CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS. (A) TISSUE 1.

4 main types of tissue in animal cells: i) Epithelial tissue ii) Muscle tissue iii) Connective tissue iv) Nerve tissue 1. Epithelial tissue 1. consists of one or more layers of cells 2. Cells are interconnected and form a continous layer: -over body surface -inner lining of cavities 3. Certain cell undergo changes and form gland 4. Structure will change or adapt with its function: i) skin: form protective barrier against infection, water dehydration ii) Lining human intestine: form mucus goblet cells iii) Trachea: consists of elongated cells with hair like projection called cilia 2. Muscle tissue 1. Most abundant in body 2. consist of cells called muscle fibres 3. 3 types: i) Smooth muscle tissue: - contract and relax for involuntary body activity such as peristalsis - found in intestine, blood vessel ii) Skeletal musle tissue: - involve in voluntary movement - contract and relax to move bone - found in arms and leg iii) Cardiac muscle tissue: - contract to pump blood through out the body - involve in involuntary activity - found on wall of heart 3. Nerve tissue 1. Composed of neurone/ nerve cells 2. Specialised to detect stimuli and transmit the impulse to muscle or gland 3. Function/ (Fg): control and coordinate activity of body, detect the stimuli

4. Connective tissue 1. consists of various types of cells/ fibers 2. 6 types: i) Loose connective tissue Bind epithelial cells to underlying tissue ii) Dense connective tissue Consists large number of collagen and fibers Found at: i) tendon- connect muscle to bones ii) ligament- join bones together at joint iii) Cartilage Characteristics: strong and flexible Support nose, ear, cover end of joint Fg: act as cushion to absorb pressure iv) Bone Consist of cells embedded in matrix called collagen Hardened by mineral deposited such as calsium Fg: provide protection to internal organ and support of body v) Blood Production in bone marrow Fg: transport nutrient and protection vi) Adipose tissue Consist of tightly packed cells Fg: store fat, and reserve for energy (B) ORGANS 1. Formed by combination of two or more types of tissue that working together to perform particular function 2. Example: heart, skin, kidney, lung Skin 1. cover the body 2. Fg: act as barrier against infection, water loss 3. consist of 2 main layer: i) Epidermis outer layer of skin made up of epithelial cells Specialised epithelial cells: form hair follicle that will produce hair, sweat gland- secrete sweat constantly divide ii) Dermis composed of connective, nerve and muscle tissue

(C) System: - Consists of several organs that worked together to perform specific function - Human consists 11 major system to carry out living process, which are: 1. integumentary 2. circulatory 3. endocrine 4. lymphatic 5. nervous 6. digestive 7. muscular 8. excretory 9. skeletal 10. respiratory 11. reproductive