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C4-301

CIGRE 2006

SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES IN AIR-INSULATED SUBSTATION (AIS) DUE TO DISCONNECTOR AND CIRCUIT BREAKER SWITCHING CARSIMAMOVIC S.*, GACANOVIC R., BAJRAMOVIC Z., Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo Bosnia & Herzegovina VELEDAR M. LJEVAK M. ABB Representation for B&H Energoinvest Bosnia & Herzegovina OSMOKROVIC P. University of Belgrade Serbia & Montenegro

SUMMARY
In this paper are presented results of switching overvoltages investigations, produced by operation of disconnector and circuit breaker in AIS rated voltage 220 kV. Measurements of these switching overvoltages were performed in the AIS Grabovica (Hydro Power Plant-HPP Grabovica) on River Neretva and the AIS Kakanj (Thermo Power Plant-TPP Kakanj). These power plants are important objects for operation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's electric power system. Investigations of operating of air disconnector type Centre-Break and SF6 circuit breaker were performed in order to determine switching overvoltage levels on primary and secondary circuits that can lead to relay tripping in AIS Grabovica and AIS Kakanj. During operations of disconnector (synchronization or disconnecting of generator from network) malfunctions of signalling devices and burning of supply units of protection ralays appeared. At the same time sparking between primary terminals of the instrument current transformer (CT) occured. In the paper are presented measures to reduce electromagnetic interferences (EMI) in secondary circuits. Also, results of computer simulations using EMTP-ATP [1] are presented. Comparison between results of measured and calculated overvoltages confirmed a good agreement of obtained values. These comparisons showed that calculations could be used for assessment of the transient overvoltages due to disconnector and circuit breaker switching.

KEYWORDS
Switching - overvoltage - air insulated substation (AIS) - electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) electromagnetic interference (EMI)

csalih@bih.net.ba

I. INTRODUCTION Switching operation of circuit breaker and disconnector in power stations and substations give rise to electromagnetic interferences because they generate abrupt voltage collapses, U, across the contacts of the switching equipment [2]. The collapse time, t, is dependent on the distance between the contacts (several tens or some hundreds of nanoseconds) of equipment in air-insulated substations (AIS) [3]. The voltage collapse U applied to the circuit gives rise to a voltage and current damped oscillating wave. The maximum value of voltages and maximum value of the slope of the wave front increasing will take place at the maximum distance between contacts. For the purpose of the investigation of the insulation strength and induction of electromagnetic interferences (EMI), the most important are the first few strikes during the closing operation or the last few strikes during the opening operation, Fig. 1 a and b, respectively.

a)

b)

Fig. 1. The voltage due to the disconnector switching [4, 5]


a) Disconnector closing, b) Disconnector opening 1-source side voltage, 2- load side voltage

Travelling wave current and voltage transients on each phase of high voltage bus act as a complex radiating antenna. These travelling waves are the most important sources of electromagnetic coupling on secondary circuits. Bus current transients can also couple into low voltage circuits that are connected directly to the bus. Common impedance coupling (parasitic) occurs inside a piece of equipment connected to the bus (for example the internal capacities of the instrument transformers) [6]. Common mode, CM, voltages, i.e. voltages measured between conductors and local ground, represent the main parameter used for assessing equipment immunity. That is the reason we measured voltages on buses and common mode, CM, voltages on CT and VT secondary circuits. Results of up to date measured common mode voltages at secondary circuits of CT and VT are presented in the paper [7]. There are maximum levels of the common mode voltages ranging from 100 Vp (peak value) up to 2.5 kVp in the shields of the secondary circuits cables of the CT and VT. Results show that measured values of the common mode voltages at CT/VT secondary circuits, 220 kV ratings, range from Ucm=0.32 kVp [8] up to Ucm=0.85 kVp [9]. Results shown in paper [3] are for measured common mode voltages from 3-4 kV during switching operation by disconnector in 150 kV switchgear and up to 6-10 kV at 400 kV switchgear. II. DISTURBANCES AT SWITCHYARD DURING OPERATION OF DISCONNECTOR During operations of disconnector (synchronization or disconnecting of generator from network) at substation Grabovica, malfunctions of signalling devices and burning of supply units of protection relays appeared. Malfunctioning of auxiliary circuits was manifested by:

-Activation of phone signals in the command room; -Tripping relay of differential protection of the generator, phase '4'- signalisation on relay box 'ZB I'; -Signalling fire in 35 kV control panel; -Arcing between primary terminals of the current transformer (CT), Fig. 2. Also, independent of switching operation of air-insulated disconnector at substation Grabovica, during synchronization of generator AG1 on network one of the poles of 220 kV circuit breaker failed. In this case generator AG1 worked in motor regime. Due to this occurrence, HPP Grabovica plans to install circuit breakers on generators voltage (10,5 kV).

During operation of disconnector at switchyard Kakanj malfunctions of signalling device did not appear.

Fig.2. Arcing between primary terminals of CT during opening of disconnector [10] III. CHARACTERISTICS OF TESTING OBJECTS HPP Grabovica and TPP Kakanj are important objects for operating of 220 kV electric power systems of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Substation at HPP Grabovica is characterized by the two generatortransformer sets with switchyards close to the generating station. Air disconnectors type Centre-Break are three-phase motor driven. SF6 circuit breakers have two interrupting chambers and parallel capacitors equal to 2 nF. Voltage transformers are inductive types, with metering and protective cores. Current transformers are with metering and protective cores. Secondary cables are laid through cable channels of length of about 50 m to the control room. The substation cabling system carried out with shield (metering and protective circuits) and without shield (signalling circuits on power transformers). The substation is enclosed with the dam base and generator station. Test circuits with and without the power transformer were varied. Generator AG1 was disconnected at 10.5 kV transformers bushings. Switching operation of circuit breaker and disconnector were performed at the test circuit at AIS Grabovica, Fig. 3.
HPP GRABOVICA LAYOUT
OL TO RP JABLANICA
M

BUS BARS 220kV 3~50 Hz, 1250 A


M

0.2 mH 1250 A 245 kV 300 4400 pF 1nF

DC

2nF M CB 2nF

VT

CVD1 300 .035 nF

CT

CVD2

MOSA

AG1

Relay room

Fig. 3. The test circuit at AIS Grabovica[4, 10, 11]


VT-inductive voltage transformer (220/3/0.1/3/0.1/3 kV), CT-current transformer (200/1/1 A), CVD 1 -capacitive voltage divider (Cp=1 nF, Cs=0.440 F, ratio 455, R=300 ), CVD 2-capacitive voltage divider (Cp=0.35 nF, Cs=0.445 F, ratio 1273, R=300 ), CB-circuit breaker with two interrupting chambers and parallel capacitors (SF6 220 kV, 1600 A), DCdisconnector (220 kV, 1250 A), MOSA-metal oxide surge arrester (Ur=199,5 kV, 10 kA), T-power transformer (64 MVA, 242/10,55% kV, YD5), AG1-generator 1 (64 MVA, 10,55% kV)

Switchyard Kakanj is 6 km far from TPP Kakanj and is characterized as the biggest one in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Air disconnectors type Centre-Breaker are three-phase motor driven (two phases are blocked during tests). SF6 circuit breakers have two interrupting chambers and without parallel capacitors. Voltage transformers are of capacitive type with metering and protective cores. Current transformers are with metering and protective cores. Secondary shielding cables are lead through cable channels of length of about 20 m to the control room. Substation cabling system is carried out with shield (metering and protective circuits). Switchyard is on a flat terrain. Power transformer was not apart of the test circuit. Operations of circuit breaker and disconnector at switchyard were performed at coupling bay of AIS Kakanj, Fig. 4.
BUS BAR II 220kV 350 z, 1250 A

CB

COUPLING BAY

CT
BUS BAR I 300

DC
1nF 1nF

300

CVD1
OL SY KAKANJ

CVD2

VT
Relay room

Fig. 4. The test circuit at AIS Kakanj [4, 5, 11]


CB-circuit breaker (SF6 220 kV, 2500 A), CT-current transformer (600-1200/1/1/1), VT-capacitive voltage transformer (Cp=4400 pF, 220/3/0.1/3), DC-disconnector (220 kV, 1250 A), CVD 1 -capacitive voltage divider (Cp=1 nF, Cs=0.440 F, ratio 455, R=300 ),CVD 2-capacitive voltage divider (Cp=1 nF, Cs=0.445 F, ratio 477.5, R=300 ); C-capacitive load (C=1 nF)

IV. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ON SITE Measurements of overvoltages generated during switching operations of circuit breakers and disconnectors in the air insulated substations HPP Grabovica on the River Neretva and TPP Kakanj for over 300 switching events during 2004 and 2005 were recorded. Voltages on source and load side of disconnectors and circuit breakers CVD1 and CVD2 as well as common mode (CM) voltages on CT and VT have been considered. CM voltages, i.e. voltages measured between wires and local earth represent the main parameter used for assessing equipment immunity. a)Substation Grabovica. Maximum values of transient overvoltages, U, produced by switching operation in AIS Grabovica are given in the Table I. Average value of transient overvoltages on instrument transformers during opening and closing operations are shown in brackets. Length of excited buses ranged from 18 m to 26.5 m. During switching operation of disconnector there were registered up to 500 restrikes (pulses). Closing (C) time of disconnector lasted for about 50-70 cycles (i.e. 1000-1400 ms), but opening (O) time of disconnector lasted for about 70-100 cycles (i.e. 14002000 ms). The maximum overvoltage value at busbar, U, were recorded up to 344 kVp, with the dominant frequency of considered transient fd equal to 0.536 MHz. Table I. Measured values of overvoltage at AIS Grabovica [10]

Maximum overvoltage values on metering core of VT during closing/opening operations of disconnector were recorded up to 720/940 Vp (average 710 Vp), and on protective core were up to 408/488 Vp (average 328 Vp), respectively. Maximum overvoltage values on metering core of CT during closing/opening operations of disconnector were registered up to 136/144 Vp (average 128 Vp), and protective core were up to 108/102 Vp (average 86 Vp), respectively. During switching operations of circuit breaker without restrikes higher overvoltage values at secondary circuits of instrument transformers were not recorded. In the case of circuit breaker switches with restrikes, overvoltage values at secondary circuits of voltage transformer were recorded up to 976 Vp. b)Switchyard Kakanj. The maximum values of transient overvoltages, U, produced by switching operation in AIS Kakanj are given in the Table II. Average value of transient overvoltages on instrument transformers during opening and closing operations are shown in brackets. Table II. Measured values of overvoltage at AIS Kakanj [5]

Length of excited buses ranged from 14 m to 71 m. During switching operation of disconnector there were registered up to 300 restrikes (pulses). Closing time of disconnector lasted for about 35-40 cycles (i.e. 700-800 ms), but opening time of disconnector lasted for about 40-45 cycles (i.e. 800-900 ms). The maximum values of transient overvoltages at busbar during operations of disconnectors, U, were recorded up to 339 kVp, with the dominant frequency of considered transient fd equal to 0.8 MHz. Maximum overvoltage values on metering core of VT during closing/opening operation of disconnector were recorded up to 184/168 Vp (average 127 Vp), and on protective core were up to 208/248 Vp (average 156 Vp), respectively. Maximum overvoltage values on metering core of CT during closing/opening operation of disconnector were registered up to 112/144 Vp (average 92 Vp), and on protective core were up to 216/232 Vp (average 165 Vp). During switching operations of circuit breaker without restrikes, higher overvoltage values at secondary circuits of instrument transformers were not recorded. When circuit breaker switches with restrikes, overvoltage values on protective core of CT were recorded up to 368 Vp (average 227 Vp) and on protective core of VT up to 220 Vp (average 148 Vp). V. MODELING OF THE TEST CIRCUIT Computer simulations of the test circuits at TPP Kakanj were performed on the model of test circuits containing elements drawn in Fig. 5. Overvoltages at busbars were calculated during disconnector closing operations, for the same substation layout on which measurements were carried out. The wave shape of simulated and measured overvoltages at load side are given in Fig. 6.

bus

DC

arc

bus

bus

CVD R C

s tray DC network 220 kV

CT

C load s tray 1 nF CB

Fig. 5. Model of the test circuit

Fig. 6. Waveshape of simulated overvoltage surge


measured, calculated

Arc=2 ; stray DC=200 pF; stray CB=200 pF; busbar-Z=350 ; CVD-R=300 , C=1 nF; CT-500 pF; C-load=1 nF; (VT=500 pF included in network 220 kV)

The difference between magnitudes of measured and simulated overvoltages is 1.98 % and 6.4 % on frequency. The dominant frequency of simulated overvoltage is 0.415 MHz. Comparison of the computer simulations with field measurements showed that calculations could be used for assessment of the transient overvoltages due to disconnector switching. VI. MEASURES TO REDUCE ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCES (EMI) IN SECONDARY CIRCUITS There are several actions can be adopted to reduce of the electromagnetic interferences [3]: Operating directly on the source of interference trying to suppress, or at least to reduce, the disturbances; Mitigating the coupling mechanism between sources and 'victims' and evaluating the disturbances affecting the electronic systems, characterising their working environment; Designing equipment and systems to include the immunity requirements related to the actual electromagnetic environment. The purpose of this paper is to suggest measures for reducing sources of interference emission during switching of air insulated disconnectors. Measures to reduce coupling path and enhance interference immunity are not subject of this paper. In order to reduce EMI in secondary auxiliary circuits, the best way is to reduce sources of interference emission during switching of air-insulated disconnector: a) Installing disconnecting circuit breakers

One of the ways of reducing of source of interferences is to install the disconnecting circuit breaker [12, 13, 14]. With installing of the disconnecting circuit breakers there is no more need for switching operation of disconnectors. With disconnecting circuit breakers it is still possible to isolate the line, but low maintenance requirements mean it is no longer necessary to isolate the circuit breaker. The disconnecting breaker had to be designed to be safety locked in the open position and to meet all voltage withstanding capabilities and safety requirements of disconnectors. b) Another way of reducing sources of interference emission is to install CB without parallel capacitors and to install VT on generator side of CB. These suggestions are based on analyses performed on several circuit models, Table III: 1) model of CB with two interrupting chambers and parallel capacitors and VT on network side of CB (current stage), 2) model of CB with two interrupting chambers and without parallel capacitors (with capacitance of open contacts each 20 pF) and VT on network side of CB, 3) model of CB with two interrupting chambers and without parallel capacitors (with capacitance of open contacts each 20 pF) and VT on generator side of CB. Magnitudes of simulated overvoltages, U, are presented in Table III. Voltages are measured in point of connection of VT, CT and T, Fig. 2. Table III. Magnitudes of simulated overvoltages, U

For the model 3), overvoltages on generator side of the 220 kV CB during switching operation of disconnectors could be up to 1700 V in the case of installing voltage transformers (VT) on generator side of CB without parallel capacitors (near instrument current transformer CT). This case causes installation of circuit breaker (GCB) at generators voltage (10.5 kV) for synchronization of the generator to the network (better conditions for synchronization). This solution of installing circuit breakers on generators voltage resulted from problems which have occurred during synchronization of the generator with the existing 220 kV CB.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] EMTP-ATP, European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. [2] R.Cortina, A.Porrino, P.C.T. Van Der Laan, A.P.J. Van Deursen, Analysis of EMC problems on auxiliary equipment in electrical installations due to lightning and switching operations, CIGRE 1992, paper 36-302 [3] Guide on EMC in Power Plants and Substations, CIGRE WG 36.04, Dec. 1997 [4] S.Carsimamovic, Z.Bajramovic, M.Ljevak, M.Veledar, N.Halilhodzic, Current Switching with High Voltage Air Disconnector, Int. Conf. on Power Systems Transients (IPST05), paper No.IPST05-229, June 19.23, 2005, Montreal, Canada [5] Overvoltages in primary and secondary circuits in RP Kakanj due to disconnector switching, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Report No.L1410020, Sarajevo, 2005 [6] H.Remde, H.Schwarz, 'Transient overvoltages in CT and VT secondary circuits in high-voltage substations', ABB Review 1/91 [7] C.Imposimato, J.Hoeffelman, A.Eriksson, W.H.Siew, P.H.Pretorius, P.S.Wong, EMI Characterization of HVAC Substations-Updated Data and Influence on Immunity Assessment, CIGRE 2002, paper on behalf of CIGRE/CIRED WG 36/S2-04 [8] R.M.Naumov, P.L.Vukelja, 'Experimental Investigations of Transient Overvoltages in Secondary Circuits of 400 and 220 kV High Voltage Substations', CIGRE SC36 Symposium, Lausanne, paper 500-05, 1993 [9] R.J.Gavazza, C.M.Wiggins, 'Reduction of Interference on Substation Low Voltage Wiring', IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No.3, 1317-1329, July 1996 [10] 'Overvoltages in primary and secondary circuits in HPP Grabovica due to disconnector switching', Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Report No. L1410019, Sarajevo, 2005 [11] S.Carsimamovic, Z.Bajramovic, M.Ljevak, M.Veledar, 'Very Fast Electromagnetic Transients in Air Insulated Substations and Gas Insulated Substations due to Disconnector Switching', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC2005, paper No. WE-AM-1-7, August 8-12, 2005, Chicago, USA [12] D.Braun, L.Widenhorn and J.Ischi, Impact of the Electrical Layout on the Availability of a Power Plant, 11-th CEPSI Conference, 21-25 October 1996, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [13] C-E. Slver, H-E. Olovsson, W.Lord, P.Neorberg and J.Lundquist, Innovative Solutions with High Availability using Switching Modules and Disconnecting Circuit breakers, CIGRE 2000, paper 23-102 [14] P.O. Andersson, H.E. Olovsson, B. Franzn, U. Lager and J. Lundquist, Applications of Disconnecting Circuit-breakers, Report A3-201, CIGR Session, Paris, 2004

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