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Speci c speed is a way to "normalize" the performance of these hydraulic machines. E commonly-used equation for speci c speed. It indicates the shapes of the performance curves and the pro le shape of the impeller.
Speci c speed is a way to "normalize" the performance of these hydraulic machines. E commonly-used equation for speci c speed. It indicates the shapes of the performance curves and the pro le shape of the impeller.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Speci c speed is a way to "normalize" the performance of these hydraulic machines. E commonly-used equation for speci c speed. It indicates the shapes of the performance curves and the pro le shape of the impeller.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Terry Henshaw
Centrifugal Pump Specific Speed [
in 1915, which was later applied to centrifugal pumps,
(Stepanoff, 1948). Specific speed is a way to “normal-
ize” the performance of these hydraulic machines.
“The commonly-used equation for specific speed is as
follows:
NYGre (1)
(Hoes?
Where (in U.S. units):
Ng = specific speed
N= rotative speed of the impeller (rev/min)
Qu = capacity of pump at the best efficiency point
(gal/min)
Hyp = head of a single stage of the pump at the best
efficiency point (feet)
S pecific speed isa concepe developed for water turbines!
N.
:
Deane Tay
‘When I was first introduced to specific speed, I must
admit to being unimpressed. It appeared to me that the
concept might be useful to pump designers, but I could see
no value to the end user. I later learned that the concept is
essential to the designer, and—because it indicates the shape
of the head, power and efficiency curves and the maximum
achievable efficiency—it is also of value to end users.
‘One of the definitions of specific speed is that i is the
speed that a modeled pump would run to produce a one
foot head when pumping one gallon per minute, but I find
that definition awkward.
1 prefer to think of it as an index number. In Europe,
specific speed is sometimes called the “shape number,” and I
prefer that name. It indicates the shapes ofthe performance
curves and also determines, 10 a large degree, the profile
shape of the impeller.
‘An impeller with a low specific speed has a
thin profile (the shrouds are close together) and
a large outside diameter (OD) relative co the eye
diameter. An impeller with a high specific speed
has a fat profile (the shrouds are far apart) and.
hhas an eye diameter that is closer in size to the
impeller OD.
Figure 1 helps illustrate the concept. The
charc was developed years ago by the Worthington
up and is used extensively by the industry
Note that the values of specific speed, in US.
units, are tabulated along the bottom of the
graph. ‘The small drawings below the graph show
the profiles of the impellers that correspond to
the specific speed numbers.
“The small performance curves across the top
of the graph illustrate the typical shapes of the
performance curves correspondent to the values
Of specific speed. Note that pumps with a low
specific speed have a flat head curve, sometimes
with a slight droop at shut-off (zero capacity)
Such a droop does not make the pump unstable.
“The power curve is steep. It increases significantly
from shut-off to best efficiency point (BED).
In the midrange of Ns values, the head curve
continually rises to shut-off, and the power curve
changes little from shut-off to BEP When Ns
exceeds about 5,000, the slope of the power curve
(continued on page 26)
24. SEPTEMBER 2011
wenw.pump-zone.com,
PUMPS & SYSTEMS(continued from page 24)
reverses, with the maximum value being at shut-off, and the
head curve is very steep, with the shutoff value being as much
as three times the BEP value. (Donte start one of these guys
with the discharge valve closed.)
Derivation
For those who wish to see a derivation of Ns, the following is
offered. I use what is called the “modeling law” or “model law”
or “factoring law” This “law’ is used when a designer wishes to
“model” a pump to one of a different size.
Each dimension of the pump is multiplied by the same
factor, the modeling factor, “f” The existing pump is designated
with the subscript “I” and che new pump with the subscript
“2. Then:
Q = capacity of the existing pump at the BEP
head of the existing pump at the BEP
N/ = rorative speed of the existing pump
pacity of the new pump at the BEP
head of the new pump at the BEP
tative speed of the new pump
Zz
‘The model law tells us that:
¢ =f (®) from which f = eye)" 2)
z =P (ey fiom which f = x (2)" (3)
Equating the two fs
ey ey - a (ey
Combining Ni/N: terms:
@)" =)" @)” ®
“Taking all o the 3/2 power:
@)" . ‘ (y" 6
Grouping like subscripts:
No." NO"
Haro Ae a
‘The resultant is specific speed. When one pump is mod-
eled from another, both pumps have the same specific speed.
Making It Unitless
I is commonly said chat specific speed is unitless, but it nor-
mally is nor. In the US., with the above units, itis not unit-
less. Ircan be made unitless, though, by converting the speed
to radians/second, the capacity 0 cubic feet/second and by
multiplying che head by the gravitational constant “g.”
“The Ns values on the Worthington graph run from 500
0 15,000. What would the values be if we were to convert to
tunitless numbers? We must divide N by 9.55 «0 convert to
radians/second. Q must be divided by 449 to convert to fe!
second and H must be multiplied by 32.2.
“The resule tells us that to convert from U.S. units to
dimensionless values requires that the U.S. values for Ns be
divided by 2,735. ‘Therefore, the 500 would become about
1/5, the 15,000 would become about 5, and the unitless value
of 1.0 would fll very near the center ofthe graph, where maxi-
‘mum efficiencies reach their peak.
Is there any significance to the maximum efficiencies
occurring where the unitless Ne is 1.02 I don't know, but it
sure seems like a happy coincidence.
‘References
1. Seepano A.J. Cnafigal and Avil Flow Pumps, Jon Wiley 8 Sons,
Now York, 1948,
2. Stepanofl. A), Pumps and Blowers To-Phase Flow, Joba Wiley 8
Sons, New York, 1965
"A reaction cubine i, bascly, jus centifsl pump running backwards,
withthe did being pushed backwards through
Wits double-sucton impeller, donot divide by 2. With suction specific
speed, we divide the capaciy by 2, but not for (discharge) specific peed
Tey Henshaw is a retired engineer living in Magnolia,
‘Texas. He worked 50+ years in the pump industry. He can
bbe reached at pumprofieate. net
26 sepreMER 2011
‘wen. pump-zone com
PUMPS & SYSTEMS