely thank our teacher, Dr. Ritu Vijay, for giving us such a wonderful opportunity to showcase our knowledge that we have gained over the entire curriculum. We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher, mentor and supervisor, Mr. CMS Negi, for his guidance, help and motivation. We are also thankful to our technical guide Mr. Vipan Sharma, who helped us a lot during the course of our project. We are also grateful to our technician, Mr. Asutosh Pareek for his help and support in making this project come true.

Neha Agarwal Niharika Rajoriya Pooja Chauhan Poonam Rathore

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Neha Agarwal, Niharika Rajoriya, Pooja Chauhan and Poonam Rathore of B.Tech (EC) 3rd year from BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY has done the project work entitled GPS BASED VEHICLE TRCKING SYSTEM as a part of the fulfillment of their degree. The project embodies the original work done by them during their 6th semester.

Date: April 29, 2011

Mr. CMS Negi Faculty, Dept. of Electronics Banasthali University

H.O.D Dept. of Electronics Banasthali University

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. 2. 3. 4.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

a. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS i. AT89S52 ii. Max232 b. CONNECTOR RS232 c. LCD DISPLAY d. RESISTORS e. CAPACITORS f. GSM MODEM

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6. CIRCUIT OPERATION 7. SOURCE CODE 8. BREADBOARD RUNNING 9. PCB DESIGNING 10. RESULT 11. FUTURE SCOPE 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT
Of all the applications of GPS (Global Positioning System), vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System, Vehicle Tracking and Information System, Mobile Asset Management System, these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of vehicles. GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver where, as navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Vehicle Tracking Systems combine a number of well-developed technologies. Irrespective of the technology being used, VTS consist of three subsystems: In-vehicle unit (IVU), Base station and Communication link. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of each person traveling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station, the complete data about the vehicle.

INTRODUCTION
In this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. Embedded C is used for programming the application software to the microcontroller. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude. Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are 1. GPS Tracking Device: The Device Fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information. 2. GPS tracking Server: The tracking server has dual responsibility. One is receiving data from the GPS tracking unit and securely storing it, and other of serving this information on demand to the user. It is the intelligence, power and configuration of GPS tracking server that culminates into usability and feature support.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

COMPONENTS: A. B. C. D. GPS MODEM GSM MODEM MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52 LDC DISPLAY

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
A. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS) i. AT89S52

Microcontroller is a microprocessor designed specifically for control applications, and is equipped with ROM, RAM and facilities I / O on a single chip. AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-51/52 equipped with an internal 8 Kbyte Flash EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), which allows memory to be reprogrammed. It is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit Microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus trystandard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with insystem programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications

Microcontroller Features: A 256 CPU bytes (Central Processing of RAM (Random Unit) Access 8 Bit Memory)

 Four-port I/O, which each consist of eight bits the internal oscillator and timing circuits. Two timer / counters 16 bits Five interrupt lines (two fruits and three external interrupt internal interruptions). A serial port with full duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). Able to conduct the process of multiplication, division, and Boolean. 8 KB EPROM for program memory Maximum speed execution of instructions per cycle is 0.5 s at 24 MHz clock frequency. CPU (Central Processing Unit): This section serves to control the entire operation on the microcontroller. This unit is divided into two parts, the control unit, or CU (Control Unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The main function of control unit is to take instructions from memory (fetch) and then translate the composition of these instructions into a simple collection of work processes (decode), and implement instruction sequence in accordance with the steps that have been determined the program (execute). Arithmetic and logic unit is the part that deals with arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and logical data manipulation operations such as AND, OR, and comparison. Part Input / Output (I / O): This section serves as a communication tool with a single chip device outside the system. Consistent with the name, I / O devices can receive and provide data to / from a single chip. There are two kinds of device I / O is used, i.e., devices for serial connection UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and device for so-called parallel relationship with the PIO (Parallel Input Output).Both types of I / O has been available in a single chip AT89S52. Software: Single flakes MCS-51 family has a special programming language that is not understood by other types of single flakes. This programming language known by the name of the assembler language instruction has 256 devices. However, this can be done with microcontroller programming using C language. With the C language, microcontroller programming has become easier, because the C language format will be automatically converted into assembler language with a hex file format.

Pin Configuration: AT89S52 microcontroller has 40 pins with a single 5 Volt power supply

ii.

MAX 232

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to

between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. Pin Configuration: MAX232 microcontroller has 16 pins with a single 5 Volt power supply

B. CONNECTOR RS232 The RS232 standard describes a communication method where information is sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information must be broken up in data words. The length of a data word is variable. On PC's a length between 5 and 8 bits can be selected. This length is the net to information length of each word. For proper transfer additional bits are added for synchronization and error checking purposes. It is important, that the transmitter and receiver use the same number of bits. Otherwise, the data word may be misinterpreted, or not recognized at all. Data bits are sent with a predefined frequency, the baud rate. Both the transmitter and receiver must be programmed to use the same bit frequency. After the first bit is received, the receiver calculates at which moments the other data bits will be received. It will check the line voltage levels at those moments.

With RS232, the line voltage level can have two states. The on state is also known as mark, the off state as space. No other line states are possible. When the line is idle, it is kept in the mark state. START BIT: RS232 defines an asynchronous type of communication. This means, that sending of a data word can start on each moment. If starting at each moment is possible, this can pose some problems for the receiver to know, which is the first bit to receive. To overcome this problem, each data word is started with an attention bit. This attention bit, also known as the start bit, is always identified by the space line level. Because the line is in mark state when idle, the start bit is easily recognized by the receiver. DATA BITS: Directly following the start bit, the data bits are sent. A bit value 1 causes the line to go in mark state, the bit value 0is represented by a space. The least significant bit is always the first bit sent. PARITY BIT: For error detecting purposes, it is possible to add an extra bit to the data word automatically. The transmitter calculates the value of the bit depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the same calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds to the calculated value. This is further discussed in another paragraph. STOP BITS: Suppose that the receiver has missed the start bit because of noise on the transmission line. It started on the first following data bit with a space value. This causes garbled date to reach the receiver. A mechanism must be present to resynchronize the communication. To do this, framing is introduced. Framing means, that all the data bits and parity bit are contained in a frame of start and stop bits. The period of time lying between the start and stop bits is a constant defined by the baud rate and number of data and parity bits. The start bit has always space value, the stop bit always mark value. If the receiver detects a value other than mark when the stop bit should be present on the line, it knows that there is a synchronization failure. This causes a framing error condition in the receiving UART. The device then tries to resynchronize on new incoming bits. For resynchronizing, the receiver scans the incoming data for valid start and stop bit pairs. This works, as long as there is enough variation in the bit patterns of the data words. If data value zero is sent repeatedly, resynchronization is not possible for example. The stop bit identifying the end of a data frame can have different lengths. Actually, it is not a real bit but a minimum period of time the line must be idle (mark state) at the end of each word. On PC's this period can have three lengths: the time equal to 1, 1.5 or 2 bits. 1.5 bits is only used with data words of 5 bits length

and 2 only for longer words. A stop bit length of 1 bit is possible for all data word sizes.

Received Line Signal Pin 1 Detector (Data Carrier Detect) Pin 2 Received Data Pin 3 Transmit Data Pin 4 Data Terminal Ready Pin 5 Signal Ground Pin 6 Data Set Ready Pin 7 Request To Send Pin 8 Clear To Send Pin 9 Ring Indicator

RS232 DB9 pinout

C. LCD DISPLAY FEATURES: 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent) + 5V power supply 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and RAM providing simple interfacing 61 x 15.8 mm viewing area Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical) Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers

Fig.: LCD Display

D. RESISTORS The electrical resistance of an electrical element measures its opposition to the passage of an electric current. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in Siemens (S). An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero. The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it to current through it.

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance R is constant for a given temperature; it does not depend on the amount of current through or the potential difference (voltage) across the object. Such materials are called Ohmic materials. For objects made of ohmic materials the definition of the resistance, with R being a constant for that resistor, is known as Ohm's law.

Fig.: Resistors

In the case of a nonlinear conductor (not obeying Ohm's law), this ratio can change as current or voltage changes; the inverse slope of a chord to an IV curve is sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".

E. CAPACITOR
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric

charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film. A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor. Hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Fig.: Capacitor

F. GSM MODEM GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play modem for direct and easy integration with RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user. GSM MODEM CHARACTERISTICS Quad GSM GPRS modem ( GSM 850 /900/1800 / 1900 ) Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+ specifications (Normal MS)

 License free Python interpreter with free of charge programming tools GSM MODEM INTERFACES RS232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector, RJ11 for I2C, SPI and GPIO Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector SMA antenna connector Toggle spring SIM holder Red LED Power on, Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module

GSM MODEM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Input voltage: 5V-30V Current: 8mA in idle mode, 150mA in communication GSM 900 @ 12V, 110mA in GSM 1800 @ 12V Temperature range: Operating -30 to +85 degree Celsius; Storage -30 to +85 degree Celsius Overall dimensions: 80mm x 62mm x 31mm / Weight: 200g

Fig.: GSM modem

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT OPERATION
GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232. GSM pins TX and RX are connected to microcontroller serial ports. Microcontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it takes the data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the owner in the form of SMS with help of GSM modem. GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to microcontroller AT89S52, where these are processed and forwarded to GSM. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time, altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600.GSM is a Global system for mobile communication in this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS sender. EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable read only memory which stores is used to store the mobile number. The power is supplied to components like GSM, GPS and Micro control circuitry using a 12V DC supply from breadboard .GSM requires 12v,GPS and microcontroller requires 5V with the help of regulators we regulate the power between three components.

SOURCE CODE

#include<reg52.h> #include<string.h> sfr ldata =0xA0; sfr SBUF0= 0x90; sfr SBUF1= 0xC1; sfr SCONO= 0x98; sfr SCON1= 0xC0; sbit RIO= 0x98; sbit RI1= 0xC0; sbit TI1= 0xC1; sbit rs = P0^0; sbit rw = P0^1; sbit en = P0^2; char info[32]; char test[6]={"$GPGLL"}; char comma_position[10]; unsigned int check=0,i,j;

// DELAYED FUNCTION

void delay(unsigned int msec) { int i,j ; for(i=0;i<msec;i++) for(j=0;j<1275;j++); }

// LCD COMMAND SENDING FUNCTION void lcd_cmd(unsigned char item) { ldata=value; rs= 0; rw=0; e=1; delay(1); e=0; return; }

// LCD DATA SENDING FUNCTION void lcd_data(unsigned char item)

{ ldata=value; rs= 1; rw=0; e=1; delay(1); e=0; return; }

// LCD STRING SENDING FUNCTION void lcd_string(unsigned char *str) { int i=0; while(str[i]!='\0') { lcd_data(str[i]); i++; delay(10); } return;

// SERIAL PORT 0 SETTING void serial_data0() { TMOD=0x20; TH1=0xfa; SCON=0x50; //MODE=2 // 4800 BAUD // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START BIT , RECEIVING ON TR1=1; } //TIMER START

// SERIAL PORT 1 SETTING void serial_data1() { TMOD=0x20; TH1=0xfd; SCON=0x50; //MODE=2 // 9600 BAUD // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START BIT , RECEIVING ON TR1=1; } //TIMER START

// FIND THE COMMA FROM THE GPS DATA void find_comma() { unsigned int i,count=0; for(i=0;i<32;i++) { if(info[i]==',') { comma_position[count]=i; count++; } } }

// RECEIVED DATA FUNCTION FOR GPS MODEM void receive_data0() { while(RI0==0); info[check]= SBUF0; if(check<6) {

if(info[check]!= test[check]) check=0; else check++; } else check++; RI0=0; }

// RECEIVED DATA FUNCTION FOR GSM MODEM void receive_data1() { while(RI1==0); value= SBUF1; RI1=0; }

// TO DISPLAY THE NAME OF THE PLACE void lcd_place() {

if(info[32]= "$GPGLL,26o24,N,75o54,E") lcd_string("BANASTHALI"); else lcd_string("NOT FOUND"); }

// TO DISPLAY LATITUDE OF THE PLACE void lcd_latitude() { unsigned int c3=comma_position[0]; lcd_cmd(0x01); lcd_cmd(0x84); lcd_string("LATITUDE"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(info[c3+1]); lcd_data(info[c3+2]); lcd_data(o); lcd_data(info[c3+3]); lcd_data(info[c3+4]); lcd_data(info[c3+5]); lcd_data(info[c3+6]); //Clear LCD display //Move cursor to position 6 of line 1 //Showing latitude //Begining of second line

lcd_data(info[c3+7]); lcd_data(info[c3+8]); lcd_data(info[c3+9]); lcd_data(0x27); lcd_data(info[c3+10]); lcd_data(info[c3+11]); delay(250); } //ASCII of minute sign(')

//TO DISPLAY LONGITUDE OF THA PLACE void lcd_longitude() { unsigned int c5=comma_position[2]; lcd_cmd(0x01); lcd_cmd(0x84); lcd_string("LONGITUDE"); lcd_cmd(0xC0); lcd_data(info[c5+1]); lcd_data(info[c5+2]); lcd_data(info[c5+3]); lcd_data(0); //Clear LCD display //Move cursor to position 4 of line 1 //Showing longitude //Begining of second line

lcd_data(info[c5+4]); lcd_data(info[c5+5]); lcd_data(info[c5+6]); lcd_data(info[c5+7]); lcd_data(info[c5+8]); lcd_data(info[c5+9]); lcd_data(info[c5+10]); lcd_data(0x27); lcd_data(info[c5+11]); lcd_data(info[c5+12]); delay(250); } //ASCII of minute sign(')

void compare() { IE=0x00; find_comma(); lcd_latitude(); lcd_longitude(); lcd_place(); check=0;

IE=0x90;

void GPS() { serial_data0(); lcd_cmd(0x38); lcd_cmd(0x0e); IE=0x90; while(check<32) { receive_data0(); } //2 LINE, 5X7 MATRIX //DISPLAY ON, CURSOR BLINKING

if(check==32) compare(); }

// TRANSMIT STRING TO GPS MODEMASCII void sendstr(unsigned char *chrr) { while(*chrr!='\0')

{ SBUF1=*chrr; TI1=0; while(TI1==0); chrr++; } }

// TRANSMIT A CHARECTER TO GPS MODEM void sendchr(unsigned char ch) { SBUF1=ch; TI1=0; while(TI1==0); }

// TO INITIALIZE GS MODEM void GSM_ini() { serial_data1(); unsigned char msg[2];

sendstr("AT"); for(i=0;i<2;i++) msg[i]=receive_data1(); if(msg[0]='o'&&msg[1]='k') lcd_string("working well"); else lcd_string("not responding"); sendstr("AT+CPIN="); sendchr(0x22); sendstr("3457"); sendchr(ox22); //ASCII OF SIGN(")

// SEND MESSAGE TO THE PHONE void sendmsg() { unsigned char msg[32]; sendstr("AT+CPMS="); sendchr(0x22); sendstr("SM");

sendchr(0x22); delay(10); sendstr("AT+CMGF=1"); delay(10); sendstr("AT+CMGS="); sendchr(0x22); sendstr("8058505354"); sendchr(0x22); for(i=0;i<32;i++) { msg[i]=receive_data0(); sendchr('msg[i]'); } sendchr(0x1a); } // ASCII OF CTRL+Z

void main() { unsigned char msg[12]; GSM_ini(); sendstr("AT+CNMI=1,1,0,0,0");

for(i=0;i<12;i++) msg[i]=recieve_data1();

if(msg[0]=='+'&&msg[1]=='C'&&msg[2]=='M'&&msg[3]=='T'&&msg[4]=='I'&&msg[5]==':' &&msg[6]=='"'&&msg[7]=='S' &&msg[8]=='M'&&msg[9]=='3'&&msg[10]==','&&msg[11]=='3) { sendstr("AT+CMGR=3"); for(j=0;j<3;j++) msg[i]=recieve_data1(); if(msg[0]=='7'&&msg[1]=='8';msg[2]=='6') sendmsg(); else sendstr("NOT AUTHORISED"); sendstr("AT+CMGD=3"); } }

BREAD BOARD RUNNING

The circuit shown above was implemented on the bread board. The code for the microcontroller was written on the standards of 8051 using Embedded C. The code was compiled and simulated using Keil (ver. V). Voltages applied: 12V dc Result: LCD displayed correctly

PCB DESIGNING
STEPS INVOLVED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The required circuit diagram is prepared. The components, their sizes etc. are listed. It is drafted onto a graph sheet All pads are placed and thin tracks finished It is traced on the graph sheet All parts including screw holes are placed with the help of knife. All the tracks are fixed.

CONVERSION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1. Cutting lines, mounting lines are done 2. All the components their length diameter thickness code names etc. are listed. 3. All tracks are straight lines 4. In between ICs no signal lines should be passed 5. Markings of the pin number of IC on the lay out for avoiding dislocations are made 6. The length of the conductor is kept as low as possible 7. All the components, resistors, diodes etc. are placed parallel to each other. PCB LAYOUT:

Fig. Layout

First the board outlines and the connectors are marked on a sheet of paper followed by sketching of the component outlines with connecting point and conductor patterns. The layout as viewed from the component side first, so as to avoid any confusion is prepared. The layout is developed in the direction of signal flow as far as possible Among the components the larger ones are filled first and the space between is filled with smaller ones. Components, rewiring input, output connections came near the connectors.

All the components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of the component is not is not necessary, if they have to be re placed. While designing the conductors, the minimum spacing requirement for the final network should be known.

TRANSFORMING THE LAYOUT TO COPPER: The lay out made on the graph sheet should be redrawn on the copper clad using paint or nail polish.

Fig. Etching Process

ETCHING: The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted copper which is not protected by an electric rebist. FeCl3 solution is popularly used etching solution. FeCl3 powder is made into a solution using water and kept in a plastic tray. The marked copper clad is immersed in this solution for twenty or thirty minutes. Due to the reaction solution becomes weak and it is not recommended for further etching process.

The etched sheet is taken out from the tray and dried out in sunlight for an hour.

ETCHANTS: Many factors have to be considered to choose the most suitable etchant system for a PCB process. Some commonly used etchants are FeCl3, Cupric chloride, Chromic acid etc. After etching FeCl3 is washed from the board and cleaned dry. Paint is removed using suitable from the component insertion. Holes are drilled into appropriate position and the components are soldered into PCB carefully

Fig. PCB Fabricated

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. A copper clad of the required dimensions is taken. The circuit layout is transferred to the copper clad using cotton paper. The layout area should be marked with nail polish. The copper clad is put into FeCl3 solution and warmed. Stage by stage transformation of the copper clad occurs. The solution is warmed intermittently according to the requirement. After about half hour etching is completed.

VIII. IX. X.

The board is washed using soap solution to remove the remaining of FeCl3 solution. The nail polish is scraped off and holes are drilled wherever required using appropriate drill bits. PCB is fabricated.

RESULT
The LCD display showed the correct information provided by the controller. Depending on the coding-decoding done by the module, the LCD will display the latitudes and longitudes.

FUTURE SCOPE
The main scopes of this project are: 1. Military Application: In Military operation ,if the military people are moving through a desert they cant identify their own position in the desert. Only the guidance with them is the map. By using our system they can identify their position. In the LCD display unit it displays the latitude & longitude and by noting this information they can clearly identify the position from the map which they have. 2. Navigation: In Navigation same as that of military Application. 3. Geographical Survey: It is also used for geographical survey.

GRAPH

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS by MAIZIDI, MUHAMMAD ALI; JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI; AND ROLIN D. MCKINLAY 2. http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com 3. http://www.electroschematics.com 4. http://www.radio-electronics.com 5. http://www.8051projects.com